Effectiveness of video and brochures on the improvement of students’ knowledge about Covid-19

Since the positive case for Covid-19 in Indonesia was first announced in March 2020, the Rector of the University of Muhammadiyah Palu started trying to prevent the spread of the virus to the academic community and society. Community awareness improvement is carried out through massive communication strategies, socialization, and education to the public regarding the implementation of Clean and Healthy Behavior using various media, including Video and Brochure. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of videos and brochures in improving university students’ knowledge about Covid-19. The research method used is a True-Experimental Design applying test as the research instrument. The tests (pretest and post-test) were administered to 100 respondents, who were divided into two groups. The result shows that videos and brochures significantly improved students’ knowledge about Covid-19. However, the brochure gives a better effect proved by Asym. Sig value (2-tailed) 0.317 higher than 0.05.


Introduction
Disaster arises in various forms.It might be in the form of an earthquake, storm, flood, or even epidemic.And this might happen in any place, any time.Jumiyati et al. state that there is no single state resistant to disaster [1].And nowadays, the world is facing an epidemic.The epidemic comes from a tiny crown-liked virus called coronavirus.
Coronavirus, also well known as covid-19, is a virus that causes the main symptoms of respiratory problems.In Indonesia, this virus was first detected in March 2020.Since then, the government has kept on conducting efforts to prevent the spreading of Covid-19 by limiting social movements and educating the community to keep physical distancing, wash hands with soap, and wear a mask.The government also involves all parties to assist in the spreading of information about Covid-19.
As a part of the community, universities have actively supported the government in preventing the spread of Covid-19.Universitas Muhamamdiyah Palu conducts some efforts to help its academic community and public face Covid-19.One of the efforts implemented is educating the academic community to raise awareness by spreading valid information related to Covid-19.Bima Jati and Putra state that growing collective awareness in the community is a step that is considered appropriate as a form of anticipation for the ongoing impact of this pandemic [2].
Communication Technology in education enables the academic community to teach, spread IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1306/1/012046 2 information, and even have feedback virtually.Mulyadi et al. [3] explain that the application of communication technology in education involves a set of tools, for instance: media, machines, and networking hardware, also allowing for underlying theoretical perspectives for effective application.Bhasin implies that audio, videos, or written text are tools for sharing valuable information [4].And these tools can be used as a part of communication technologies in education to help the teaching process deliver information, in this case, to socialize the Covid-19 to the academic community.
Concerning its function as a communication tool, audiovisual media such as videos and any form of written text such as brochures and leaflets becomes part of research and studies.These media are investigated or compared to find out their effectiveness in delivering information in various fields of knowledge.For example, Tuong et al. find that video interventions were variably effective for modifying health behaviors depending on the target behaviors to be influenced [5].According to Isiaka, video is also as effective as the traditional teacher teaching Primary school children Agriculture and Environmental issues [6].Jamshidi et al. state that the usefulness of video information before an invasive coronary angiography procedure was proved by a statistically significant decrease in the heart rate and blood pressure after the educational intervention through videos [7].These studies show the effectiveness of videos in transferring knowledge of information.
Some researchers conducted studies about print media, such as brochures, leaflets, or posters.Roggenbuck and Berrier used two communication strategies, a brochure alone and a brochure plus personal contact, as an effort to diffuse wilderness campers from a severely used meadow [8].The result indicates that the brochure alone was surprisingly stable across various segments of the camper population.Adila et al. state that the use of leaflet-based printed media impacts students' learning outcomes at Indralaya Senior High School [9].Barik et al. state that traditional health promotion media, such as leaflets and posters, are still beneficial in the current digital era, especially for adult respondents [10].This form of media will be more effective when combined with other media such as videos, telephone interactions, games, and others.
The two media were also compared to find out which media is more effective in sharing information.Snyder-Ramos et al. find that in the comparison of Face-to-Face interviews, Brochures, and Video, the use of a documentary video to supplement preoperative interviews may enhance patient satisfaction and maximize information gain [11].In a comparative analysis of print and multimedia health materials, Wilson et al. find that videos led to better outcomes vs. print in 21 (38%) comparisons vs. 5 (9%) instances for printed ones [12].Lusardi et al. designed four programs: an informational brochure, an interactive visual tool, a written narrative, and a video narrative to inform people about risk diversification and the essential concept for financial decision-making.It is found that all of the programs effectively increased self-efficacy improved financial literacies, and provided new evidence for the value of programs designed to improve financial decision-making [13].Most of these studies, video effects better on the experimental classes for any purposes.
The University of Muhammadiyah Palu has done many communication strategies by using videos and brochures to share information about covid-19.This study is conducted to analyze the effectiveness of this communication media to the students of the University.It is not only to find out the effectiveness of both communication media but also to investigate which media has more effect on improving students' knowledge about Covid-19.

