Economic And Regional Impacts of Infrastructure Development Activities for Indonesian’s National Economic Recovery Program (PEN) in Pamekasan Regency, East Java Province

In response to the COVID-19 impact, infrastructure development has become crucial to accelerating economic growth at the municipal level in Indonesia. The Indonesian Government, in 2019-2020, initiated the National Economic Recovery Program (Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional - PEN) in several regions, including Pamekasan Regency in East Java Province. PEN aimed to promote economic growth by some activities of infrastructure development that is urgently required for economic development in each municipality. This study aims to measure the effect of the program on various variables and identify the leverage variables for the of the PEN’s sustainability in Pamekasan Regency. The aimed variables include economic, regional, and demographic development (population) variables. The program’s impact is calculated based on the gap between the conditions before and after the program implemented in each impact area. A Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) technique, namely Rapfish, is used to identify leverage variables for sustainability. As the result, Economic variables show an average value of 4 for each activity such as improving County Roads & Street Lighting Development, improving Traditional Market Area, and improving Small to Medium-Sized Industrial Area. Regional variables, however, show an average value of 3, indicating constancy across each type of activity. Meanwhile, population variables show an average value of 4, indicating growth for each indicator. According to the Rapfish analysis, the leverage variable for the level of sustainability within the PEN project in Pamekasan Regency is the regional variable with the highest root mean square value, which is 2.48.


Introduction
Infrastructure development creates connections between regions, boosts economic activity, and transforms agriculture into non-agricultural uses, all of which have a positive effect on human activities.In contrast to the expansion of the industrial sector, it has less of an effect on the labor force, family income, and economy.Development of the infrastructure is essential for the socio economic, welfare, and communal well-being.Research, however, reveals a nuanced relationship between the economy and infrastructure [1,2,3,4].Building infrastructure is crucial for economic development and regional progress.Development involves government activities like community empowerment, resource allocation, and regulation, encompassing financial, human, energy, and natural resources.The goal should be to enhance public access to essential services like power, clean water, security, and health [5,6,7], in addition to guaranteeing the community's survival by maintaining the continuity of these resources and their availability as infrastructure.Economic growth is a common metric used to assess the progress of development through infrastructure expansion [8,9,10].Inadequate infrastructure hinders expansion and contributes to economic progress, but it also causes inequality and requires strategic development policies in emerging economies to influence investment decisions and migration patterns.[11,12,13].
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on the growth of the world economy, making predictions for future recovery difficult.Environmentally friendly infrastructure is essential for risk management and sustaining social and economic activity, but governments are not making the necessary investments in it.Community safety and basic necessities have been hampered by political policies and activity restrictions [15,16,17,18].Public services, infrastructure, health, education, and bureaucratic reform are the five priority programs in the Pamekasan Regency listed in the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan for 2018-2023.Through National Economic Recovery Program (Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional -PEN) program, the Indonesian Government prioritizes social justice, policy tenets, and COVID-19 mitigation [19,20].
Community efforts to raise productivity and living standards through economic growth, which leads to the development of social, human, and transportation infrastructure, are known as economic development.Growth like this promotes the construction of infrastructure, opens up new business ventures, reduces unemployment, and improves investment and welfare in the community [21,22].A region's economy is significantly impacted by its infrastructure.The influence on the state of the economy is stronger better than the infrastructure is.The availability of infrastructure, such as energy, sanitation, telecommunications, and transportation, is inextricably linked to a nation's economic growth and pace.Economic growth can be seen from the increase in GDP per capita.Through strong and stable economic performance, people's welfare increases.This relatively high economic growth was driven by growth in various sectors [23].
Studies show that areas with easy access and adequate infrastructure, despite geographic disparities have a high degree of openness.This allows for smooth trade relations with surrounding regions, allowing for a more efficient and prosperous economy.This relationship is influenced by the area's ability to connect with other regions [24].The research indicates a noteworthy association between the advancement of infrastructure and the expansion of economic production across various nations [25].The relationship between transaction and production costs and infrastructure, the result is that infrastructure reduces transaction and production costs and increases productivity [26].According to the research, the economy and infrastructure are correlated.When the government builds enough infrastructure, the economic productivity of the region rises; when it doesn't, the productivity of the community falls.

Description of Research Area
The scope of the research area is in all sub-districts in Pamekasan Regency whereas the PEN programs are being implemented.Pamekasan Regency is one of four regencies on Madura Island which has an area of 792.30 km 2 .It divided into 13 sub-districts, 11 sub-districts, 178 villages and 1,288 hamlets.The map of research area can be seen in Figure 1.

