Measuring Community Acceptance on Waste Separation in Rural Informal Waste Sector

Indonesia’s waste management target is 100% access to waste service by 2025 comprising 70% waste handling and 30% waste reduction. Target achievement requires support from all stakeholders in waste management including the community as stated in National waste law 18/2008. Community involvement in waste management is accommodated through the informal waste sector, including waste bank national wide. In this study, the community involvement in waste separation and reduction through WB was measured using willingness to accept (WTA). WTA as a tool of contingent valuation method was used using questionnaires containing some dichotomous questions to get the data for the analysis to find out the responses of the community for the responsibility to separate the waste. Questionnaires were distributed among WB’s members as respondents to identify their willingness for waste separation and sale. Previously, WB efficiency was calculated using elasticity index whose variables are income and the active members. The acceptable price for recyclable material sold to WB was assessed afterward. The result shows that out of five WBs, three WBs are efficient, and these three WBs have stable active members generating stable income which is a determinant for WB efficiency. The regression community’s acceptance is 92.5% indicating that most people have a positive response to WB, but they expect a higher selling price for the recyclable waste. Moreover, acceptable prices and sufficient service for WB members are the factors that can stimulate the community to involve in waste separation and sale while supporting the sustainable waste management.


Introduction
Solid waste management (SWM) has become a global scale problem because of the higher quantity and a concerning environmental issue that affects people's living conditions requiring sustainable management.Current SWM is the result of its development from conventional SWM demanding intensive input and releasing high by product to more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices.The development is predicted to be continued in the next years as consequences of better technology, strict regulations and increasing public awareness.Studies focusing on SWM are widely spreading globally with primary goal of implementation of sustainable approaches in waste treatment, waste-toenergy (WtE) technologies and waste reduction practices.COVID-19 has sparked research on waste IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1310/1/012003 2 management, circular economy, waste flow, and life cycle analysis, focusing on environmental and public health impacts of pandemic-related waste disposal [1].The global population growth is predicted to increase municipal solid waste (MSW) by 2.2 billion tons in 2025 and more than thirty precent of the waste it will be uncollected alarming possible enormous environmental problem in the future [2].The MSW increasing trend occurs in most countries including developing countries where important drivers, such as inefficient diets caused by increasing income, global trend of consumption pattern caused by improved economy and living standard, insufficient technology and regulations, incapable human resource, weak financial scheme, low law enforcement, exist [3].Urbanization and population growth contributes also to the increasing waste generation in developing countries [4] .Many cases of MSW problems in developing countries show also the others factors i.e., the complexity of MSW and the weak municipality's capability [5].Beside those factors, municipality is facing the concerning negative impacts caused by improper waste management could lead to public diseases, land pollution, and social conflict [6].The waste sector contributes also to increasing greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions.Is was estimated that the SWM contributes 5% GHG emission in 2016 which composes of CO2, CH4, and N2O during the open dumping, waste collection, and waste transporting processes [7].Soil, water, and air ecosystems pollution are possibly adverse impact of improper SWM in the future along with dynamic changes in demographic, urbanization and growing population demanding decision makers to handle [8].Determining the appropriate solutions to overcome the waste problems involves proper approaches which accommodates the characteristic of the components in SWM including waste source.Globally, the waste composition is dominated by waste sourced from household called as domestic waste ( about 40-50%) followed by commercial areas and other fractions from street sweeping, public facilities, industries, and many other potential sources [9].Since domestic waste is the major portion of waste generation, it is crucial to develop a SWM addressing the wider role of households in improving SWM service may affect both social and environmental aspects.
Households, as part of a community, can significantly contribute to the development and efficient functioning of Social Welfare Management (SWM) in developing countries [10] [11].Community self along with its affordability and acceptance as well as environmental effectiveness are the important keys for an integrated SWM [12].Community acceptance in general is characterized by positive reactions and active agreements with the system and technology introduced and embodied as community participation in SWM which is regarded as the communication and collaboration between stakeholders [13].The collaboration is a need to ensure the implementation of waste-related programs or policies [14] [15].It requires also positive attitude reflecting the commitment of each stakeholder which supports to achieve the target [16].Successful community participation in Solid Waste Management involves supportive efforts to change the community's perception of waste as a resource and income source [17].Extracting the value for waste requires waste segregation by introducing active participation and public awareness to the community [18].It is also revealed that local communities could develop recycling habits through support from a regulatory perspective and social influences [19].Community participation is also regarded as the finest resolution for undertaking waste management issues [20].
The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has committed to further increasing its commitment to promote sustainable SWM through various policies.GoI committed to reduce 30% national waste generation by 2025 and to promote waste recycling, reduction, and reuse (3R) in household level through the enactment of Ministry of Environmental and Forestry Regulation Number 81 the year of 2012.These commitments stimulate community waste recycling on a small scale through the waste bank (WB) in Indonesia [21].Studies from [22] and [23] showed that WB can contribute waste management including waste treatment.The 3R campaign could be further stimulated by local community innovation through collaborative waste management strategies supported by local governments, companies, NGOs, and stakeholders [24].WB is perceived as the most reasonable solution for overcoming SMW issues in Indonesia due to the plenty of human resources available compared to the inadequate government resources.
Despite all of the WB development and practices in Indonesia, formulating applicable methods to increase community participation and ensuring the most efficient solution for the SWM issues still poses gaps that are yet to be solved.One of them is people's motivation to join as WB's member.There are limited number of studies on community willingness to take part in SWM as well as its factors, i.e. studies from [25] and [26] observing the community's WTA to be WB member which can be measured using contingent valuation methods (CVM) to evaluate the community's WTA in return for the degradation of provision of the public goods [27].Meanwhile, other studies of [28][29] and [30] have analysed the waste management efficiency and WB's efficiency.However, there are limited studies focusing on measuring the performance of waste bank.The increasing number of WB in Indonesia which was 1,172 in 2014 to be 7,488 units in 2018 and 25,540 in 2023 indicating sixtyfold increase has not been accompanied by the same acceleration of the trend of studies related to WB including WB efficiency and community acceptance.Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the efficiency of SWM and the community's willingness to accept waste reduction through the WB program.

