IoT Enabled Smart Homes in Tropical Regions as a Means of Sustainable Development

Internet of Things (IoT) in the context of Smart Homes has been an emerging area of study. IoT technology-enabled provides Integrated and centralized monitoring and control system where the inhabitants can remotely adjust access in the house, temperature and lighting etc., but also functions of the smart TV, refrigerator, oven etc. A step forward to this, Smart 2.0 can be achieved by integrating greeneries maintenance atomization, energy and water conservation, etc., with the IoT technologies to maintain a healthy indoor environment. The study focus on how IoT enabled Smart Homes can contribute, enabling a new era of development and growth aimed at achieving Sustainability. A critical literature review and factors are identified that will align the development catering to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015 and the UN-Habitat New Urban Agenda, 2016 which are today’s International Agendas aimed at achieving Sustainable Development. Well-planned and well-managed IoT enabled Smart Homes in the context of urbanization, can be a powerful tool for sustainable development for both developing and developed nations. Achievement of SDGs especially, Goal 3, 6, 7 and 11 is impossible without the role of technology. With the proper delivery and implementation of IoT enabled Smart Homes, safeguarding the sustainability of Cities and Communities is possible. IoT in Smart Home keep the power, water, temperature, ventilation systems, solar power, greeneries and waste in check which in turn leads to sustainability. An IoT enabled Smart Home model for Sustainability has been proposed.


Introduction
Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing research area for the last two decades.This is a multifaceted research area connected to all disciplines but deliberately centered on technological aspects by a majority of scholars.The term IoT was first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999, as "the power of connecting radiofrequency identification in the field of supply chain management" [1].Although IoT is a global buzzword, there is no universal definition, which implies that the technology has multisided implications.Of all the diverse opinions and definitions to the IoT, the scholars have narrowed it down to a sense that IoT is "a dynamic global network environment that combines the physical and 1306 (2024) 012035 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1306/1/012035 2 virtual worlds, established by the connection of smart objects that detect, identify, and execute without human intervention to other objects or people" [2].
IoT is a center of social enthusiasm and one of the crucial technologies of the fourth industrial revolution.The fourth Industrial Revolution obscures the boundaries among the physical, digital and biological worlds.The fusion of IoT to any technology or discipline brings revamping changes to such technology or discipline which in turn opens new opportunities.As the services widespread, IoT is has been evolving from merely a promising technology to something relevant to everyday life.IoT is a collective force behind many products or services which have become indispensable to modern-day living [3].Technology has been enhancing our quality of life and increasing productivity [4].Amid growth and opportunities, a lot of sociocultural concerns such as regulations, ethical issues are also increasing [5].Even though there is tremendous research available, IoT technology focused on sustainable development goals is still in the budding stage.Many challenges and obstacles matters are needed to be addressed [6].Lack of coherence on goals in the understanding and growth of IoT paradoxically reveals that the understanding of IoT is still not sufficient.It is the scholarly mission to make balance given the explosion of IoT and in the context of achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [2].
This article mainly focuses on academic scheming the current discourse on IoT in the context of Smart Homes and Sustainable Development.Additionally, this article aims at examining the research trends and suggest future directions.In turn, the study emphasizes IoT not just as a technology explosion but as a social concept that can be a powerful tool for sustainable development.