Method 2.1. Research Design
This study uses comparative true-experimental research.Gay and Mills state that experimental research is the only type that can test hypotheses to establish cause-effect relations [14].Mills and Gay also explain that in true-experimental research, the random assignment of participants to treatment groups is the special characteristic of this design.
This research aims at comparing the effect of Video and Brochures on Students' Knowledge about Covid-19.According to Gribbons and Herman, solid comparisons come from true-experimental designs in which subjects are randomly assigned to the program and comparison group [15].The members of the groups in this research were selected randomly.Both groups were then given a pretest, treatment, and post-test.One group was treated using a brochure, while another group was treated using video.

Population and Sample
This research was conducted in February -June 2021 at the University of Muhammadiyah Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.The population of this research was the students of the University of Muhammadiyah Palu.The survey sample was determined using a random sampling technique from this population.Then, those samples were given Pretest and Posttest.These tests were delivered in Google form, while video and brochures as the media of information communication are delivered through the Whatsapp application.The samples were divided into Group V (video) and Group B (brochure).Each group consists of 50 students.Table 1 presents the characteristics of the sample respondent.Table 1 indicates that females dominate Group V and Group B students.There are 62% female students in Group V and 74% in group B. In terms of age, 79% of the samples were in the range 21-23 years old, or generally, the students were in their third and fourth year, while the rest were in their first and second year.

Data Collection and Analysis
Data in this research was collected using tests (pretest and post-test).The tests consist of 8 questions related to Covid-19, with a maximum score of 9.After following the pretest, the students were treated using a video in Group V and a brochure in Group B. After the treatment, the post-test was given to have students' knowledge about Covid-19.
First, the pretest and post-test results were analyzed descriptive-statically using IBM SPSS Statistic 25 for Windows.Table 2 presents the results of this analysis.Table 2 indicates the number of students in each group, the minimum and maximum scores in each test, mean scores, and standard deviations.In Group V, the minimum score of the Students' pretest is 0, similar to the minimum score of the students' pretest in Group B. While the maximum pretest score of Group V was 67, the same value as group B achieved.The minimum and maximum scores of the post-test from both groups are also similar.It was 11 for the minimum and 100 for the maximum.Roughly, it can be stated that there is an improvement in scores in Group V and Group B.
The mean score of the pretest and post-test shows a difference.In group V, the mean pretest score is 23.34, which is higher than the mean score of the pretest in Group B, 21.86.But the means of the post-test score of Group V and Group B show that Group B achieved higher than Group V. Next, the Normality test Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk using SPSS are conducted.Sullivan states that if the test is statistically significant (e.g., p<0.05), then data do not follow a normal distribution, and a nonparametric test is warranted [16].Table 3 presents the normality test of the pretest and post-test of Group V and Group B. The table indicates that the significance is lower than 0.05 in all groups.In the normality test Kolmogorov-Smirnov, the Pretest of group V obtains 0.002, while the other result shows 0.000.In the normality test Shapiro-Wilk, the significance score is 0.000 for all groups.It means that the data is not normally distributed.This result brings the following data analysis into nonparametric data analysis.
This study then utilized SPSS to examine sample homogeneity by applying Levene's Test.Table 4 shows the values of significance > 0.05.It means that data comes from a population with the same variance.Thus, comparisons can then be made between them.
After testing the normality and homogeneity of the data, an analysis of the student's prior knowledge in both groups is then conducted.The samples must own relatively the same prior knowledge.Shuttleworth explains that the internal validity of an experimental design is solid because the pretest makes sure that the groups are equal [17].The result of the pretest, as the description of students' prior knowledge about Covid-19, is presented in Table 5. .627a. Grouping Variable: Group Table 5 indicates the test statistics of Mann-Whitney U to determine whether the students have differences in their prior knowledge.As a result, Asymp.Sig.(2-tailed) is 0.627 (higher than 0.05).It means that their understanding of Covid-19 has no difference either in Group V or Group B. Thus, the groups can be used for comparison in this research.
The improvement of students' pretest results to post-test results in Group V and Group B is tested separately.The result of both tests and the computation of the differences are presented in Table 6.  Figure 1 clearly illustrates that Group V and Group B start from no significant difference in prior knowledge to a higher result that is significantly different.
The following test examined the difference in students' knowledge before and after treatment.The test is carried out using Mann Whitney U tests analysis by comparing the pretest and post-test deviation in Group V and Group B. Table 7 presents this data.Figure 2 shows that group B improved better than group V.The mean score deviation in group V is 47.62, while group B got 53.38.This figure explains the difference in pretest and post-test deviation in both groups.

