Study of the influence of raw water infrastructure performance on drinking water

Water utilities are assessed on financial, customer service, operational, and HR performance, according to Government Regulation 122/2015. Environmental, operational, and physical factors impact cooling system performance. Local governments and water utilities assess water supply efficiency using distribution networks. In West Nusa Tenggara, researchers explored Lombok and Sumbawa. Water is abundant in Lombok but insufficient in Sumbawa. Despite the continual requirement for drinking water, this study concentrates on these two criteria since regional climates fluctuate. The former has superior local government water supplies, which affect Lombok and Sumbawa citizens’ health. This research outlines a single drinking water system’s two most important performance criteria. Researchers employ fuzzy c-means clustering, statistical regressive analysis, and questionnaire combinations for indeterminate parameters. The survey concluded that a water distribution authority has a good performance value if its intake and distribution network works effectively and the negative balance decreases. PDAM control will be less effective and the body less healthy if one portion fails, especially if fluctuations of water discharge. This research may result from an integrated drinking water collection and distribution performance model. The study found that water treatment plant performance, especially water discharge, increases water usage.


Introduction
Water is a natural resource that is immensely helpful in human life and other living things.It may be argued that water is the source of life on Earth, with the demand for water increasing with time.This is related not just to population growth, but also to the fact that water is consumed in industrial and agricultural activities [1].Surface water, such as rivers and lakes, contains only a small portion of the world's water resources, but they are the most accessible source of water for human consumption and usage.While global freshwater availability remains stable, local water availability is affected by climate change and uncertainty in terms of precipitation and temperature.Global overexploitation of numerous available freshwater resources has resulted from increased human density, economic activity, and unsustainable water management methods [2].
The need for raw water, particularly drinking water, is increasing in tandem with population increase.The increase in drinking water needs cannot be isolated from the availability of suitable raw water sources, both in quantity and, more importantly, in quality.Furthermore, in order to ensure the sustainability of raw water availability, raw water facilities and infrastructure that can function effectively and perform well must be completed.The performance of the raw water infrastructure in this situation refers to the building's service function of providing raw water.In general, the ability of raw water infrastructure to distribute raw water discharge as needed by raw water service receivers serves as the baseline for determining building performance.The ability to provide the degree of service requested by users is also reflected in infrastructure performance.In general, this can be measured in terms of dependability, availability, capacity, and user (customer) needs fulfillment.
The goal of this research is to find out how the performance of drinking water treatment systems affects the performance of drinking water treatment systems based on a few similar parameters and two different measures.In this study, we wanted to find out how much the intake and exhaust air system's cleanliness and physical condition affected how well the intake and exhaust air system worked.The drinking water system here is made up of an IPA, a tank, a distribution and distribution system, and human energy sources.In this study, the performance of water treatment plants is judged based on five factors: the physical plant (in two different stages of construction and in the time after construction), its environment, and how it works.Also, the performance evaluation of drinking water is made up of four parts: (1) finances, (2) services, (3) operations, and (4) human resources, with 18 indicators according to the Technical Guidelines for Performance Evaluation -BPPSPAM [3].
The groundwater performance index, the sabo dam, the urban drainage system, and rivers are only a few of the studies that have been done similarly in the last five years.There are three types of variables used in the groundwater performance index [4], the polder performance index [5], the urban drainage performance index [6], the river performance index research variables [7], and the sabo dam [8], namely technical factors, regulatory aspects, and social aspects.This study is needed to figure out exactly which factors have the most impact on two different ways to measure performance.

Research Location and Data
The research sites for this study are on the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa in the province of West Nusa Tenggara.These two islands have different features: 1.Most of the island of Lombok is flat, but the area in the east is hilly and rocky.Rainfall averages 1439 mm per year with more water sources in the western part of the island, where there are more bodies of water and less rain in the central and eastern parts of the island.The water supply policy for most of the island is based on gravity, but the eastern and southern parts use pumps.The condition of the island of Lombok is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the island of Lombok is in four different cities: West Lombok (five locations), Central Lombok (one location), East Lombok (four locations), and North Lombok (three locations).The water source at this location is used by BUMD and PDAM as a source of cold water.

