Evaluation of Communal WWTP Management in Supporting the Smart Environment in Mlati District, Sleman Regency

Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is a solution used in the management and treatment of domestic waste. Mlati District is an area that has 8 active Communal WWTP units spread across four villages. Management by the local community to the type of technology used in each region certainly has differences. This research aims to determine the benchmark for the effectiveness of developing one of the smart city dimensions, that is the smart environment in Mlati District. This research was conducted using qualitative research methods, with data processing and presentation carried out descriptively. The existing conditions of the Communal WWTP were obtained by field observation, the management of the Communal WWTP was then carried out descriptive analysis based on the observations, indepth interviews and secondary data and then continued with descriptive analysis to find out management in supporting the smart environment in the Mlati District. The results of the study show that the management of the Communal WWTP in Mlati District has been going well with minimal risk of damage and obstacles. Communal WWTP is the main infrastructure in domestic waste processing which brings significant changes to the region and society. The existence of a waste water treatment installation unit is considered to be able to meet the community’s needs for waste handling. Although waste treatment is not discussed significantly in the elements of smart city development, centralized domestic waste management in Mlati District has proven to play a role in supporting the realization of a smart environment in the region.


Introduction
Sanitation facilities in the current global era, is a very important requirement for modern society.Garbage and waste contain carbon dioxide, methane and volatile organic compounds which are a threat to the environment [22].The Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is an important part of a series of sanitation facilities in order to maintain a balance between supplying demand for sanitation facilities and a good living environment.The use of clean water continues to increase in line with population growth.Bearing in mind that 80% of the clean water used will become wastewater, so the amount of wastewater produced will also increase.Waste water is waste water or residue from all water use activities.Meanwhile, domestic wastewater is wastewater originating from water use activities in activities in every household [16].To date, there have been significant developments in wastewater treatment systems in densely populated areas [12,13], especially in urban areas.
As a form of responsibility to keep the environment maintained and healthy, one of which is carried out by small businesses by treating domestic wastewater using the Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) system.According to [16], the working system of the Communal WWTP domestic wastewater treatment is by collecting wastewater together for and then processing it at the Communal WWTP unit before being discharged into water bodies.Changes in people's lifestyles in the current era must be responded ideally by local governments in developing innovations in various fields in order to provide convenience to both public officials and the wider community [6].Technology as a form of modernization has high innovative potential in solving various challenges in an area, especially in urban areas.
At the implementation level, the smart city concept needs to pay attention to the scale of the city, because each city level has different conditions, both related to problems, potential, and speed of development [18].This concept exists to create areas that can manage their resources optimally in solving current problems and future challenges by using smart solutions, which include innovative, integrated and sustainable [25].In addition, the Regional Governments also have their respective visions, missions, strategies, targets, and development programs that have been adapted to the characteristics of their regions to make their cities smart and competitive cities [9].The different strategies and development targets in each region will have an impact on the priorities for implementing smart cities. Development is a coordinated effort to legally create more alternatives for every community and element of a country to fulfill and achieve their aspirations [14].[23] argues that development as an effort or a series of growth and change efforts carried out by society and government, towards modernity in the framework of nation building.Meanwhile, according to [8], development is a process of change in a better direction through planned efforts.This can be interpreted as meaning that the development of a region should be oriented towards the diversity that exists in life.Development can also be interpreted as a form of planning process to make changes [21].
In each activity, various problems can occur in the wastewater treatment system itself.In general, domestic wastewater contains organic and inorganic solids, pathogenic microorganisms, whose composition is highly dependent on the production process [10].The performance of Communal WWTPs that have been built and operating cannot always work optimally continuously, so that the performance of Communal WWTPs in reducing pollutant levels in wastewater decreases [15].Communal WWTP systems can serve 10-100 households and even more [19].Based on data from [2], Mlati District is an area with quite high problems related to sanitation and waste.The location of the area that is included in the urban category in Sleman Regency, makes Mlati District an area with sanitation infrastructure including the Communal WWTP that needs to be analyzed in more depth.
The smart city concept is a concept that is built on a smart combination of all community activities within it and aims to make an area a region that can consciously determine the future and be independent in solving its problems [7].Smart city is a description of a city that uses and empowers human resources, social capital and modern telecommunications infrastructure to realize sustainable economic progress and advanced characteristics of life, with wise management of resources by involving the community in government [3].Smart city planning that refers to the dimensions of a smart environment can be used as a benchmark for an implementation of appropriate or inappropriate waste water management.
According to [4], a smart environment is defined as an environment that is able to acquire and apply knowledge about an environment and to adapt to its inhabitants.An area is said to be smart when there is collaboration between humans and technology whose ultimate goal is to improve people's quality of life and sustainable economic growth with wise management of natural resources through good governance [1].The implementation of smart environment in various developing countries has many obstacles, environmental factors have been one of the factors that has been difficult to handle until now, and for this reason this research was also conducted to look at the various obstacles and challenges in each region in managing their wastewater installations.Based on these conditions, this research was conducted to see how far the management of Communal WWTPs in several regions supports the realization of a smart environment.