Variables
This study uses secondary data and desk research to measure the impact of infrastructure development to economic, regional, and population growth.The indicators and parameters of the economy, regional, and population variables are used in this study.They are depicted in Table 1.

Variable
Indicators Parameter Economics Sale [27] Increase in sales e.g staple ingredients, basic ingredients, and services.Employment Opportunity [28] Percentage of working people in the workforce, Variations in types of livelihood, and Number of unemployed Tax revenue [29] An increase in the land and building tax revenue for the region, Growth in local revenue from Value Added Tax, and An increase in income tax revenue for the region Income level [30] Increase in people's income, Number of people without economic advantages, and Number of people receiving aid Change in price level Per capita expenditure per month for food and non-food needs Changes in the quality and quantity of goods & services [31] Intensification of agricultural land and Level of agricultural productivity Changes in property provision and tax variations Growth in the number of residences, Growth in the number of housing units and Types of taxes that contribute to PAD Household expenses and income increase) [32,33] Per These variable-indicator-parameter sets will be used in assessing the impact of projects work.Specifically, the project includes the Improvement of District Roads and PJU Development, Structuring Traditional Markets and Structuring Village Centers for Small and Medium Industries (IKM), with each sample for each type of project as follows that consist of Improvement of the Bandungan-Pegantenan road, Improvement of the Patoan Laok road, Kolpajung road improvement, Improvement of the Keppo -Galis -Capak road, Arrangement of the East Duko market area, Arrangement of small market areas, Arrangement of the Batu Bintang IKM Area, and Arrangement of the Batik IKM Area.

Rapfish Analysis
Rapfish (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) is a simple technique for multidimensionally scaling to assess the sustainability of fisheries in a certain area.This strategy originated from the University of British Columbia in Canada.In this instance, researchers do not alter, add, modify, or experiment with things or study locations [34].Rapfish uses ordination techniques to apply Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) to assess quantifiable traits in the areas of ecology, economy, technology, society, and ethics.There are sustainability-related characteristics or indicators for each dimension [35,36].
In this technique, analysis of all dimensions is carried out simultaneously so that a scale vector is produced.With Rapfish, a clear and comprehensive picture can be obtained regarding the condition of fishery resources, especially fisheries in the research area so that ultimately it can be used as material for determining appropriate policies to achieve sustainable fishery development.The same thing has also been developed with a lot of modifications to the Rapfish application.So Rapfish is not only for evaluating the sustainability of fisheries, but can also be used for different fields such as forestry, agriculture, animal husbandry and environmental management.
Rapfish analysis is an analytical tool to support policy making or a Decision Support System (DSS) which was first developed by Pitcher in 1999 from the Fisheries Center-University of British Columbia, Canada.Rapfish analysis uses Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) to implement the ordination technique, which arranges objects in a list of quantifiable attributes.These variables will be used to assess the impact of project work in Pamekasan Regency, in which the project includes the Improvement of District Roads and PJU Development, Structuring Traditional Markets and Structuring Village Centers for Small and Medium Industries (IKM), There are 2 outputs from rapfish analysis, namely rapfish ordination and leverage of attributes.Rapfish ordination is an output that shows the level of sustainability of each project .The level of sustainability is categorized into 4 categories, namely: Bad (Not Sustainable) : 0-25%; Less (Less Sustainable) : 25.01 -50%; Sufficient (Sufficiently Sustainable) : 50.01 -75%; and Good (Continuous) : 75.01 -100%.
Leverage of attributes shows what indicators leverage the sustainability of a project or the indicators that most influence the level of project sustainability [37].The goal of sustainability is to preserve institutional, social, economic, and environmental systems while maximizing human potential and ambitions.Since sustainable development is characterized by ongoing changes in resource usage, investment direction, technical developments, and institutional growth, it is imperative to link it with human needs and ambitions.Potential growth in the present and the future are ensured by this connection [38].The present study utilizes the Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH) approach, a multidisciplinary method that assesses fisheries sustainability using ordination and scaling in multiple dimensions (MDS).The MDS is a data method for reducing multi-dimensions to smaller dimensions [39].Using readily scored criteria that are ordinated using multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), scaling, and rotation, one may swiftly assess the sustainability of a fisheries operation [40].

