The utilization of Binahong leaves as medicinal plants for livestock production and health

The utilization of Binahong leaves or Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis as a medicinal plant in livestock production and health, has garnered significant attention in recent years. This review paper aims to comprehensively analyze the diverse potential benefits of Binahong leaves in enhancing livestock well-being and productivity. With a focus on its applications in the livestock sector, this review encompasses multiple facets, including the phytochemical composition of Binahong leaves, their pharmacological activities, and their impact on animal health and production. The phytochemical profile of Binahong leaves is examined in detail, highlighting the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, which contribute to their medicinal properties. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities, making Binahong leaves a promising natural remedy for addressing health challenges in livestock. Furthermore, the review explores the potential mechanisms by which Binahong leaves can improve livestock health. These mechanisms involve the enhancement of immune responses, the reduction of oxidative stress, and the mitigation of common ailments in animals. Additionally, the effects of Binahong leaves on livestock growth, reproduction, and overall production are discussed, emphasizing their role in sustainable livestock farming. In ruminants, Binahong is beneficial for therapy in Gastroenteritis caused by Bacillus subtilis, for the treatment of eye infections, for overcoming drug resistance in E. coli, and for mastitis therapy in dairy cattle. This review paper suggests the potential utilization of Binahong as an herbal plant or alternative medicine for general health and, specifically, for enhancing livestock productivity.


Introduction
Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.)Steenis) stands out as a versatile plant with multifaceted benefits, and its economic potential steadily increases.With its adaptability and resilience, Binahong can be cultivated intensively to ensure optimal production levels, meeting the growing market demand for its 2 medicinal properties [1].This ease of cultivation allows local farmers and entrepreneurs to engage in its production, offering the potential for economic growth and rural development.
Binahong plant is one of the species of the Basellaceae family, which is widely used in medicine in the field of human health and also as an antimicrobial plant pathogen [2].Beyond its role in traditional medicine and local markets, Binahong has gained recognition as a valuable resource in the phytopharmaceutical industry.While approximately 20% of Binahong's raw materials used in industrial applications are currently sourced from cultivation efforts, most still come from wild or non-cultivated sources [3].This underscores the need for increased efforts in cultivation and sustainable harvesting practices to reduce pressure on wild populations and to ensure a consistent supply of Binahong for various industries.
The allure of Binahong as a feed supplement within the Indonesian livestock sector lies in its rich and diverse phytochemical composition, prominently featuring flavonoids, saponins, and antioxidants among its constituents.Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties are found in flavonoids [4], while saponin has the potential to stimulate fibroblast proliferation to accelerate the healing process [5].These bioactive compounds are well-documented for their wide-ranging health-promoting properties in various species.When thoughtfully incorporated into Indonesian livestock's diets, Binahong promises to improve their overall health and significantly enhance their productivity.
Including Binahong in livestock, diets may bolster immune responses, thereby reducing susceptibility to diseases and infections-a particularly pertinent concern in Indonesia's diverse and dynamic livestock sector.This has far-reaching implications for sustainable livestock management in the country by potentially minimizing the need for antibiotic interventions and prophylactic treatments.Moreover, the rich antioxidant content found in Binahong leaves can be pivotal in mitigating oxidative stress, a common issue in intensive livestock farming practices prevalent in Indonesia.By alleviating oxidative stress, Binahong may aid in preserving the well-being of Indonesian livestock subjected to the rigors of modern production systems, potentially leading to improved growth rates and higher reproductive success.
Binahong's presence in the Indonesian livestock sector opens up novel avenues for research and development in animal nutrition and health, catering to the unique needs and challenges Indonesian livestock faces.In-depth investigations into the optimal dosage, delivery mechanisms, and long-term effects of Binahong supplementation can yield valuable insights tailored to Indonesia's specific agricultural landscape.This, in turn, can pave the way for the formulation of tailored nutritional strategies that maximize both animal welfare and production efficiency, aligning with Indonesia's aspirations for sustainable and efficient livestock production.
The interest in Binahong as a feed additive in livestock production signifies a promising convergence of traditional herbal knowledge and modern scientific scrutiny within the Indonesian context.Its potential to enhance the health and productivity of Indonesian livestock offers a compelling rationale for further exploration and experimentation.By harnessing the therapeutic potential of Binahong and integrating it into contemporary Indonesian livestock farming practices, Indonesia stands at the cusp of a transformative era in animal nutrition and health, with benefits extending to both the industry and its stakeholders.
Binahong is more than just a traditional herbal remedy; it represents a valuable botanical resource with a wide range of applications.From its role in traditional medicine and industrial phytopharmaceuticals to its potential as a feed supplement for livestock, Binahong holds promise for diverse sectors.Its cultivation, sustainable management, and scientific exploration are essential for harnessing its full potential and promoting its sustainable use in various industries.This review paper aims to shed light on these aspects and encourage further research and development in utilizing Binahong for the benefit of both human and animal health.