Method
This research was conducted in Mlati District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region.The research location includes the Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) located in the Mlati District, Sleman Regency.This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method with primary data and secondary data.The existing conditions of the Communal WWTP were obtained by field observation, the management of the Communal WWTP was then carried out descriptive analysis based on the observations, in-depth interviews and secondary data and then continued with descriptive analysis to find out management in supporting the smart environment in the Mlati District.This primary data was obtained through direct observation in the field as well as in-depth interviews with parties/stakeholders who are considered to be the caretakers of information on the implementation of each WWTP treatment in the relevant area.Secondary data was obtained through the Regional Development Planning Agency of Sleman Regency, supporting data from the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing and the Office of the Environment, related planning documents, and literature study.As for looking at the development of information and its sources, a snowball sampling technique was carried out.This is done in order to obtain more complete information from the competent authorities who have a role and are able to provide the required information.During the course of the interview activities, the process of recording and taking minutes of important matters was carried out as a provision for researchers to process data.

Result and Discussion
Mlati District is one of 17 (seventeen) sub-districts in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta.The Mlati District area consists of 5 (five) villages, namely Tirtoadi Village, Tlogoadi Village, Sumberadi Village, Sendangadi Village, and Sinduadi Village.The location of Mlati Subdistrict which is directly adjacent to Yogyakarta City, which is an urban center and part of the Yogyakarta -Magelang corridor area, has made Mlati Subdistrict a strategic area and has experienced a shift in the nature of the area to become urban.The Communal WWTP in the Mlati District has a local management organization consisting of the community who are responsible for managing, maintaining and operating the Communal WWTP while it is running and being built.These community groups are known as KSM/KPP (Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat/Kelompok Pemanfaat dan Pemelihara) or have a meaning Governmental Self-Help Groups/Utilizers and Maintainers Groups.This KSM/KPP is tasked with maintaining the Communal WWTP infrastructure so that it runs well and managing community activities/WWTP users so that they have an effective system of management and make it easier for all members of the community and users of existing sanitation system facilities.Each management of the self-help group usually has its own name in each management and has many active activities to manage and plan routine activities to discuss the management of the Communal WWTP The influence of the City of Yogyakarta and its relatively high accessibility have made Mlati District a peri-urban area with rural and urban characteristics that shape many activities in the area such as education, agriculture, transportation, tourism, services, communications, and so on.These activities are of course supported by public facilities located within the Mlati District which consist of educational, trade, office, and transportation facilities.Economic activity in Mlati District is centered in Sinduadi Village because of its distance and relatively close and easy access to the city center.This certainly affects the pattern of settlements and environmental conditions that are different from other villages.The spatial visualization of each Village in the Mlati District can be seen in Figure 1 Map of the Administrative Boundaries of the Mlati District.