Result of Pretest
The pretest was given to 100 samples which were divided into two groups, namely Group V and Group B. The pretest data analysis points out that students' prior knowledge in Group V and Group B was at the same level.There is no significant difference between the group V pretest result score and the Group B pretest result.It is proved by Asymp.Sig.Value (2-tailed) higher than 0.005.
Before being treated using Video and Brochure, the student's knowledge in Group B and Group V was at the same level.Although the mean score of Group B is lower than Group V (Group B obtained 21,86 while Group V obtained 24,34, which was only slightly higher than group B), these scores are considered low.Although the government has been spreading the information about vaccination and Covid-19 new variance through television and newspaper news, most students found that the information is quite new.It might be caused by various reasons that are not explained in this research.
Of the students' answers, 31% did not know that the Covid-19 virus can mutate into new variance.While 69% have never heard of any of the Covid-19 variance names.50% of the students could not mention the name of the vaccines given for preventing Covid-19.Only 15% of the samples can answer the origin country of Covid-19's new variance, and 29% of students answered correctly for the vaccine efficacy threshold.
To see this condition, the best medium to inform the students about Covid-19 is expected to be determined.Prawesti et al. elaborate that using Videos can save time and effort in providing education and information [18].In contrast, Soegotto and Istiqomah argue that brochure offers valuable interaction [19].It allows readers to connect with the information they receive through flyers.Thus, brochures and videos were then distributed as the media to give information to samples.

Result of Posttest
Giving information through videos and brochures is an effort of the University to provide students with new knowledge.During the pandemic, the University also shows efforts to prevent the spread of Covid-19 through various ways, including Video and Brochures.After treating the students by distributing a Video and Brochure containing information about Vaccines and Covid-19 new variances, the post-test was delivered.The result of the post-test shows that there is an improvement in both groups.
The items of questions provided in the pretest were identical to the post-test.Thus, the student's knowledge improvement from the questions can be seen thoroughly.After having the treatment, both from video and brochure, 95% of students gained their bits of knowledge that the Covid-19 virus is mutating into various variances, while the other 5% comes from group V answered that they do not know.When the students were questioned about new COVID-19 variants, 88% answered correctly, Mean score of Deviation 6% responded that they had heard the names but could mention them, and 6% could not answer correctly.There are, 54% of 100 students able to choose accurately the name of the country where Covid-19 new variances spread.The other 21% were only able to determine one correct country, 22% chose three countries in which one of the countries was not the origin of the new variant, and the rest 3% answered that they did not know the origin country of the new variances of Covid-19.Then the students were asked to mention two of the vaccine names, and as a result, 70% noticed the names accurately, 11% misperceived the variance names as the vaccine names, 9% answered incorrectly, and the last 10% did not answer the question.Related to the vaccine efficacy threshold, 50% of students can answer correctly.In contrast, the rest of the students chose the wrong percentage.
The result shows that video and brochure simultaneously effectively improve students' knowledge about Covid-19, especially related to the latest information concerning Covid-19 new variants and Vaccines.Mann Whitney U test on the pretest and post-test results of both groups prove the improvement with 0.317, the value of Asymp.Sig.(2-tailed) higher than 0.05.The student's progress in pretest to post-test results is significant.

