The red chili supply chain management produced from coastal land based on food supply chain network to realize agriculture sustainability in Bantul Indonesia

Agricultural commodities from coastal land farming such as chilies can be used to realize sustainable agriculture, so this study aims to describe the red chili supply chain and analyze the supply chain management of red chili produce coastal land. Farmer sampling was carried out in stages starting from the subdistrict, village, hamlet, and farmer levels. Farmer respondents were taken deliberately as many as 75 people. Sampling after farmers was carried out using the snowball sampling method with a total of 69 respondents. Descriptive analysis techniques to analyze the red chili supply chain and use food supply chain network framework to analyze supply chain management. The results showed that the red chili supply chain has three chains formed by 5 actors. The selection of partners with criteria of high price, subscription, trust, and easy sales with responsible and mutually open performance. All supply chain actors make unwritten agreements. The transaction system used is auctions and scales with most delayed payments and cash. Government support is only given to farmers and auction markets in the form of infrastructure. Supply chain collaboration that occurs openly and reciprocally with context of communication related to price, quality, quantity, type of chili, and stock availability.


Introduction
Sustainable agriculture is the management of agricultural resources that maintains or improves environmental quality and protects natural resources while meeting changing human needs.Horticulture is an agricultural subsector that has high potential in economic value and market demand because it is a sector that is needed by many people 1.Horticultural commodities that have great potential and are prioritized for development include red chili, which is included in the vegetable commodity group [2].Red chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of six types of vegetable commodities with high market demand, both in the domestic market and exported to other countries [3].The majority of the Indonesian population consumes chili in fresh, dried or processed form [4].According to [5], most Indonesian farmers cultivate red chilies in traditional or intensive ways in lowland and highland dryland agroecosystems.
Yogyakarta Special Region is one of the areas with high potential in the development of red chili.This can be seen from the diverse agroecosystem conditions, in the form of rice field agroecosystem zones, highland drylands, lowland drylands and coastal sand lands that support the development of red chilies in Yogyakarta [6].Bantul Regency is one of the red chili production centers because almost all districts produce red chili.The large amount of red chili production is influenced by the high market demand for red chili commodities.The high level of red chili production will cause a decrease in the selling price of red chili.The price component is one of the determining factors for inflation at the consumption level, so that if there is an unstable fluctuation in red chili prices, it will affect the inflation rate and consumer purchasing power.The role of farmers here is only as a party who receives the price, because the selling price is determined by the middleman.The weak bargaining position of farmers, depressed red chili prices, and long distribution chains are the main problems for red chili farmers.
Supply chain or supply chain is a concept in which there are regulatory systems related to product flow systems, information flows, and financial flows.This regulation is important given the many links in the red chili pepper supply chain and the characteristics of red chili peppers, which make them perishable and relatively expensive compared to other plant products.[7].The large number of links involved in the red chili supply chain in Bantul Regency will cause the length of the red chili supply chain.Therefore, it is necessary to know the supply chain that occurs in the red chili production center in Bantul Regency.In addition to the supply chain, it is also necessary to know the management of the red chili supply chain in Bantul Regency.The implementation of the red chili supply chain system requires a management whose goal is to create an efficient supply chain system in its implementation.The function of supply chain management is to find out the activities of each supply chain actor whether it is in accordance with demand in terms of quality, quantity, delivery time, and delivery location.
The problem in this study is the lack of optimal red chili production in Srigading Village, Sanden District, Bantul Regency in 2022.This is due to climatic conditions with high rainfall so that red chili is not optimal in producing fruit.So that the red chili production obtained by farmers has a quality and quantity that is not as good as before.Usually farmers can do 25 to 30 picks, but due to weather conditions, farmers can only harvest with an average of under 25 picks.Therefore, it is necessary to know how all red chili supply chain actors carry out their activities and how the red chili supply chain management occurs in Sanden District, Bantul Regency when the amount of red chili supply from farmers is less than optimal.

Materials and methods
This study used a descriptive method that provides a systematic, factual, and accurate description of the relationships among the factors, characteristics, and phenomena under study 8.The data obtained will be described qualitatively.Qualitative descriptive methods are used to analyze, describe, and summarize various circumstances and conditions as well as situations from various data collected through field observations.The determination of the location of the study was carried out deliberately by looking at the third highest red chili productivity in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, namely Bantul Regency.Farmer sampling is carried out in stages and starts from the subdistrict, village, hamlet, and farmer levels.Sanden sub-district was chosen deliberately because there is a red chili auction market.The chosen village is Srigading Village because it has the highest amount of production in Sanden District in 2022.Then, the hamlet chosen was Ngepet Hamlet because the farmer group that succeeded in planting red chili was in the hamlet.Farmer groups that have succeeded in producing red chili in 2022 are the Manunggal and Pasir Makmur farmer groups.The Manunggal farmer group was deliberately chosen because it has more members than Pasir Makmur.All members of the manunggal farmer group were sampled in this study.The number of farmer respondents in this study was 75 people and respondents after farmers as many as 69 people.
The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data.Primary data were obtained from direct interviews using questionnaires, and secondary data were obtained from related agencies and institutions including the Central Statistics Agency and the Agricultural Extension Center of Sanden District.The data analysis method used is a descriptive analysis method to see an overview of the activities of red chili supply chain actors in Bantul Regency.In addition, descriptive analysis is also used to analyze the management of the red chili supply chain in Bantul Regency.Descriptive analysis of supply chain management is carried out based on the Food Supply Chain Network (FSCN) framework by looking at several aspects such as partner selection, contractual agreements, transaction systems, government support, and supply chain collaboration.