Materials and Methods
The methodology employed in this review paper involved a systematic and comprehensive search for relevant literature on the utilization of Binahong as a medicinal plant in livestock health.

Literature search and selection
A thorough search was conducted using various academic databases, including but not limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science.These databases were chosen for their comprehensive coverage of scientific publications across various disciplines.A set of carefully chosen keywords and search terms were utilized to maximize the retrieval of relevant articles.These included "Binahong," "Anredera cordifolia," "medicinal properties," "livestock health," "Indonesia," and related terms.Boolean operators (AND, OR) and filters were applied to refine search results.A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to ensure the selection of high-quality and relevant literature.Only peer-reviewed research articles, review papers, and reputable sources were included.Non-English sources were considered if they provided critical insights, focusing on those translated into English.

Data synthesis and analysis
The selected literature was thoroughly reviewed and analyzed to extract pertinent information.Key data extracted included: Following the meticulous selection of literature, an in-depth review and analysis of these sources were conducted.The extracted data underwent an intricate process of synthesis and thematic analysis.The objective was to organize and categorize findings into coherent themes, including the medicinal properties of Binahong and its application in livestock.This was related to an overview of the multifaceted therapeutic uses of Binahong, supplemented by an exploration of its phytochemical composition and the bioactive compounds that underscore its medicinal potential and an evaluation of Binahong's potential as a feed additive within the livestock sector, with a focus on its impact on animal health and productivity.