The Effectiveness of Video and Brochure in Improving Students' Knowledge
Based on the result of students' achievement before and after treatment, both media contribute good results in transferring information.However, a difference was found by comparing the results of tests in both classes.In some studies, audiovisual media, such as videos, has a better impact than visual media, such as brochures, flyers, and leaflets.Purnama argues that information can be observed effectively by vision and audio (video) compared to only using vision (leaflet) [20].In another study, Prawesti et al. [18] found that there was an increase in average maternal health literacy distributed using video and brochure media compared to the maternal health literacy delivered using standard treatment.However, as a result, they state that health education intervention using video has a higher effect on the development of maternal health literacy than the intervention using the brochure.In comparison, Fitriani and Pujiyanto conclude that video as a promotion medium is more effective in attracting attention than the brochure [21].Those studies recommend video as a medium to deliver information to have a better impact than the brochure.
The research shows that Videos and Brochures simultaneously improve the knowledge of students about Covid-19.Nevertheless, a difference is seen if the improvement in Group V (information provision with video) and Group B (information provision with brochure) is compared.Group B improved higher than group V.The mean deviation of the pretest-posttest in Group B is 53.38, while the mean deviation of the pretest-posttest in group V is 47.67.These results were tested using statistics test Mann Whitney U then it was found that Asym.Sig (2-tailed) is 0.317 higher than 0.05.It indicates that the difference in the deviation is significant.
This result opposes the studies mentioned previously.Though, it supports a research result conducted by Stice et al. [22] in which they notice that students who study visually, in this case, by reading text, score higher on exams than those who learn through watching videos.They also add that text as a material in studying is still a choice for students even when they are provided with entertaining videos covering the same material.It implies that visual media such as brochures, leaflets, posters, or even texts is favorable and can provide students with better results in obtaining information.

Conclusion and Suggestion
Both visual and audiovisuals are effective techniques for delivering information.This research also found that Videos and Brochures effectively improve Students' knowledge about Covid-19.But precisely, the brochure is more effective in giving improvement compared to the video.The researchers suggest the lecturers provide an attractive brochure with clear, concise, and easy-tounderstand material.It will help them and the University to deliver information.to every lecturer as an agent of Covid-19 prevention.Furthermore, a great appreciation goes to all respondents who have participated in our study and have provided us with the needed information voluntarily.Special gratitude is to the parties who have helped the authors statically analyze the data.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Comparison of Test Result Improvement.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The comparison of the Deviation score of Group V and Group B.

Table 1 .
Frequency distribution of the sample in terms of Sex and Age.

Table 2 .
Descriptive Statistics of Pretest and Post-Test Result in Group V and Group B.

Table 3 .
Normality Test of Pretest and Postest Result.

Table 4 .
Table 4 presents the result of Levene's Test.Test of Homogeneity of Variance.

Table 5 .
Test of Differences of Students' Prior Knowledge.

Table 6 .
Result of Improvement of Pretest to Posttest.

Table 6
shows a difference in the mean score of the pretest and post-test in Group V and Group B. The mean score of the post-test in both Groups is higher than the mean score of the pretest.It indicates that there is an improvement in knowledge in both groups.And it is explained by the Mann-Whitney U test resulting in values of Asymp.Sig.(2-tailed) in both groups are lower than 0.05.

Table 7 .
Deviation Test of Group V and Group B. It means that there is a significant difference in the improvement in Group V and group B. The comparison of mean deviation for group V and Group B is presented in the following figure.