Review of Literature
The literature for this study has been considered based on the scholarly publications with the keywords IoT, Smart Homes and Sustainable Development.It is evident that the IoT in the context of Sustainable Development even though started in the year 1996, the available literature from the year 1996 to 2008 is very negligible and not relevant today.But, noticeable literature on this is available from the year 2008.Even though, significant literature in the context of this study is available from the year 2016.
Figure 1 clearly shows that the trend is progressive.This shows that the study of IoT in the context of Smart Homes and Sustainable Development is an emerging area of research.Alexandra-Gwyan Paetz et al. [7] has revealed in a study conducted through an Exploratory Design based on Focus Groups using Short Standardized (Pre-and Post-Interaction) Questionnaires that the factors such as Incentives from the government, Flexibility, transparency in costs of electrical consumption and inhabitants' enthusiasm for new technology may likely encourage the use of smart homes.Babri [8] conducted a review of the existing literature highlighted that Sensor-based big data applications built on IoT technologies has a great potential for Sustainable Growth in the centralized and Integrated management of smart cities. Hana Jo et al. [9] proposed an Intelligent smart home energy efficiency model using an artificial TensorFlow engine based on IoT technologies for energy conservation in Smart Homes.Sohag et al. [10] proposed waste management and it is found to be very efficient over the traditional waste management systems.Samad et al. [11] proposed a model to implement IoT in smart homes to manage and control electrical devices from a remote location within a Wi-Fi network.The paper highlighted user-friendly, water conservation for simple and sustainable homes in turn contributes to goal 6 of SDGs.
Muhammad Cheema et al. [12] examined the reports from various consulting firms and also Interactions with several industry experts revealed that the new consumer behavior, changing market requirements impacted IoT Research and Development due to Covid-19 Shock.
Parthasarathi Pattnayak et al. [13] worked on Green IoT for Sustainable Smart City discussed that sensor networks using a range of wireless technologies helps in achieving clean, stable and environmentally conscious smart cities.
Pradyumna K Tripathy et al. [14] worked on an IoT based solution model testing using various parameters like humidity, water nutrients solution level, pH and electrical conductivity value, temperature, Intensity of UV light, CO2 Emissions, mist, and quantity of insecticides or pesticides used, are observed by implanting various sensors.The model proposed has redefined the terms of sustainability through adaption to the changing environment.

Research Gaps
After scheming through the literature available of the researches on IoT in the context of smart homes and sustainability various research gaps has been identified.It is found that the research is still in the budding stage.There are some attempts made by very few scholars to build an IoT model for smart homes to contribute but sustainability is not considered, for instance [7].There is no significant or exclusive literature available especially to ascertain the impact of IoT applications in achieving the SDGs.The majority of researches which are conducted in the Sciences especially, the Computer Science discipline are of attempts made to build IoT models in the context of building smart homes.A negligible component of Sustainability, Green Smart Homes, Energy Conservation and Water Conservation is considered for instance, [11], [10], [13], [9].
Further, the study [12] has discussed the potential impact of the Covid-19 on the behaviours of the consumers.The lockdown, sudden recession, low profits have impacted the lives of the users.It also has forced people to change their lifestyle, increasing online shopping, e-entertainment, social distancing and working from home are the results of it.The impact of the Covid-pandemic over the consumer market and the behaviour of the consumers has to be assessed in future researches to ascertain whether the preferences and tastes of the consumers have changed.The social sciences need to focus on considering IoT models for smart homes and their impact on achieving the SDGs.Fig. 2 shows that there are a lot of studies conducted in the disciplines of the social sciences especially from the year 2016 almost on par with the researches in sciences, and the trend shows the social sciences researches are slightly lower than that of the researches in the sciences, but the trend in both the disciplines is progressive.Mostly, the research conducted in the social sciences were addressing the issues such as opinions of the users, the efficiency of the IoT solutions for Smart Home, etc.There is no significant research conducted in the social sciences addressing or assessing the impact on SDGs of the IoT for Smart Homes and related design factors.
Therefore, this study has been endeavoured to analyze and ascertain the research trends in the area IoT concerning Smart Homes for Sustainability.This will help to identify the research gaps and provide directions for future research in the area of IoT enabled Smart homes for Sustainability.The study also intended to analyze the contribution of IoT enabled Smart Homes in the achievement of SDGs.After scheming through the significant literature and also gaps that were identified in the process, the following research questions were considered for the study.
RQ1: What is the current status of IoT research trends concerning Smart Homes for Sustainability?RQ2: What are the desirable directions for future research for IoT research in the context of Smart Homes for Sustainability?RQ3: Whether the Smart Homes based on IoT technology contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals and UN-Habitat New Urban Agenda?