Botanical classification, cultivation and phytochemical composition
According to Smith et al. [6], its botanical classification places it within the Kingdom Plantae, Magnoliophyta Division, Magnoliopsida Class, Caryophyllales Order, Basellaceae Family, Anredera Genus, and Anredera cordifolia Species.Indigenous to Indonesia, Binahong's distribution ranges from mainland China to Southeast Asia [3,7].
Morphological components of Binahong are leaves, stems, roots, and flowers.Its characteristic features include singular, stacked leaves with short subsessile stems and cordate leaf shape, measuring 5-10 cm in height and 3-7 cm in width, with pointed and emerging tips.The leaves are smooth, flat, and edible, featuring a heart-shaped, glossy green appearance.The plant's stems are either creeping or climbing, supported by robust aerial roots.Binahong's fragrant, white to greenish-yellow flowers cluster in elongated inflorescences.
Binahong, a climbing plant, can reach lengths of approximately 5 meters, with rhizomatous roots, and cylindrical and intertwining stems, often tinged with reddish hues [8].The leaves, which are green and have very short stalks, are arranged alternately.They are heart-shaped, measuring 5-10 cm in length and 3-7 cm in width, characterized by their delicate and pliable texture, notched base, pointed apex, smooth surface, and flat margins [9].The fleshy roots are rhizomatous in structure [10,11].
Binahong thrives in various ecological conditions, spanning from coastal areas to mountainous regions.It is well-suited to tropical and subtropical climates; however, growth is suboptimal in regions that are excessively close to the coast or icy mountainous areas.Factors such as seawater intrusion salinity and excessively low temperatures can hinder growth and damage Binahong leaves.This plant thrives at 1 to 1,200 meters above sea level, with temperatures ranging from 20-30°C and annual rainfall of 500-1,200 mm.Binahong exhibits faster growth in well-lit environments.In nutrient-rich, moist soils, it can grow up to 40 meters in height, forming a canopy, with a monthly growth rate of 1 meter and more than 1 meter during the summer [12].Harvesting can be done simultaneously or gradually, with criteria including sturdy, brownish stems, wide green leaves, and roots tightly coiled around the supporting stem [13].The successful cultivation of Binahong requires proximity to a water source, loose soil structure, neutral to slightly acidic soil pH (pH 5-7), rich in organic matter, and abundant macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micro (Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo, B, Na, Cl) nutrients.Adequate sunlight is essential for optimal Binahong growth.Propagation is primarily accomplished vegetatively through stem cuttings (Mus, 2008).Stem cuttings are favored for their simplicity and nutrient-rich reserves, as they possess buds and meristematic tissue that form roots.According to Manoi [7], Binahong can also be propagated using rhizomatous root cuttings, resulting in rapid growth and similar characteristics to the parent plant.
Nursery preparation involves using polybags filled with organic compost, such as rice husks, for Binahong seedlings.These 10 cm-long cuttings, sourced from the creeping stems of Binahong plants, are placed in prepared holes in the polybag media.After a few days, new shoots emerge, indicating the development of new roots and readiness for transplantation to the designated field.Binahong is a climbing plant, necessitating the provision of climbing support structures, such as bamboo, wood, and twine.Proper hole preparation is crucial for Binahong cultivation to ensure optimal growth.Planting holes measuring 3 cm x 3 cm x 25 cm in depth and spaced at 20 cm x 40 cm intervals provide suitable conditions for Binahong growth.Fertilization is applied when planting, using organic manure, such as cattle manure, at a rate of 5 t/ha or 40 grams per plant.The fertility level of Binahong is significantly influenced by applying organic manure.After one week or upon new shoot growth, inorganic NPK fertilizer is applied at 1-2 grams per plant.
Regular care practices include weed removal and consistent watering.Adequate irrigation is crucial to promote rapid Binahong growth.Additionally, Binahong should not be continuously waterlogged, necessitating proper drainage to elevate the soil around the root area, preventing water stagnation.Pest and disease control measures are essential in Binahong cultivation, particularly in addressing fungal infections and leaf aphids.Binahong leaves are typically harvested after six months of growth, with preference given to larger leaves.Research conducted by Baskoro and Purwoko [1] indicated that stem cuttings had the most significant effect on improving Binahong's growth components.The application of cattle manures as organic fertilizer demonstrated the most substantial influence on growth components, while compost was the most effective in improving Binahong yield components.
Binahong has found extensive use in various countries, with its therapeutic properties largely attributed to its phytochemical content, primarily concentrated in its leaves.Numerous reports on the phytochemical screening of Binahong leaves have consistently yielded positive results for the presence of flavonoids, saponins, steroids/terpenoids, and alkaloids [14][15][16].Saponins are consistently reported as a positive finding in 13 phytochemical screening studies of Binahong leaves [17], while the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins is not always confirmed.Compounds such as polyphenols, glucosides, and quinones are seldom detected in Binahong leaves.
Astuti et al. [18] quantitatively determined the percentage of crude saponin content in various parts of the Binahong plant.The crude saponin content in Binahong leaves was reported at 28.14±0.22mg/g of dry matter, while the stem contained 3.65±0.11mg/g, and the tuberous roots contained 43.15±0.10mg/g.Vitexin, a flavonoid compound found in Binahong leaves, has been reported to exhibit antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and in vitro assays [19,20].Furthermore, the analysis of Binahong leaves through GC and GC-MS techniques has enabled the identification of 19 essential oil compounds.The primary compounds include hydrocarbons, such as 6-Methyl-α-ionone at 23.9%, n-Hexadecane at 11.6%, and 2-Hexyl-1-decanol at 10.1% [21].The bioactive compound content in Binahong is presented in Table 1.Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia) are used as herbal beverages or as a healthy vegetable.Beyond their role as ingredients in beverages and culinary dishes, Binahong leaves offer many health benefits, particularly in the treatment of various ailments.Some of the diseases that can be addressed by consuming Binahong include rheumatoid arthritis, chikungunya fever, oral and skin diseases, high cholesterol, diabetes, respiratory distress, gastritis, bacterial and fungal infections, as well as detoxifying the lungs.Additionally, the presence of catechins and antioxidants in Binahong contributes to cell protection, cancer prevention, and heart disease prevention.This versatile plant can also reduce muscle inflammation after exercise, accelerate wound healing, improve stamina and blood pressure, relieve muscle aches, heal bruises, and enhance skin complexion [7,[29][30][31].Various research findings provide detailed insights into the benefits of the Binahong plant.