Existing Conditions of Communal WWTP in Mlati District
There are 10 units of wastewater treatment installation units in the Mlati District, with 8 active units and 2 inactive units which have a development range from 2012 to 2021.Mlati District is a sub-district in Sleman Regency with a high population level.In one Sleman Regency, the population in Mlati District ranks fourth with a population of 93,159 people.The density of the population and the area of built-up land in the Mlati District certainly affect the number of communal waste processors in each village.Based on field surveys that have been conducted, Mlati Subdistrict has quite different regional conditions between villages.Mlati Subdistrict, which borders Yogyakarta City and is crossed by Jalan Magelang (Sinduadi and Sendangadi Villages), has densely populated residential areas, while Mlati Subdistrict to the west (Sumberadi and Tirtoadi Villages), has residential areas that are still in the form of villages with average people's livelihoods.-the average is taking care of ponds/rice fields.
These two conditions have an influence on the management of the Communal WWTP in every village.The existing Communal WWTP outlet locations also tend to be different.The significant differences that exist can be seen from the buildings built on land with different surrounding conditions.Differences in the circumstances around the building can be seen in Figures 2 and 3.
Based on field observations, it was found that all the Communal WWTPs in Mlati District were built on village treasury land except for the Tirta Bening Communal WWTP which is in Jetis, Tirtoadi Village which was built on village treasury land with some of it being former roads, rivers and some belonging to inhabitant.Problems related to physical buildings to waste management can of course occur at any time without the wishes of the manager and the community.Communities play an important role in the development and management of the Communal WWTP.In its construction, the community helps both physically and materially to continue the success of the Communal WWTP development There are still many people who are negligent in managing and managing the Communal WWTP, especially at their respective house connections, so that operational problems can be found that hinder the Communal WWTP In the processing of communal waste, technology certainly plays an important role during the process.The type of technology used certainly has advantages and disadvantages of each.Every technology used in communal waste treatment must of course be adjusted based on the agreement of the agency and the existing community.There are three types of waste treatment systems, namely Anaerobic, Aerobic, and combination Anaerobic -Aerobic treatment systems.
In the Mlati District, 8 (eight) active Communal WWTPs have waste treatment systems using aerobic and anaerobic technologies.There are 2 (two) Communal WWTPs that have an Aerobic waste treatment system (RBC), namely the KSM/KPP Bakti Warga, Sinduadi Communal WWTP and the Communal WWTP in Kules Hamlet, Sumberadi.Meanwhile, the others have an anaerobic waste water treatment system (ABR).The different types of technology used in waste treatment are of course made based on many considerations.The agency certainly recommends a processing technology that is adapted to the area of land to the community's ability to operate and maintain the Communal WWTP.If viewed from the aspect of the role of the community, results were obtained which stated that the community was actually willing to participate in the management of the Communal WWTP.However, the wishes of the community are not equipped with sufficient knowledge, so outreach is needed to the local community [24].