Methodology
A systematic review of literature has been considered for the study.Harzing Publish or Perish tool has been used to collect the data on the top 1000 ranked research publications with the keywords (IoT, Smart Homes, SDGs, Sustainable Development) of which, books, book chapters, conference proceedings, reference book, posted content search results were not considered for the study.The research literature identified is again screened for the redundant publications, duplicate publications and were removed under the purview of the study.The literature collected was again screened based on the relevance, significance and time of publication.Each record was marked as either social science research or scientific research to analyze the trends in both.After all the screening process a total of 260 research publications were considered for the study.Mostly the literature available from the  Smart Home design is the building constructed with complex automation of all its subsystems.It includes the areas such as ventilation, lighting, air conditioning, heating, security systems, and automation of home appliances.That means the basic home activities such as monitoring and controlling are conducted using efficient automation through IoT solutions.The communication follows the same protocol common among all devices and subsystems of the smart home [16].
The very concept of Smart Home limited to automation and centralized control using IoT Solutions and interactions between the home users and the appliances in an indoor environment is called Smart Home 1.0.If the Smart Home 1.0 concept is extended by adding indoor greeneries, health care appliances, water conservation, waste management, etc., Min Chen [17] coined the concept as Smart Home 2.0.

Smart Home based on IoT and the Sustainable Development Goals
United Nations General Assembly set up the SDGs in 2015 which are intended to be achieved by 2030.These SDGs are also included in a UN Resolution which is colloquially known as Agenda 2030.These SDGs were designed to be a blueprint for peace and prosperity, to achieve a better and more sustainable future for people and the planet, now and to the future [18], [19].
Achievement of SDGs is impossible without the role of technology.IoT enabled Smart Homes can be considered in various building designs enabling a new era of development and growth aimed at achieving Sustainability.Well-planned and well-managed IoT enabled Smart Homes in the context of urbanization, can be a powerful tool for sustainable development for both developing and developed nations.Of the 17 SDGs, Goal 3, 6, 7 and 11 are the most relevant and efficient utilization of IoT technologies in building Smart Homes which could contribute to achieving them.With the proper delivery and implementation of IoT enabled Smart Homes, safeguarding the sustainability of Cities and Communities is possible.IoT in Smart Home keep the power, water, temperature, ventilation systems, solar power, greeneries and waste in check contributing towards energy conservation, in turn, leading to optimal use of renewable energy.[7], [17].Smart governance is possible in sustainable cities and communities which also provide Smart Disaster Risk Management possible.The real-time data with the integrated smart systems help to provide safety and security quickly during a disaster and natural calamities.More resilient cities and buildings/homes are possible with smart technologies [22]

UN-Habitat New Urban Agenda and Smart Homes
The New Urban Agenda was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its 66th plenary meeting of the 71st session on December 23, 2016.This meeting allowed discussion on urban challenges, and to building and managing sustainable cities, towns and villages.The main focus of the discussions was on making communities, villages and cities more resilient, safe and sustainable.
The main concern that was discussed in this assembly is 'Urbanization' and its impact.The problem of high population density is because of the high rate of rural migrations.Numerous problems are associated with urbanization, some of them are, inadequate infrastructure, Flooding, Pollution, Slum Creation, Congestion.Increasing Urbanization can be the source of solutions to, rather than the cause of, the challenges that our world is facing today.With proper urban planning, a lot of problems are associated with urbanization can be avoided and mitigated.In the discussions, the majority have agreed to the 'Smart City Model' as a solution to the problems faced by urbanization.Smart Cities makes use of opportunities from digitization, innovative transport technologies, clean energy and technologies, providing inhabitants more environmentally friendly, energy and water conservation, Smart wastewater treatment and thus boosts sustainable development [23].More or less the same benefits can be reaped by introducing IoT enabled Smart Homes.However, Smart Cities and Communities are not possible without introducing Smart technologies at the home level for the majority of inhabitants in a community or city.It is also noted that Goal 11 of the SDGs and the UN-Habitat New Urban Agenda is more or less the same and the Smart Home 2.0 can be a great tool for achieving both.

Figure. 4 Smart Home based on IoT model for Sustainability
IoT is a promising technology to something which is a collective force behind many products or services.The fusion of IoT in integrating and Centralized Control has opened new opportunities promising enhanced efficiency.Introducing smart technologies not only in the control and integration of ambience assisted living, but also extending to the integration and centralization control of Indoor greeneries, Energy and Water Conservation, Pollution Control, Indoor Greeneries management have paved a path in the accomplishment of the SDGs 3, 6, 7, 11 and 12.The same technology is also opening new opportunities in achieving UN-Habitant New Urban Agenda 2016.
The sustainable model of IoT based Smart Homes has been proposed by incorporating and merging various researches and also based on the author's judgement over the goals of the SDGs and the UN-Habitant New Urban Agenda.Extensive research is required to establish the model and understand the relations among the various parameters mentioned in the model.