Research Method A. Data Collection and Sources
The first step is a literature study about how well water purification systems work for drinking water and for bathing water.The goal is to support theoretical research, determine where to look for more information, and plan the next research steps.Method for collecting data to measure how well drinking water works by using data from a baseline survey of water sources, such as the water supply and the drinking water sources.Secondary data obtained from questionnaires are used to collect other information which has no correlation to infrastructure operational condition of raw water.The answers to this questionnaire are about making rules, putting in place technical fields, and using water sources at the research site.The data that will be analyzed is put into a two-sided matrix so that it is easier to do calculations with the Excel/MS Word package.The data that is given is used to make quantitative and qualitative models that explain the relationships between the events or objects in the data [9].
In the process of collecting data to evaluate how well water is being managed, data from the water management agency, such as financial reports, technical reports (about customer service, production, and distribution), administrative reports, and management logs, are used.The report book for the research site is made up of information from each water user.From 2017 to 2021, the report is used to analyze how well the water is being used.

B. Analysis Method
Statistical descriptive and inferential statistics are used to figure out how well a water treatment system works.Before doing a more in-depth analysis, it is important to standardize the data and convert the results of the evaluation into a score.Applying value scales from 1 to 4 to non-physical evaluations is also done to get a measure of performance that can be compared with physical variables and costs.The Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (FCM) tool is used to figure out which factors matter.
The analysis of how well drinking water is conducted by using sampling for each aspect, such as the financial aspect (0.250), the service aspect (0.250), the operational aspect (0.350), and the human resource aspect (0.150), with references from BPPSPAM [10].The weighting value for each aspect is the total of several parameters covering the four aspects evaluated.

Analysis of Raw Water Infrastructure Performance
In analyzing the performance of raw water infrastructure as follows: 1. Analyze technical parameters from survey data by filling out forms based on standard raw water NSPK references, 2017 (Table 1) [11].Table 1 shows the change values for each water quality and quantity measure.The results of the analysis can be seen in Table 2, which is a summary of data from 21 (twenty-one) research sites.The research sites are in 13 places on the island of Lombok and eight places on the island of Sumbawa.2. Conduct a nontechnical and cost analysis by combining survey results and field inspector data with partner water and drinking water (in this case, water management/BUMD) responses.This analysis is done with the help of an application called Fuzzy C-means Clustering, which needs a clustering kernel [12] The results can be seen in Table 3, which is called the cluster center and Graph 1 shows the clustering results of the questionnaire.
The data used to do the analysis, which you can see in Table 2, came from the field and was used to determine the value of the field's condition and facilities based on NSPK 2017 standards.These results showed a difference between the number of questionnaires at each of the 21 places where research was done.Table 2 above shows that, on average, Lombok 71.207% has a better water supply system from a technical perspective, while Sumbawa 53.568% has a worse water supply system, with a big difference.Table 3 shows the cluster centers that are based on customer data and technical data from the field survey.This cluster center is the most important thing to look at when looking at all the parameters that affect how well water works.Figure 3 shows the results of the Fuzzy C-Means Clustering analysis, which shows a mix of technical, nontechnical, and cost items with an average correlation of -0.19.Also, Figure 2 shows the relationship between the three technical, nontechnical, and cost parameters whose clusters are mostly near the center of the cluster and have values like those in Table 3.
The data used to do the analysis, which you can see in Table 2, came from the field and was used to determine the value of the field's condition and facilities based on NSPK 2017 standards.From these results, there were differences between each interviewee in a total of 21 places where research was done.The results of this analysis are shown in Table 3 and Figure 3.In Figure 1, it can be seen that the different values and colors in each cluster are groupings in the fuzzy.Sarwono [13] there are several correlation values, namely: • 0 : there is no correlation between the two variables