Wound healer.
Several studies have shown that different parts of the Binahong plant can be used as a complementary therapy for treating injuries, burns, and scratches.The reported components responsible for aiding in the healing of various types of wounds include flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, oleanolic acid, proteins, and ascorbic acid [18,32].Both Binahong leaves and roots can be employed for wound healing.The external application involves chewing or grinding Binahong plant parts, which are then applied or rubbed onto the affected area.Binahong can be boiled for internal treatment, and the resulting infusion can be consumed.Research by Situmorang et al. [33] suggests that the most effective concentration for rapid wound healing is 10% w/v.However, Pebri et al. [34] found that higher concentrations of Binahong leaf extract, specifically 15%, expedited wound healing in incision wounds in mice more effectively than concentrations of 10% and 5%.
The mechanisms of wound healing using Binahong involve forming granulation tissue and reepithelialization.Research by Ariani et al. [30] demonstrated that Binahong leaves could enhance granulation tissue formation and accelerate reepithelialization in wounded tissues compared to untreated wounds.Moreover, Binahong has been reported to facilitate the healing process and treat post-Caesarean section scars, promote recovery after childbirth, and expedite the healing of other wounds, such as those caused by typhoid, intestinal inflammation, and dysentery, using both the leaves and roots [29].In other studies, bioactive substances in the Binahong plant were found to assist in the healing of degenerative diseases such as kidney damage, diabetes, heart swelling, stroke, hemorrhoids, and gout [7].

Antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Binahong leaf extract has proven effective as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria and fungi.Numerous tests have been conducted to assess the efficacy of active compounds found in Binahong in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.One prevalent disease in Indonesia is dysentery, primarily caused by bacteria such as Shigella sp., Salmonella sp., Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, and Entamoeba histolytica.Severe cases of dysentery are often attributed to Shigella dysentriae, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella sp., and E. coli.Antibiotics are typically used to treat diseases caused by Shigella sp., but prolonged antibiotic use can lead to antibiotic resistance.Secondary metabolites from Binahong offer an alternative antibacterial solution.
The growth of S. flexneri strain BW 1201 bacteria can be inhibited by Binahong extract.Treatment with a 100% concentration of Binahong extract optimally inhibited the growth of S. flexneri strain BW 1201, resulting in an average inhibition zone diameter of 27.2 mm [35].Sequential extraction of Binahong leaves using ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and 70% ethanol as solvents revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and polyphenols.In vitro testing of Binahong leaf extract against the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli at concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% showed that Binahong leaf extracts had antibacterial activity against E. coli.Higher concentrations corresponded to greater inhibition of bacterial growth, with 100% concentration proving most effective [31].Binahong has also been shown to inhibit the growth of other bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [36].S. aureus is responsible for various infections, including skin infections, bacteremia, bone infections, pneumonia, and endocarditis.P. aeruginosa, on the other hand, is the most frequently isolated nosocomial pathogen, responsible for severe infections that can lead to mortality.Additionally, Tshikalange et al. [37] reported that Binahong can treat sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis.
Binahong leaf extract can reduce the number of fungi and bacteria, displaying a strong inhibition zone.A 50% concentration of Binahong leaf extract reduced the number of bacteria and fungi by 88.48% and 53.81%, respectively, while a 100% Binahong solution reduced them by 56.75% and 34.95%, respectively.In comparison, a 1% chemical disinfectant (CPC) reduced the number of bacteria and fungi by 91.65% and 62.60%, respectively [38].Furthermore, studies by Widodo et al. [39] demonstrated that Binahong leaf powder could inhibit the growth of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Lactobacillus sp.The 4% Binahong leaf powder concentration exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on the growth of these bacteria as a 10-ppm dose of tetracycline.
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi often require lengthy treatment.Binahong leaf extract can combat these microorganisms effectively.For example, Binahong extract has been shown to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, an organism responsible for oral infections.Therefore, solutions containing Binahong leaf extract can serve as mouthwash antiseptics [40].Acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous glands characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, and nodules, is commonly caused by Propionibacterium acnes.Binahong leaf extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of P. acnes, as indicated by the formation of inhibition zones.The most effective concentration for inhibiting the growth of P. acnes was 100%, resulting in a zone diameter of 9.00 mm at 24 hours and 11.20 mm at 48 hours [41].The inhibition of microorganism growth by Binahong extract occurs through the disruption of cell wall synthesis, membrane function inhibition, protein synthesis inhibition, and bacterial cell growth inhibition [42].Specifically, it damages the peptidoglycan components in bacterial cells, preventing the formation of the cell wall.This damage alters the permeability of the cell membrane, inhibiting the function of intracellular enzymes and causing uncontrolled water entry into the bacterial cell, ultimately leading to cell death.