Management Analysis of Communal WWTP in Mlati District
The community is an important element in sanitation management at settlement and urban scale.According to [5], the community's role in the construction of sanitation facilities must start from the early stages of development planning, so that the community can later understand their rights and obligations before the sanitation facilities are built.Having the role of the community from the start of development will encourage a greater sense of community ownership of the so that the community will be self-motivated to be able to participate in planning, implementation, and operation and maintenance.
According to the results of in-depth interviews, there is a forum between administrators on a district scale in Sleman Regency.The administrators of the Communal WWTP said that there is a routine meeting between administrators throughout Sleman Regency once every 3 months.The location for the gathering is appointed by the Environmental Service as the supervisor and coordinator for the running of the sanitation system in the area.However, due to the pandemic in the last 2 years, this routine meeting has not been held again until now for the sake of security between administrators and in order to comply with local government regulations not to hold forums during pandemic times.However, even though we are now entering the endemic period, the administrators of the Communal WWTP in the Mlati District said that there is still no plan for a regular meeting between WWTP administrators throughout Sleman Regency.
With the role of the KSM association, it can help communication between KSMs in a city.This association can become a link between KSMs whose number will increase over time with the local government.According to [5], the KSM association has benefits in terms of:  Sharing experiences in managing sanitation facilities;  Assist each other in overcoming technical problems in the field;  Become a liaison between KSM and the Regional Government.There are other important things that make the role of community actors very important.Community approval/consensus regarding the construction of sanitation facilities including Communal WWTPs is not enough just for the construction, but must extend to the operation and maintenance period, because from the pre-construction stage it is very necessary to determine the sustainability of the sanitation buildings to be created, therefore a complete understanding and understanding is needed.from the community regarding the management of sanitation facilities.
Of the 8 (eight) active Communal WWTPs in the Mlati District, 7 of them already have KSMs that take care of and manage matters related to the operation and maintenance of the Communal WWTP.However, there is 1 (one) Communal WWTP that does not yet have KSM, namely the Communal WWTP in Kules Hamlet, Sumberadi Village.In Dusun Kules, the Communal WWTP will only be built and operational in 2021, still relatively new for an infrastructure building that has just been completed and operational.Within the scope of sanitation and waste treatment, the central government and local governments certainly have a very important role in participating in implementing, building and maintaining every building and sanitation treatment that has been planned in each area of their government's scope.According to [5], the central government has a role in issuing norms, guidelines, standards and criteria for the construction of sanitation facilities.The following is an overview of the role of stakeholders in the sanitation system by the government and KSM/KPP.
Regulation is an important aspect in a communal and sanitation waste management system.The regulation in this case contains ownership status and planning data for the development of sanitation infrastructure in the form of a Communal WWTP.Basically assets built with APBN funds automatically belong to the central government, while assets funded with APBD funds are assets that automatically belong to the regional government.
Residential-scale sanitation systems are generally managed by community groups or users of these facilities.In the implementation of existing waste processing, of course costs are required to meet building operation and maintenance needs.Routine operations and maintenance by the community are of course managed by administrators together with residential-scale sanitation user groups in the relevant area.This maintenance can include the process of cleaning channels from rubbish, routine flushing, building maintenance such as maintenance of materials that contain metal and are corrosive and other maintenance.If in the process of carrying out the function of the Communal WWTP there are problems or severe damage that cannot be handled by the community and requires substantial funds, the management can contact the local government as the builder and supervisor of the existing sanitation facility building.So that later the regional government can allocate funds to finance the construction of a Communal WWTP that has structural damage that disrupts the technical performance of the Communal WWTP.
In practice in the field, not all communities/households are able to finance requests for additional house connections.So that good management is needed by the management so that the community can optimize the use of the Communal WWTP properly.A credit system can be implemented that makes it easier for the community to repay the cost of adding a new house connection.However, this system can only be run by a Communal WWTP owner who already has previous financial management.A fee system for WWTP users is also implemented to finance the maintenance and management of the existing WWTP system.The existence of financial management is also important so that contribution funds can optimally and efficiently cover the cost of operational maintenance for the Communal WWTP.Based on the results of in-depth interviews with administrators, financial management throughout the Communal WWTP in Mlati District applies a billing system to each household served.Payments are made and management is on the RT scale which is then raised to RW and deposited to the Treasurer of the Communal WWTP in each area.Meanwhile, at KSM Tirta Gemilang, Tirtoadi, financial management is taken care of by youth organizations at Padukuhan Rajek Kidul.This is done as an effort to involve the younger generation in managing the operation of the Communal WWTP and form a generation of youth who care about waste management and environmental conservation.