Economic and Regional Impacts of PEN Projects
The project of PEN aims to refinance infrastructure development that has been delayed or stopped due to the Covid-19 pandemic.Rebuilding infrastructure will increase regional economic activities, smooth the flow of goods and people, absorb a massive workforce, reduce unemployment, and increase people's income, which in turn can reduce the poverty rate in Pamekasan Regency.Increasing connectivity between regions requires the availability of quality and adequate infrastructure to move the wheels of the economy from villages to cities. Quality infrastructure will reduce production costs, relieve business actors, and support the community in Pamekasan Regency.Adequate public street lighting is essential for improving connectivity and reducing traffic accidents.Economic infrastructure development is an important component in supporting national economic recovery, and the development of traditional market areas and IKM center villages will support the community's economic activities and increase sales turnover.
The social and economic impacts of the road infrastructure development program in Pamekasan Regency include providing quality services for the community in both urban and rural areas, increasing people's income through local labor, spreading road infrastructure evenly throughout the area, increasing connectivity between strategic areas, reducing farmers' transportation costs, encouraging small, medium and micro businesses, small traders, and tourism actors to return to their activities, and increasing community income to reduce the number of people with low income.Infrastructure improvement activities in Pamekasan Regency are one of the priorities in the 2018-2023 Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) for Pamekasan Regency.Road connectivity will connect district roads with provincial and national roads, promoting synergy and the integration of programs.Upgrading existing and damaged roads is a follow-up activity supported by adequate public street lighting.

Sustainable Development of Economic Aspect, Regional Aspect, and Population Aspect
PEN programs seek to support the development of sustainable infrastructure in order to lessen the effects of COVID-19, boost local economic growth, increase activity, and lower rates of poverty and unemployment in rural areas.The construction of high-quality and sustainable infrastructure must use economic principles from the village to the city.The development of high-quality and well-maintained transport infrastructure can facilitate cooperation between small towns, cities, and rural areas.Construction of roads in order to increase productivity must be hindered by the availability of wellmaintained public transportation infrastructure.
Sustainable development and population growth are related.Population expansion alters social and demographic patterns, which has an impact on population, regional, and economic development, among other areas.The three components of sustainability analysis, also known as total gap analysis, are the total population gap analysis, the total gap analysis of regional disparities, and the total gap analysis of economic growth.

Total Economic Growth Gap
The total economic growth gap is an assessment of all economic indicators of the impact of the PEN project on improving district roads and building PJUs, structuring traditional market areas, and structuring IKM areas.The following is the total economic growth gap (table 2).The construction of the PEN project for road and PJU maintenance operations, market arrangement, and development of IKM regions has resulted in an improvement in the quality of infrastructure, as indicated by the results of scoring economic factors.On average, the infrastructure has received a score of 4, which indicates good.Because of the numerous noteworthy advancements, this illness is still seen as having a positive influence.

Total Regional Gaps
The total regional gap is an assessment of all regional indicators of the impact of the PEN project on improving district roads and building PJUs, structuring traditional market areas, and structuring IKM areas.The following is a total regional gap (Table 3).

Steady
The quality of infrastructure following the PEN project's construction for road and PJU repair operations, market arrangement, and growth of IKM regions is in stable condition, according to the results of scoring regional factors; on average, it has a score of 3, which indicates steady.This condition is nevertheless considered to have a positive effect.

Total Population Gaps
The total population gap is an assessment of all population indicators of the impact of the PEN project on the improvement of district roads and PJU development, arrangement of traditional market areas, and arrangement of IKM areas (Table 4).The construction of the PEN project for road and PJU maintenance operations, market arrangement, and development of IKM regions has resulted in an improvement in the quality of infrastructure, as indicated by the results of scoring population variables.On average, the infrastructure has received a score of 4, which indicates good.Even while the increase-roughly 0.2-0.4%-isnot statistically significant, it at least has a positive effect on society.

Rapfish analysis result
Rapfish analysis is used to see the level of sustainability of PEN projects that have been implemented from various indicators.There are 3 outputs from the rapfish analysis, namely rapfish ordination, leverage of attributes and model validation.Rapfish ordination is an output that shows the level of sustainability of each project.Leverage of attributes shows what indicators are the levers of a project's sustainability or indicators that most influence the level of project sustainability.While model validation shows the level of error or errors from the analysis model that is made.The following is the result of a rapfish analysis of the economic, regional, and population variables of each PEN project.