Description of Research Area
There are five active WBs situated in the Junrejo District, Batu City has opted as the object of the study.Identification of the characteristics, measurement of WTA of WB's members, and evaluation of their efficiency were conducted.Members of WB are the target for questionnaires that were distributed during the survey from January to June 2022 including a one-month survey for data collection of WBs.The questionnaire is addressed to collect the economic and social background as well as the demographic character of the respondents.

Data Collection
Data related to WB characteristics, including the performance of WB, and its members were measured.Some data was also attained through interviews with WB staff.WB's members were selected as respondents through random sampling.Questionnaires were distributed among them followed by semistructured interviews to collect data for WTA measurement which uses a bidding game format.The observation was undertaken to get the implementation of the WB mechanism and its management as well as the problems and potentials of each WB.Table 1 presents the collected data for further analysis.

Waste Bank Efficiency
It is important to evaluate WB's performance because the result reflects the effectiveness and efficiency of WB implementation [30].The study measures WB's efficiency using an elasticity index, calculated using income and active members, as per the following equations [30].
APN as the average income is a ratio of Q to N which is income (Rp/event) and number of active members per event respectively, while MPN is the marginal income of member which is a ratio of ∆Qn to ∆Nn representing the change of income and active member in consecutive events respectively.The ration of APN to MPN is the elasticity index (E) describing the efficient WB's management if the value more than 1.

Willingness to Accept
Willing to accept (WTA) is one of the contingent valuation methods (CVM) to evaluate the community's willingness to accept in return for the degradation of provision of the public goods [31].In this study, WTA is defined as the compensation for the obligation to separate waste with some consequences such as time, energy, cost, and conformity through WB.A total of 178 questionnaires were delivered to WB members as the respondents and the participation rate was 98.4% indicated by positive answer reflecting their willingness to accept waste separation and WB program.These respondents are asked further for an acceptable price of separated waste.The WTA reflects the expected compensation for waste separation and selling to the WB.WTA is measured using a payment-card-formed-questionnaire with the exact wording of the WTA questions as follows: 1.If the waste collection system cannot be well-provided, and the environment is degraded to the condition in the previous year that you may suffer public health risks, do you want to accept some compensation from the government or elsewhere?□Yes □No. 2. If the government requires you to separate waste and sold to WB to get the compensation, do you decide to accept it?□Yes □No. 3.If you decide to accept it, what price per kg of waste separated do you want?(please fill for each waste type)