Binahong for internal diseases.
Binahong serves various other purposes in treating diseases, including its ability to act as a blood thinner.Cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are leading causes of death worldwide, primarily due to platelet aggregation leading to thrombus formation.Traditionally, Binahong leaves have been used as blood thinners.Scientifically, it has been proven that active compounds in Binahong act as antithrombotic agents.Binahong extract significantly inhibits lipid peroxidation in plasma and the liver and the formation of free radicals (p<0.01).Additionally, Binahong extract significantly reduces the average platelet volume (6.05 ± 0.24 fL vs. 6.55 ± 0.34 fL) and platelet distribution width (8.52±0.36% vs. 9.25±0.42%),suggesting that Binahong extract has potential as an antiplatelet and antioxidant agent [43].Phytochemical analysis has revealed that Binahong possesses antioxidant activity, high levels of vitamin C, and phenolic components that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, making it useful in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Binahong for livestock health and productivity
3.3.1.Poultry.Quails are valued for their egg and meat production efficiency, requiring minimal space and capital investment, making them a promising poultry commodity [44].Several studies have investigated the effects of Binahong leaf inclusion in quail diets.Mahadika et al. [45] found that adding up to 6% Binahong leaf powder to quail feed-maintained egg production performance.Furthermore, a 2% inclusion of Binahong leaf powder in quail feed was identified as the optimal dosage, leading to reduced cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in quail eggs [46].Nurhalimah et al. [44] observed that binahong leaf powder supplementation significantly increased feed consumption in male quails (Table 2).However, up to 1.5% binahong leaf powder in the diet did not affect body weight gain, feed conversion, or mortality in male quails.Binahong leaves are believed to act as antibacterials, suppressing pathogenic bacteria, thereby improving quail health and egg quality.Additionally, it was reported that supplementing quail diets with 2-6% binahong leaf powder did not affect bacterial counts or eggshell thickness [47].
Marlani et al. [48] discovered that supplementing laying hens' diets with 0.1% Areca catechu (betel nut) and binahong leaf improved liver function after 18 days of administration, prolonging egg production.This was corroborated by Kusumanti and Murwani [49], who found that alternating supplements of 0.025% betel nut and binahong leaf powder for 18 days reduced parasites without affecting hen appearance.Murwani et al. [50] continued this research.They found that alternating the administration of betel nut for 3 days followed by binahong leaf for 3 days in three cycles over 18 days improved anti-endoparasitic effects, healed intestinal wounds, and increased serum albumin, and transaminase levels without impacting egg production.Dillak et al. [51] reported on a study combining betel leaf and binahong leaf extracts for laying hens.Their findings showed that using a 20 ml/litre betel leaf extract and a 10% combination of binahong leaf in drinking water did not significantly improve feed consumption, water consumption, weight gain, or feed conversion in male laying hens (Table 2).
Broiler chickens are an important source of rapidly produced, affordable, and easily accessible animal protein.However, they are susceptible to diseases, necessitating vaccination and feed additives to enhance their growth and performance [52,53].Binahong leaves have been studied as an herbal feed additive for broiler chickens.Widodo et al. [54] found that incorporating 2% binahong leaf powder into broiler diets as an alternative to antibiotics, enhancing weight gain and feed efficiency while not affecting feed consumption.Adding 4% binahong leaf powder to broiler diets, according to Widodo and Khasanah [55], resulting in the best performance regarding the digestive organ profile of meat-type chickens.Muiz [56] reported that binahong leaf powder, as a feed additive at 1.5% inclusion in the diet, improved carcass percentage, breast meat percentage, and reduced abdominal fat.The active flavonoids in binahong leaves acted as antibiotics, promoting efficient microbial control in the digestive tract and improving nutrient utilization.Moreover, terpenoids, hydrocarbon isometric compounds found in binahong, contributed to organic synthesis and tissue recovery, likely positively impacting growth [56].The reduction in abdominal fat was attributed to saponin content, a property supported by Ponte et al. [57] in their study on adding alfalfa saponin to poultry diets (Table 2).
Binahong leaves can also be administered through drinking water for broiler chickens.Wahyudi et al. [58] found that binahong leaf extract in drinking water did not significantly affect carcass weight but did affect live weight and giblet weight.The dose of binahong leaf extract could be administered up to 150 mg/kg of body weight without impacting live weight, carcass weight, or carcass percentage.Abraham et al. [59] studied binahong leaf extract in broiler finisher diets and found that doses of 20, 30, and 40 ml of binahong leaf extract per liter of water did not improve meat quality.
Broiler chicken manure contains high levels of nitrogen, primarily in the form of protein and uric acid, contributing to environmental pollution [60].To address this issue, high-quality litter is needed to absorb excreta and reduce pen pollution.Wet litter can lead to foul odors, increased ammonia levels, and higher pathogenic bacterial counts, affecting chicken health and, ultimately growth and production (Paghtinathan et al., 2019) .Binahong leaf powder, as a feed additive at a 2% level, improved litter characteristics, reduced temperature, total bacterial counts, and ammonia content (P<0.05)[55].[62].Bacillus subtilis-induced diseases can compromise the immune system, making binahong a potential therapy for ruminants affected by Bacillus subtilis gastroenteritis.Bacillus cereus is known for causing food poisoning and non-gastrointestinal infections [66].It is associated with diarrhea and vomiting in both humans and ruminants [67].Binahong could be considered a therapeutic option for ruminants with Bacillus cereus-induced diarrhea.
Escherichia coli (E.coli): E. coli is commonly found in the respiratory and digestive tracts of Bali cattle [64].Drug resistance is prevalent among E. coli isolates from cattle [65].Binahong extracts may offer a solution to address drug-resistant E. coli infections in young ruminants (Table 2).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen known to cause respiratory and urinary tract infections [68].Binahong may have a role in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in ruminants.Furthermore, binahong is used as a protein source in livestock feed.In vitro research, binahong leaf inclusion in feed significantly improved dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and ammonia levels [69].Including up to 30% binahong leaf powder in concentrate feed had beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid production, and ammonia levels.Afro et al. [70] concluded that intramammary injection of a 4% binahong and betel leaf herbal antibiotic mixture reduced bacterial counts in milk from subclinical mastitis dairy cows (Table 2).

