Safety Practice Assessment Plan Review in Railway Engineering Industrial Towards Sustainable Construction

The emerging growth of the universal railway development has inspired many nations, including Malaysia, as a crucial strategy for construction sustainable by improving the domestic transportation network and boost economic competitiveness. It serves as the foundation of a city’s public transportation system, to convey huge numbers of people effectively. An organization’s sustainable development strategy should be examined in conjunction with other factors such, occupational safety, and health. Hence, implementation safety practice assessment plan review in railway engineering industrial towards sustainable construction is important. This study was focused on the objectives of (i) to identify safety practice assessment for improvement strategy in railway industrial engineering, (ii) to investigate safety practice assessment challenges in railway engineering industry, and (iii) to analyses safety practice assessment elements in railway engineering industrial. There are 20 journals listed, with 100 articles selected articles were dissected and then the variables on challenges in safety practice has been identified. From the results of the framework, recommendation to improve safety practice assessment plan for future railway engineering industrial to sustain construction can establish. Thus, the research will be helpful for them to understand better upon the procedures and possible safety issues, and able to practice safety procedures to avoid undesired accidents to assist Malaysian construction sustainability. In addition, for the existing literatures, this research will be an additional input for the lacking details related to safety practices in railway project sites.


Introduction
Malaysia is a high-income country in Asia with a population of 32.7 million [5].In civilizations, transportation has been seen as one of the major drivers of economic activity.The ability to move between numerous locations of origin and destinations transitorily through a single or numerous points of interchange via a network in space for people, things, and information is referred to as transportation [27].The railway in Malaysia is a significant byproduct of the industrial revolution and has contributed significantly to the economic and social development of all countries, no matter where they may be.It was created as a privately owned public utility with the dual goals of generating a profit for the owner and helping society by offering an inexpensive method of transportation for both personal mobility and the delivery of their goods [22].Industry 4.0's research and technology are essential for achieving sustainability, and industrial organizations must make the transition to a new manufacturing paradigm with a focus on value generation related to sustainability (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2020Malaysia continues to learn about sustainability as it is a developing nation.The Malaysian government is committed to understanding the Klang Valley's exponential expansion as it sprawls southward to merge with new townships and corridors and is tasked with managing development in relation to demand [28].Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) inserted, there are 6719 accidents were registered in 2022 for all industries through to November 2022.The construction industry handles 148 of these incidents.There were 59 fatalities among total, making the fatalities among construction sectors are concerning number of fatalities among all industries with high-risk sector [15].

Literature review
A study estimated that in major developing countries, about half of the investment in capital stock is arranged through the construction portion.It plays a crucial role in creating job opportunities and developing new sources of income for both educated and unskilled individuals in society [7].In Malaysia, there are two main sectors for construction projects: public and private.The Public Works Department (PWD) oversees public-sector projects, while the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) oversees overall status of construction projects.Currently, the construction industry has contributed 3-5% of GDP and played a vital part in the country's development over the last 20 years [21].
For infrastructure projects, the Government has allocated billions of ringgits, stimulates the path towards the country's economy with an interactive rail network [23].Moreover, the publicly discourse issues about High-Speed Rail (HSR) linking Southern region of Malaysia to Singapore, which is projected around RM50 billion (Malaysia's government, 2015) were bringing plenty of lesson learnt towards Malaysian planning in railway construction development.It is expected that the HSR will increase Kuala Lumpur's economic dynamism, the incisive journey duration from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore, which is beating the road journey in 4-hour duration, as the HSR providing 90 minutes journey [26].
Rail transportation is defined as a method of land transportation that transports people and commodities on wheeled vehicles that operate on rails.It has become the most effective public transit system and the most important means of transportation in each country [25].Three main elements, mainly environmental, social, and economic development, are required for the building sector in Malaysia to be totally sustainable.[24].The construction industry in Malaysia has long practiced sustainability.Every competent worker in the construction industry is aware of sustainable work procedures, but they choose to ignore them because they require a larger staff, have higher beginning expenses, are less accepted by traditional building methods, and lack rigorous legislation [26].
Currently, the Malaysian construction industry is characterized by dangerous work locations [13].On-site mishaps disrupt projects and increase costs contributed to job safety in relation to total construction operations should be addressed to maintain a company's image [2].High income countries are attempting to eliminate the damages and losses caused by construction accidents through appropriate mitigation measures, but non-developing countries are disproportionately victims of accident occurrence in railway construction because of limited exposure on law together with awareness disparity in safety paradigm [31].
In general, accidents in construction sites are often caused by either a lack of expertise or experience, lack of commitment from management regarding safety and health, and lack safety awareness [25].The accidents do not happen by themselves but there are several contributing factors for them.There have been several hypotheses regarding the reasons leading to accidents that can be used to figure out the reasons for an incident.Accidents occur due to human, medical, machinery, and environmental factors [7].In general, accidents on construction sites are often caused by either a lack of expertise or experience, a lack of oversight from the top or individual disregard.Unsafe conduct shows that less cultural security activity is the principal cause of construction site incidents [10].Several variables may be ascribed to the main factor of construction accidents as portrayed in Table 1.1.Sub-factor of fatal accidents arise at construction sites are in each of the main causes.
A concluding remark by reviewing the literature of past studies revealed that there is shortage of health and safety adoptions which contributing to the fatalities, as majority of the past studies were conducted having challenges in safety practice.Thus, this highlight that future studies in Malaysian construction industry are necessary to provide construction safety practice assessment with the sufficient information on the challenges that could be faced in the journey of construction sustainable.
Malaysian construction industry is trailing behind in terms of sustainable construction practises due to a weak of government enforcement, tax exception, and less stakeholder interest in investing in sustainable processes and appropriate frameworks of sustainability [19].