Conclusion and the Directions for Further Research
Sustainable Development is not possible without technology.The emergence of IoT technologies has opened new opportunities in increasing the management and control of home management and control.Traditional home has manual operations and no integration of the home subsystems, this had led to the wastage of energy and resources, inefficient control, etc. IoT has changed entirely the way home management is done eliminating almost all limitations in a traditional home.Implementation of IoT technologies in smart home control and integration of home subsystems have proved to be very efficient and beneficial to home users.Various studies have proved that the explosion of IoT and in the context of achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is very promising.A lot of research is required to improvise the smart home technologies for the efficient utilization of resources, water and energy conservation and provide safety and comfort for the inhabitants.
While addressing objective 1 of this study, it is noted that the research trend in the area of IoT enabled Smart Homes in the context of Sustainable Development is progressive, but still, it is in the budding stage.Most of the researches are conducted in the scientific approach or the social impact with the minimum focus on sustainable development.
Concerning objective 2, it is very evident that it is the mission of the social science scholars to ascertain the contribution of smart homes in the achievement of the SDGs and the New Urban Agenda.And it is also noted that, through the transformation of the smart homes in providing comfort and security, the concept which is called Smart Homes 1.0, to the smart homes for indoor greeneries management, energy and water conservation, home pollution management, etc., to create a sustainable environment which is called Smart Homes 2.0 is comparatively more aggressive in contributing for the SDGs.The same has to be established through an empirical study.The studies in this direction can also focus to find out the impact of variables of smart homes on the sustainable goals individually can be an appreciable attempt.
Coming to Objective 3, it is noted that, IoT enabled Smart Homes can act as a catalyst in achieving the SDGs.IoT & Smart Homes has been part of lives today, attempting to achieve Sustainability (SDGs) without the intervention of these technologies becomes a futile exercise because the technology and the lifestyle in the present era are inseparable.The proper delivery and implementation of IoT enabled Homes can be a powerful tool in achieving sustainable development for both developing and developed nations.Many studies have proved that Smart Homes have contributed incrementally to developing a sustainable environment.
From the observations of [12], it is evident that the market requirements have changed because of the changed lifestyle of the consumers and behaviors during the Covid-19 pandemic.A concrete study is required to assess the impact of the changed lifestyle and their behaviors and preferences which helps to build robust models of IoT enabled Smart Homes.
The conclusions and the facts that are expressed in this study are purely based on the existing literature.The model that is developed by incorporating the IoT technologies into integration and control of home management and the results and the impact that is expressed is based on the work of various scholars.The relations that are expressed in the IoT Smart Home model has to be validated in future researches.The attempt of proposing the model is made because the research in this area is still in the budding stage, and there is no significant and exclusive research available in IoT enabled Smart homes for sustainable development.The model proposed in this paper shall give directions and the interrelations among various concepts or variables to be established in the upcoming researches.

Annexure 1
The

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Growth and Trend of Research on IoT solutions for Smart Homes concerning Sustainable Development (SDGs)

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Growth and Trend of IoT solutions for Smart Homes concerning Sustainable Development (SDGs) with classification as to scientific and social sciences researches.

5 humanities 4 .
was considered for scheming and reviewing.An attempt to develop a Smart Home based IoT model for Sustainability based on the existing literature has been made.Results of the Study4.1.Smart Home based on IoT TechnologyThe concept of a smart home has been drawing attention due to IoT.An advanced form of traditional home automation is a smart home, but IoT technologies take a step further by introducing integrated and centralized control.IoT technology-enabled home is the one where electrical, electronic and household appliances are connected to a centralized monitoring and control system.A consumer who enables the smart home systems can remotely adjust access in the house, temperature, lighting et., but also functions of the smart TV, refrigerator, oven etc.This helps to automate the home by making it smart and interconnected.

Table 1 .
Brief detail of the role of IoT enabled Smart Homes in achieving relevant SDGs Summary of key literature findings in the areas of IoT and Smart Homes associated to Sustainable Development.