Conclusions
Binahong holds diverse health benefits for livestock health and productivity.All plant parts, including the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and bulbs, offer natural remedies enriched with compounds like saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and more.Binahong is an effective feed additive.A 2% Binahong leaf powder in quail feed reduces cholesterol levels and enhances egg quality.Broiler chicken feed substitutes antibiotics and improves weight gain and feed conversion.Binahong also impacts carcass quality.While Binahong extract in drinking water affects live weight and giblet weight in broilers, it doesn't significantly enhance meat quality.Flavonoids in Binahong serve as antibiotics, inhibiting the IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1312/1/01205910 growth of various bacteria in ruminants.In summary, Binahong offers significant potential for improving livestock health and productivity.Further research and cultivation can unlock its full benefits.

Table 1 .
The bioactive compound content in Binahong

Table 1 .
The bioactive compound content in Binahong In various countries, including China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, and Europe,

Table 2 .
Summary of Binahong application in poultry and ruminant Farming 3.3.2.Ruminants.Binahong offers advantages for ruminant livestock.Flavonoids in binahong serve as antibiotics, inhibiting the growth of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Alkaloids, on the other hand, inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant coagulasenegative staphylococcus, and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive bacterium associated with soil fertility but can also cause infections, including meningitis and acute gastroenteritis