Methodology
This study mainly relies on the analysis of the literature.It examines the theoretical aspects of construction accident causation.The reason of undertaking thematic literature review as the main methodology for the study is to identify safety practice assessment for improvement strategy in railway engineering industrial, to investigate safety practice assessment challenges in railway engineering industry and to analyses safety practice assessment elements in railway engineering industrial.Besides, it also helps to establish the safety practice assessment plan in railway engineering industrial to guide avoid accidents to assist Malaysia construction sustainability.Firstly, 25 journals regarding safety and health, construction safety and construction accidents were gathered.19 journal was finalized from year (2015 -2022).The main four core elements were workers and work team, workplace, material, and organization.The data observed the most main element selected by the authors used in their literature review.

Propose framework.
The proposed framework is depicted in Figure 1.

Discussion
Deficiencies in project management and planning lead to issues of inconsistent transparency and challenges in collaboration from one contractor to another.This may also cause problems with the project plan [11].Issues such as trade overlaps, cramped work area and minor attention to detail, time pressure are those involved in a project.The most important site activities to strengthen site security are management engagement and toolbox talks.Management is also responsible for executing successful programs in safety management, including planning, organisation, safety measures and working method [8].
Identification of hazards is aimed at determining the potential risks associated with any given activity to be undertaken by the worker.It also involves identifying risk locations and procedures, as well as exposed workers or people, such as visitors, workers, or contractors, who may be exposed to it [19]."HEEPO" which defines person, equipment, climate, product, and organisation "was used in risk identification [12].Result in the handling of construction injuries is attributed to poor security strategy [18], lack of teamwork [24], lack of knowledge exchange and lack of coordination [19].There should be careful consideration of these factors, and an effective protection plan should be built to minimize accidents in construction projects.
In general, accidents on construction sites are often caused by lack of oversight from the top or individual disregard.Unsafe conduct shows that less cultural security activity is the principal cause of construction site incidents [16].Several variables are categorized as challenges in safety practice such as worker and work team, workplace, material, and organization.Worker and work team, most employees have insufficient education and are unqualified, untrained, and inadequate experience.The increase in peasant jobs was induced by low standards for the construction industry.Lack of safety knowledge contributes to risks and hazards in the workplace.Site employees should be adequately trained and informed to boost their understanding of the safety problem [6].Workplace rise due to rapid evolving workforce and employment practices that are taking place on construction sites.As a result, the safety and risk management cultures in the industry should be enhanced as tidy and well designed (layout) would continue to deliver a best level of security performance.Meanwhile, it leads to site 1303 (2024) 012036 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1303/1/0120365 restriction fatalities, small room, or difficult access to perform a job.Insufficient planning and inadequate local assessment trigger site restrictions [11].

SAFETY PRACTICE ASSESSMENT Worker and work team
Workers' physical fitness and behaviour.
-Employees must complete a basic safety introduction course before beginning any new project.
-Employees who can describe the daily duties they perform.
-When working with their team or another contractor, employees should feel protected.

