Plant morphological characters diversity of several superior and local varieties of garlic in various agroecological types

Since 2017, the government has determined garlic (Allium sativum L.) as a priority vegetable commodity. Support for the varieties selection is needed in garlic development areas with various agroecology. There were 7 varieties of garlic (Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Kuning, Lumbu Putih, Tawang Mangu Baru, Sangga Sembalun, Geol and Kusuma) planted in Batu, Malang, Pasuruan, Probolinggo and Mojokerto areas. Research activities related to the diversity of plant characters including leaves, tubers and cloves were conducted from 2022 to 2023 with descriptive data processing methods. The varieties currently be in developed were able to compete with imported garlic. Lumbu Kuning from Sumber Brantas, Batu, has a weight of up to 12,9 g per clove, 100 cloves weigh 372,8 g with around 2-10 cloves per tuber. Meanwhile, Lumbu Hijau from Pujon, Malang, has a weight of 4,4 g per clove, 262,3 g per 100 cloves and the number of cloves per tuber is around 2-10. Imported garlic has a weight per clove up to 6,7 g, 311,6 g per 100 cloves, and the number of cloves per tuber is 7-13. The plants performance is also different between varieties and tends to be different in quantitative characteristics according to the method of cultivation and agroecology.


Introduction
Indonesia has diverse garlic genetic resources and has a sharper aroma than imported garlic.However, the disadvantage of garlic from Indonesia is that they have smaller bulbs.Increased production must be supported by the presence of seeds that have high quality, which is characterized by good germination and growth capacity.Low productivity of garlic is due to the small number of superior varieties available today and the unavailability of quality seeds.Therefore, the development of seed production that has high adaptation to the environment is needed, so that it can produce high productivity [1][2].
Garlic was first cultivated 4000 years ago and is an important vegetable originating from Central Asia that is popular in the world, both used as medicine and seasoning.Garlic was introduced in Indonesia several centuries ago when it was brought by traders and sailors from India and China [3,4].Garlic is a layered bulbous plant that taxonomically belong to family Alliaceae.The word in aphostrope means unpleasant smelling and the word sativum means cultivated.The classification groupings of garlic are sativum, ophioscorodon, longicuspis, and subtropical [5][6].
The greatest diversity of garlic is in cultivars of Asian origin based on isozyme and RAPD analysis.Garlic are believed to be descended from the wild onion Allium Longicurpis Regel, which grows in Central Asia [7].Garlic variation between varieties is quite high, especially in the aspects of bulb size, IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1312/1/012046 2 shape, and color at maturity/harvest, number of cloves per bulb, size of cloves, smell, and flowering ability, as well as the number of suing, size of cloves, at maturity or harvest, leaf characters, leaf color, the shape of cross-sectional slices of bulbs and bulb aroma.[8,9].
The best agroecology for several varieties of garlic in Indonesia is in the low to medium plains as well as in the highlands [9][10].In Indonesia, superior garlic varieties that are generally planted in the highlands are Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Kuning Sangga Sembalun, Tawang Mangu Baru, while Lumbu Putih is planted in the lowlands [11].This study aims to determine the diversity of plant and bulb characteristics of several varieties of garlic that developed and originated in Indonesia.

Methods
Research activities related to the character diversity of superior and local varieties of garlic were carried out from 2022 to 2023 with descriptive data observation.Plantings and bulbs were obtained from Batu, Malang, Pasuruan, Probolinggo and Mojokerto.Characterization of bulbs of several varieties, namely Lumbu Putih, Lumbu Kuning, Lumbu Hijau, Tawang Mangu Baru, Geol, Sangga Sembalun, and Kusuma, was carried out on garlic aged 5 months after harvest from locations with different altitudes.While data for plant characters and leaf color were obtained at the age of 80 days after planting in Pacet, Mojokerto.
Identification of morphological characters of garlic is made by referring to the Description List for Allium sp from IPGRI [12], including weight per bulb, the weight of cloves, weight of 100 grains of cloves, number of cloves per bulb, bulb shape, bulb skin color, bulb color, type of bulb structure and others, plant and leaf characters.While the tools used are digital scales, a ruler and Colour Chart Guide (Royal Horticultural Society 2019, Sixth edition), camera, and gray fabric as a base for photos.