Analysis of Drinking Water Performance
In the analysis of how well the water flows from these four aspects, the parameters for each aspect and the data needed for the analysis can be seen in Table 4. Also, Table 5 shows the ratio, mean, and standard deviation for each of the four aspects and the parameters that come from each aspect.As with the financial aspect, there are three parameters: rentability (0.110), liquidity (0.110), and solveability (0.03), with the overall value for the financial aspect being 0.250.The same is true for the other aspects as well.The results of this analysis can be seen in Table 6, which has an analysis of how well drinking water has worked over the past five years (2017-2021).This table shows the level of service, number of customers, and level of need that resulted from the performance of existing BUMD at water sources that are part of managing BUMD and increasing water demand by looking at the number of customers and production capacity, as shown in Table 6, where the best service is at PT. Air Minum Giri Menang (Perseroda) has a 51.7% share and has been in the healthy category for the past five years.Also, 14.41% of people in Kabupaten Bima don't have enough water, and 64.4% of people who have been sick for at least five years haven't improved.This is the highest rate of people who don't have enough water.The government of Tirta Rora District in Dompu came up with a service level of 22.90%, the second-highest level of water shortage of 61.90%, and sick work in 2020-2021.Seeing these things requires more effort, especially for BUMD, which falls into the sick category in this case, for PDAM District Bima.One way to do this is to reduce the amount of lost water and increase service capacity by adding water credits to the IPA or looking for new sources of water that are always available.

Conclusions
On the basis of the above discussion, it can be concluded that raw water infrastructure on Lombok Island showed an average performance of 71.207%, while Sumbawa Island displayed an average of 53.568%.Fuzzy C-means clustering analysis revealed a significant negative correlation (-0.190) between costs and nontechnical aspects, as well as costs and technical aspects, indicating that the costs incurred during operation and maintenance have an impact on the condition of raw water infrastructure.The analysis of drinking water performance in the last five years shows that management institutions on Lombok Island tend to be healthy to quite healthy, whereas those on Sumbawa Island tend to be less healthy to sick.
From the results of the analysis of drinking water performance in the last five years, it shows that the management institutions on Lombok Island tend to be healthy to quite healthy, while on Sumbawa Island they tend to be less healthy to sick.
From the principles outlined above, there exists a correlation between the condition of raw water infrastructure and its performance, including the performance of drinking water.Specifically, if the raw water infrastructure performs well, at or above 55%, the downstream drinking water system will also have good performance.Conversely, if the raw water infrastructure performance is less than 55%, the drinking water performance will decline to an unhealthy or unsafe level.The research suggests that managing raw water infrastructure is not just about constructed buildings but also about maintaining the availability of water intake sources in line with allocated raw water needs.The operation and 12 maintenance of water sources, raw water facilities, and infrastructure have a significant impact on raw water performance, including drinking water quality.
In order to enhance drinking water performance and overall water management, this research provides valuable insights into the relationship between raw water infrastructure performance and drinking water.Efforts to enhance both technical and nontechnical aspects, as well as maintaining source water quality, can bring significant benefits to the community and water management in the studied regions.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Fuzzy C-Means Clustering ResultThe conditions of the technical and nontechnical clusters closest to the centers of 31.353 and 37.010 are shown in Figure4a.Figure4bshows that the bulk of the nontechnical costs and expenditures are concentrated at locations 37.803 and 43.114 (spreading out from the cluster's epicenter), whereas Figure4creveals the correlation between the technical costs and expenditures at locations 31.353,farther from the cluster's epicenter and 37.803 closer to it.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Relationship between three parameters (technical, nontechnical and cost)

Table 1 .
Category Weighting and Standard Water Infrastructure Performance Assessment Parameters

Table 2 .
Summary of weighting performance raw water

Table 3 .
Cluster Center

Table 4 .
[2]a groups and data sources for Drinking Water Performance[2]