Workplace
Poor housekeeping and issues of site layout.
-Employees need to be capable of handling possible changes in order to guarantee control over potential dangers.-Management at the construction site should provide a safety and health plan for employees.-Good housekeeping.

Material
Condition, Suitability, Personal Protective Condition.
-In specialized job, the leader needs to be qualified and experienced.-Inspection of materials and machines should be done twice a week.-Based on their jobs, workers should be able to determine which personal protective equipment is appropriate to wear.

Organization
Risk management.A project may contain issues such trade overlaps, crowded work areas, a lack of focus on detail, and time constraints.
-Employer should pay consideration to any ideas that employees have in improving safety.-Channeling the most upto-date safety-related information especially technically.
-Safety team must be active in promoting safety.Material, the use of tools or machinery in an unsafe condition is often the reason for the number of injuries.Bad condition is essentially because of faulty equipment and overloaded equipment or equipment under which its output would be impaired.The tools should be periodically tested and maintained [9].Lastly, organization, it is possible to apply risk mitigation through design or alternative construction methods.With the concept and decisions of the design team dictating the process, the development design and construction process are connected.Many designers still fail to notice their effect on the safety of the construction process because of deep-seated customs and beliefs and a limited exposure on training in safety and education [16].

ELEMENTS OF ACCIDENTS
The above discussion of safety practice assessment can correlate with other researchers finding point of view.Ensuring the safety protocols to address the stipulated aspects of construction stages shall be implemented by the construction organisation.This includes the manager's dedication in construction, safety tandards communication, detailed inspection process and eliminating the hazards precautions [19].Besides, the safety strategies that have been identified include safety staffing, safety planning, training, and education, jobsite characteristics, and owner engagement in project safety.Additional protocols encompass safety conferences, rewards, safety evaluations, drug assessments, subcontract administration, collision inquiries, insurance provider participation in the safety procedure, and OSHA integration in the safety procedure [30].The safety performance records of Canadian projects with resident safety managers outperformed those without them, owing to the latter's ability to efficiently manage personnel and materials resources on the job site [21].

Conclusion and Recommendation
rail transport system is an imperatives public transport infrastructure to connect urban area to rural region.The key elements are involving the safety and health procedure that must be implemented towards the construction industry players to operate the railway transportation especially applied towards the staff standard of procedure.In that note, construction is not only a capital-intensive process, but also a labor-intensive practice in which employees has an essential task to adopt the safety culture and good conducts in safety practices.Therefore, the need to protect employees from accidents is a major concern for any construction company.It has been argued that it is possible to use dangerous behaviors and conditions to determine leading indicators such as healthy behaviors and conditions while making decisions about the efficiency of a construction process.
This research considers that the safety practice assessment should be carried out in every construction based on the challenges in safety practice faced by employees and employers and the safety elements that contribute to the construction accidents.Numerous researchers have endeavored to demonstrate the connection between sustainability, health, safety, and the environment through literature.But workplace innovation, material and risk management, labor and workers, and sustainability cannot all be considered in a box.In additional, this research may be used as a benchmark for Malaysian research on railway infrastructure, as well as to strengthen the government's efforts to educate people about safety culture and eliminate occupational casualties on construction site.
In general, recommendations are drawn out from the discussion above on some sort of ideas for further research areas.Research can further on appropriate safety cultures and the importance of such practices in maintaining and complying with the guidelines introduced by the government.Other than that, researchers can improve theoretical cohesion in between safety culture at railway project sites and construction sites.Finally, researchers can do research on the effect and in terms of workplace safety and health, the long-term effects of politics, technology, and culture are all pillars of sustainable development (2015), whereas some authors focused on workplace, Gerarad (2022), Abukhashabah (2020), Yasmeen (2020) and Samuel (2017).An author focused on condition, Yasmeen (2020).3 authors focused on suitability namely Shakil Ahmed (2020), Winge (2019) and Awolusi & Marks (2017).However, 2 authors focused on personal protective equipment namely, Shakil (2020) and Wahab (2017).9 authors focused on risk management which was the highest among other sub-variables, Gerarad (2022), Ahmed (2019), Lundgren & McMakin (2018), Van De Voorde (2018), Blyton (2017), Chiang (2017), Zhang (2016), Unnikrishnan (2015) and Vasconcelos & Junior (2015).

Table 1 . 1 :
Challenges in Safety Practice