Economic Variables
Rapfish analysis of economic variables uses 14 indicators for each project, which include Improvement of District Roads & PJU Development, Arrangement of Traditional Market Areas and Arrangement of IKM Areas.Rapfish ordination on economic variables can be seen in Table 5 below.The Bandungan -Pegantenan Road Improvement is the PEN project with the greatest percentage level of sustainability, at 60.94%, as can be seen from the table 5. Kolpajung Road Improvement, on the other hand, has the lowest percentage of sustainability among all PEN projects at 55.60%.It is evident that every PEN project fits within the category of somewhat sustainable enterprises.The RMS (Root Main Square) value is used to identify markers that are categorized as leverage indicators or indicators that have the greatest impact on the sustainability level of PEN initiatives.Any indication with an RMS upper value median of the indicator with the highest RMS value is categorized as the primary lever indicator.This classification is based on the law of the higher middle value.Based on the calculation of leverage of attributes on economic variables, the indicator with the highest RMS value is the employment opportunity indicator, namely 2.58, while the indicator with the lowest RMS value is the change in the supply of property and variations in taxes and changes in domestic economic activity, namely 0.29.In the economic variable there are 5 indicators which are classified as main level indicators.

Regional Variables
Rapfish analysis of regional variables uses 7 indicators in each project, which include Regency Road Improvement & PJU Development, Arrangement of Traditional Market Areas and Arrangement of IKM Rapfish ordination Areas on regional variables can be seen in The Improvement of the Kolpajung Road, with 67.18%, is the PEN project with the greatest percentage level of sustainability, as can be seen from the table 6. Structuring of the Pasar Duko Timur Area is the PEN project with the lowest percentage level of sustainability, at 50.13%.In the meanwhile, each regional variable's indicator's leverage of characteristics is as follows.Based on the calculation of leverage of attributes on regional variables, as can be observed that land use change has the lowest RMS value, 0.94, and changes in facilities and infrastructure have the greatest RMS value, 3.57.

Population Variables
Population variable rapfish analysis uses 7 indicators in each project.Rapfish ordination on population variables can be seen in Table 7.The PEN project's sustainability level from the population variable ranges from 65.16% to 65.17%, indicating that it is very sustainable, as can be seen in the above table.It is evident that every PEN project fits within the category of somewhat sustainable enterprises.In the meanwhile, each population variable indicator's leverage of characteristics is as follows.Based on the calculation of leverage of attributes on regional variables, the indicator with the highest RMS value is the population density indicator, namely 0.97, while the indicator with the lowest RMS value is the population, which is 0.97.Overall rapfish analysis using 3 variables on each project.The overall rapfish analysis is used to see the sustainability of the project from 3 variables, so that the most sustainable project is obtained.The 10 following is the result of the overall rapfish analysis.The East Duko market area arrangement project has the lowest degree of sustainability, whereas the Kolpajung Road Improvement project has the highest degree, as shown by the table 11.It is apparent that every single PEN endeavor is incredibly sustainable.The following is how the PEN project makes use of its attributes: From the Figure 2 can be seen that the three PEN project variables have RMS values ranging from 1.76 -2.48.The variable with the highest RMS value is the regional variable, which is 2.48, while the variable with the lowest RMS value is the regional variable, which is 1.76.Thus, the geographical variable appears to be the primary lever variable influencing the PEN project's degree of sustainability.
The study reveals a significant correlation between the development of infrastructure and the growth of economic output in different countries.In light of the relationship between infrastructure and transaction and production costs, infrastructure lowers these costs while raising productivity.The achieved productivity threshold can be combined with the approach to raise the threshold for completion of the PEN project in question.This issue is not covered in this article, but in any case, regional or national economic conditions can be monitored using development analysis that is expected to provide recommendations for projects or strategies that should be implemented in order to increase economic growth in the Pamekasan Regency.

Conclusion
According to Rapfish's analysis, the PEN project's sustainability rating falls between 55.60% and 60.94%, with the Bandungan -Pegantenan Road Improvement having the highest percentage at 60.94%.55.60% is the lowest percentage found in the Kolpajung Road Improvement project.Depending on geographic factors, the project's sustainability rating ranges from 50.13% to 67.18%, with 67.18% being the highest.Data at the village, subdistrict, and district levels are included in the regional variables.The population variable indicates a sustainability level between 65.16% and 65.17%, with the most important indicators being population density and population density.Every PEN project fits into the category of somewhat sustainable projects.The study reveals a strong link between infrastructure development and economic growth in various countries.Infrastructure reduces transaction and production costs, increasing productivity.Monitoring regional economic conditions can provide recommendations for projects and strategies to boost economic growth in the Pamekasan Regency.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. PEN Leverage of Attributes

Table 2 .
Total Economic Growth Gap

Table 3 .
Total Regional Gap

Table 4 .
Total Population Gap

Table 5 .
Rapfish Analysis of Economic Variables

Table 6 .
Rapfish Analysis of Regional Variables

Table 7 .
Rapfish Analysis of Population Variables