WB Characteristics
Five waste banks have a similar mechanism as dropping points and receiving waste from households or individuals who can demand the payment for waste sorting and collection.It could be savings, free training, partial health insurance, or tuition fee by the end of the financial year.All waste banks have a network with the third party as their buyers, i.e., middle-men, processing plants, informal recycling centres, and central waste banks of other cities. Figure 1 presents the general WB mechanism of the WBs which is also the typical WB mechanism complying with the regulations [31].
Evaluation of WB's performance was conducted using indicators complying with the regulation (Yes) or not (No).Table 2 shows the results of the evaluation indicating that there are some indicators that are not fulfilled by all WBs, i.e., work hour, loan and pick up service provision, minimum weight as well as wages and profit share.All waste banks have no certain work hour because the opening time depending on the time availability of the cadres working as WB staffs.The voluntary system leads to the absence of wages for the staffs and profit share among them.All WBs provide loan and pick up service except WB Mawar.WB Mawar and Sekarputih do not require certain conditions for the separated waste such as separation between bottle and its lids, cleanness, dry paper and plastics, etc. implying that the standard of the waste conditions differs among the WBs.WB Ibu Bersinar has the highest average income and the most member although the average participation is lower than WB Lilin Mas.The higher average amount of waste brought to WB per event contributes to this condition.

WB Efficiency
The assessment of WB efficiency using the equations presented in Table 2 comes to the results that there are two WBs which is inefficient indicated by the value of elasticity index lower than 1, i.e.WB Mawar and WB Sekarputih, while the other three WBs is efficient having the elasticity index of higher than 1.Factors of stability of the active members for each event causing and income contribute to the elasticity index.The number of active members for each event is shown in Figure 2 representing the frequency of WB's member attendance in each WB.Keeping the stable active members for regular waste sale is important to maintain the steady income of WB.The lack of scheduled door-to-door pick-up service for separated waste and long wait hour during selling process are the factors causing the fluctuate active members in both WBs.Members have difficulties bringing the recyclable material to WB by their own.They store the waste and wait until the pick-up service is available.Impatient members will sell the waste to the scavengers.The slow service of the staff has the consequence that the members are not motivated to sell the waste.WBs with more

WTA of Waste Separation
The awareness and knowledge of the community about the benefits of proper waste management can stimulate their willingness, reflecting their acceptance, to engage in waste management [23].For measuring this, A comprehensive section of the questionnaire was used to gather data on public attitude and behavior, including respondents' awareness of the importance of 3R through WB. Figure 3 shows the price of each waste type set by WB, while Figure 4 presents the comparison of waste price among different stakeholders i.e., the acceptable waste price of the respondents, the price set by WB, and the selling waste's price of middlemen.

Conclusion
Defining applicable methods to address the community participation and ensuring the most efficient solution towards solving the SWM issues through the waste bank is presented in this study.Evaluating the community's willingness to accept and the efficiency of SMW through the WB program to overcome the research gaps mentioned before has resulted in various conditions to be assessed.It is revealed that some of the WBs operational systems have yet to meet the regulation and standards.As for the efficiency perspective, there are two WBs with low efficiency (Mawar and Sekarputih) and three WBs with high efficiency (Lilin Mas, Ibu Bersinar, and Amanah).The differences in efficiency level of each WB are affected by the waste amount sold by the active member as well as the waste price.Two WBs with low efficiency (Mawar and Sekarputih) are WBs which characterized as high-income levels but have low number of active members (36% to 42%), thus affecting the efficiency level.Therefore, acceptable prices and sufficient service for WB members are the factors that can stimulate the community to implement 3R by separating and selling the waste to WB to support the sustainable waste management.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The waste flow to and from WB .1088/1755-1315/1310/1/012003 6 stable active participation will have stabler marginal product generating elasticity index (EI) of more than one indicating profit.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Number of the active members of each waste bank

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Price of each waste type

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Price of recyclable material defined by different buyers

Table 1 .
Data Collection for Analysis

Table 2 .
Comparison of the parameter of each WB WB Lilin Mas, b WB Ibu Bersinar, c WB Mawar, d WB Amanah, e WB Sekarputih. a