Result and discussion
Characterization results obtained 6 superior varieties of garlic, namely Lumbu Putih, Lumbu Kuning, Lumbu Hijau, Sangga Sembalun, Tawangmangu Baru and Geol, as well as 1 local variety Kusuma and garlic from China and India.The behaviour of garlic bulb characters, especially quantitative traits such as weight per bulb, weight per clove, weight of 100 clove grains, bulb diameter and clove size, is influenced by the type of agroecology and cultivation methods of local farmers [13][14][15][16].
Agroecological adaptation are carried out on Lumbu Kuning, Lumbu Hijau, Tawangmangu Baru, Import from China, and Import from India varieties.Agroecological characteristics that directly affect plant yield and growth include temperature, N fertilizer dose, humidity, soil water availability, organic matter content and elevation.Also, each variety is different in response to temperature and photoperiod, with adaptation levels in various agroecological zones [17][18][19][20].Lumbu Kuning from Sumber Brantas, Batu, has a weight of up to 6.73 g per clove, a 100-clove weight of 372.8 g with about 2-10 cloves per bulb.On the other hand, Lumbu Hijau from Pujon, Malang, has a weight of 3.7 g per clove and 262.3 g per 100 cloves and the number of cloves per bulb is around 10-22.Chinese imported garlic has a weight per clove of up to 4.79 g, 311.6 g per 100 cloves, and the number of cloves per bulb is 7-13.While imports from India tend to be smaller, weighing 100 cloves 100 g, the number of cloves is 13-26 and the weight per clove is only 0.5-2.2g (Table 1).Likewise, Table 2 shows that Lumbu Kuning from Sumber Brantas Batu, which is cultivated at an altitude of 1,600 m above sea level tends to have a larger bulb size [21][22].This proves that garlic from Indonesia should be able to compete with imported garlic, of course, with the application of good and correct technological innovations [23][24][25].Besides varieties, other conditions that are important for the growth of garlic plants are cool air and dry plants during the bulb formation phase.The most appropriate time for planting garlic is May until July.The most favourable degree of soil acidity (pH) is 6.5-7.5, while if the pH is > 6.5, then the soil must be limed.Experimental results on Latosol red-yellow soil of Subang (classified as marginal land with pH = 4.8) showed that the need for lime to reach pH = 6 equivalent to 9.6 tons/ha can increase the yield of garlic bulbs.Environmental conditions (temperature and photoperiod) affect the development of garlic and changes in endogenous phytohormone levels and methyl jasmonate (MeJA); the process affects the process of bulb formation that can produce fresh bulbs per year [26][27].Evaluation to determine the potential of 7 varieties of garlic in the characteristics of bulbs and cloves showed several differences.Garlic bulb and clove size is one of the attractions for consumers to choose garlic varieties.Lumbu Kuning and Geol varieties tend to have large bulbs and cloves, while Lumbu Putih tends to have long cloves with short diameters (Table 3).
The results of observations of morphological characters of each garlic variety generally do not show considerable differences, especially in terms of leaf colour, leaf orientation, bulb shape, bulb colour and clove colour (Table 4, figure 1 and 2) [2,12,[28][29].The shape of the bulbs is generally a flat globe, while the colour of the bulbs and the colour of the cloves are more dominated by yellowish white or on the instructions of the Colour Chart, Royal Horticulture Society (RHS) 2019, namely in the Orange-White Group 159 a, B and C groups.The leaf colour of 7 varieties of garlic is dominated by RHS 2019 Green Group 137 B and C while Geol RHS 2019 Green Group 137 A. As for leaf orientation characters, it can be seen that the Lumbu Putih variety is different from other varieties, namely the upright type, for Kusuma, Sangga Sembalun and Tawangmangu Baru, it is half upright and Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Kuning and Geol have a flat type.

Conclusions
The morphological characters of each garlic clone generally do not show considerable differences, especially in terms of bulb shape, bulb and clove color, leaf color, and leaf orientation.Based on the appearance of the bulbs, Tawang mangu, Geol, and Lumbu Kuning can be developed as superior varieties whose quality is not inferior to imported garlic.While the agrocological range for garlic development is in the highlands to medium plains.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Bulb and clove shapes of some garlic varieties

Table 1 .
Average and range of quantitative characters of bulbs and cloves of some garlic varieties

Table 2 .
Average bulb length, bulb diameter, clove length and clove diameter of some garlic varieties from various locations in 2022.

Table 3 .
Mean and range of seed bulb component characters of 7 high-yielding garlic varieties

Table 4 .
Leaf colour, leaf orientation, bulb shape, bulb colour, and clove colour of 7 high-yielding garlic varieties (leaf colour, leaf orientation bulb shape, bulb colour, clove colour, of garlic clones) in