Analysis of Communal WWTP Management to Support the Implementation of Smart Environment in Mlati District
Sleman Regency following is the movement towards a Smart City with the aim of prospering the existing community and achieving a comfortable and sustainable development of the concept of a modern city.To realize a smart environment, there needs to be a variety of technological applications in the form of sensors, computer networks, artificial intelligence, system databases, operating systems, and various other technologies related to managing the environment and humans themselves [20].According to [11], a smart environment has the goal of realizing good, responsible and sustainable environmental governance.In the Sleman Regency Vision and Mission for 2021-2026 by the Regent and Deputy Regent of Sleman Regency it is shown that one of the Sleman Regency Missions is "Building adequate facilities and infrastructure to support the realization of a smart district".This mission is a benchmark for the good development of facilities and infrastructure in Sleman Regency in order to achieve a good smart district.
According to [17] there are three indicators of a smart environment, including, there is environmental management based on technology, there is natural resource management based on technology, and there is development of the latest energy sources.Centralized waste treatment using Communal WWTP services has a major impact in minimizing regional problems due to environmental problems that occur.Based on the results of in-depth interviews and observations in Mlati District, it was found that the construction of Communal WWTPs in various villages had a very big impact, especially for the community.The sanitation system that was built starting at the village scale helps the community process household waste efficiently by utilizing the limited available land.Even though there are many challenges faced both operationally and in the maintenance of existing communal infrastructure, the community remains enthusiastic about keeping the existing buildings running as they should.
Sanitation systems and waste management are of course alluded to in the declaration of smart city development in Sleman Regency.Problems and issues related to waste management are discussed by the Regional Government as a form of protecting the environment and building smart cities that care about the environment, especially waste.The website related to the smart city of Sleman Regency shows various achievements and work program plans that are being implemented in order to realize the vision and mission of Sleman Regency for 2021 -2026.The smart environment dimension is also discussed in these achievements which can be seen in the Figure 4.The figure above shows the achievements and work program plans related to the smart environment dimension in Sleman Regency.Management related to waste is also discussed in various environmental management work programs in Sleman Regency.From the above data, there are 14 (fourteen) work programs which are drinking water and wastewater management performance development programs.In compiling a core manager for a Village-scale sanitation system, managers are selected based on an agreement between communities held in a large meeting.As a manager, of course the tasks and risks that are carried are not light.Manager by the community has an obligation to maintain, care for, manage, and accept public complaints related to the communal waste sanitation system.
Based on the indepth interviews with the management of the Communal WWTP in Mlati District, there is a regulation whereby those who are entitled to become administrators of the existing Communal WWTP are local people on a voluntary basis.The system is a regulation stipulated by the Regional Government.This is done so that the community has a sense of responsibility to look after and care for the Communal WWTP in each region.In achieving the development of Smart Cities, of course matters related to good and systematic environmental management and management play an important role in creating a good region.Thus, the management of the sanitation system, especially waste, needs to be given special management by the community.The local government as a planner certainly has an important role in encouraging the community to be enthusiastic about managing waste properly so as to create an environment that is aware and responsible for existing sanitation problems.
Even though the smart environment variable by the [11] does not explain in detail related to waste management, thanks to the local government's concern for improving the sanitation system it has a good impact on the region by realizing a sanitation system, especially good and efficient waste management.Bappeda of Sleman Regency according to that environment is an important thing that should be maintained by every region, so that in planning a Smart City, of course the environment plays an important role in realizing a smart city, especially in the smart environment dimension.A good environment will certainly provide balanced reciprocity for the region, so that the smart environment dimension is felt to be very important for realizing a smart city.By creating a good environment, it will provide comfort for people to live and stay.Convenience is the key in developing IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1310/1/01201010 a smart city, so that a good city sanitation system really supports the realization of the smart environment dimension, especially in Sleman Regency.

Conclusion
The existing condition of the Communal WWTP in Mlati District, Sleman Regency has been reached by the sanitation system infrastructure in the form of Communal WWTP, totaling 10 (ten) Communal WWTPs with 8 (eight) active communal ones which are still operating today.The existing communal WWTP as a building has met the physical development standards in accordance with the regulations issued by the ministry.Problems related to operations and maintenance are still often encountered in certain circumstances which trigger problems to arise.Communal WWTP management on a village scale is running well by the community and the relevant local government.Management is carried out by community actors and the Regional Government based on established regulations and agreed financing.Management by the community is managed with good financial management so that maintenance costs are met, while the Regional Government plays a role in monitoring and receiving complaints if large-scale problems occur from the Communal WWTP building.
Based on good waste management, it is proven to be able to bring comfort to the community that supports the smart environment dimension in an area.This waste management has a big impact, especially in Sleman Regency which has many achievements related to waste work programs in planning smart cities in the smart environment dimension.Even so, it is necessary to carry out further analysis on the scale of Sleman Regency in order to see the impact of waste management in supporting the smart environment on the Sleman Regency scale.

Acknowledgment
This research was a part of RTA Program Universitas Gadjah Mada with the Grant Number 5075/UN1.P.II/Dit-Lit/PT.01.01/2023 from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia led by Rini Rachmawati.Therefore, the authors thank Universitas Gadjah Mada who has supported this research activity and its funding.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of the Administrative Boundaries of the Mlati District

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. KSM Sedyo Mulyo Communal WWTP outlet building (Sumberadi) Located in the countryside with the outskirts of buildings in the form of ponds and gardens

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Smart City Official Website of Sleman Regency

Table 1 .
Communal WWTP in Mlati District

Table 2 .
Potency and Problem