Results and discussion
In this research, the supply chain that occurs is from red chili farmers in Sanden District to end consumers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, because to realize agriculture sustainability in this location.The red chili supply chain was formed by three chains actors consisting of five actors include farmers, auction markets, collectors, retailers, and consumers.This result different with research by 9 this indicates that the Kulonprogo red chili supply chain consists of eight players: farmers, auction markets, intermediaries, district-level wholesalers, Kramat Jati Central Market or PIKJ dealers, PIKJ Senteng, retailers, and consumers.It shows that it is made up of three chains.. Theoretically, there are four main actors in the food supply chain: manufacturers, suppliers, logistics service providers, and retailers 10.Suppliers play an important role in the food supply chain, both as retailers and multichannel suppliers.11.Supply chain management is a method that encourages information systems to manage the procurement of goods and services for enterprises and establish strategic coordination of traditional business functions between enterprises in long-term supply chains.[12].

Partner selection
Partner selection is a process in choosing colleagues to work together.Partner selection is needed to find a partner that suits business needs.Therefore, to get suitable partners, it is necessary to have partner selection criteria and know the performance of partners for each supply chain actor.

Farmer
In partnering, farmers have several criteria for cooperation.The criteria for selecting partners carried out by farmers in Srigading Village, Sanden District are as follows.Farmers in Srigading Village, Sanden District choose partners with easy subscription and sales criteria because the cooperation between farmers and partners has been going on for quite a long time so that farmers already know the performance of their subscription partners in doing their work, and because they have subscribed, it will make it easier for farmers to make sales.In addition, the Manunggal farmer group also requires its members to deposit red chili into the auction market.So that farmers do not have to bother looking for partners to sell their production.

Auction market
The auction market is a means for farmers to sell their products, namely red chili.The auction market establishes partners with traders who want to follow the auction market and there are no specific criteria in choosing a partner.Although there are no criteria in the selection of partners, the auction market still prioritizes trust in establishing partners.All traders who follow the auction market must be trustworthy in its performance.This is done so that the partnership between the auction market and traders runs smoothly both in terms of payment and supply of red chili that will be distributed.Meanwhile, based on the performance of partners from the auction market, partners have carried out their duties responsibly and openly with each other.

Collecting merchants
Collecting traders are supply chain actors who collect red chili production from farmers and auction markets.In establishing cooperation, collecting traders have criteria in selecting partners.The following are the criteria for selecting partners from collecting traders in the red chili supply chain in Sanden District, Bantul Regency.The criteria most chosen by collectors in choosing partners are subscription and trust with a percentage of 60%.

Reseller
Retailers are traders who sell red chili directly to end consumers.The partners of the retailer are the end household consumers.In this study, retailers did not have any specific criteria in choosing partners.Retailers accept partners with any criteria who want to buy their red chili and cannot choose which consumers come to buy red chili.Meanwhile, based on the performance of partners from retailers, partners carry out their duties responsibly and openly with each other.

Contractual agreement
A contractual agreement is a mutually agreed upon agreement, both written and unwritten, between parties in a supply chain [13].A contractual agreement is a contract that occurs regarding mutually agreed matters in establishing partners between red chili supply chain actors which can be in the form of written or unwritten agreements.

Farmer
In this study, all farmers in Srigading Village, Bantul Regency made an agreement with partners in an unwritten form.These results are the same as in [14] investigation into managers of melon raw material supply chain reveals that agreements between partners were being implemented in an unwritten manner.Agreements between farmers and auction markets and farmers with collecting traders are carried out directly.From table 4, it is known that the most agreed things between farmers and partners are related to price and quality with a percentage of 24% of 75 farmers.

Auction market
In conducting cooperation, the auction market and partners do not have a written agreement.The process of agreement between the auction market and partners takes place directly in the auction market.Things agreed between the auction market and partners are related to quality and payment methods.Red chili from the auction market must be of good quality and without the slightest flaw because it will harm the partners who participate in the auction.Good quality red chili can affect the smooth flow of the next supply chain.In the agreement, partners must make payments at a mutually agreed time.

Collecting merchants
The process of deals that take place between collecting merchants and partners is carried out directly.
There is no written agreement between the collecting merchant and the partner.The agreement that occurs between the collecting merchant and the partner can be seen in Table 5, below.The deal that many collecting traders and partners do is price and quality with a percentage of 60% of 5 collecting traders.Price and quality are the most important components of partnering.Agreements regarding price and quality are made so that collecting merchants and partners in partnership can satisfy each other.

Reseller
At retailers, there is no specific agreement with partners, this is because red chili partners from retailers are end consumers who directly buy red chili in traditional markets.However, in the buying and selling process, between retailers and partners there is bargaining related to prices so that there needs to be an agreement so that the transaction process runs smoothly.The agreement that takes place between the retailer and the partner is done directly.

Transaction system
The transaction system is a payment system agreed upon by partner supply chain actors.Additionally, some players used remittance and non-remittance payment methods.Remittances were made when actors were unable to meet their partners in person, whereas payment methods other than remittances were used by actors who met their partners in person.15.

Farmer
In this study, red chili farmers in Srigading Village, Sanden District used an auction transaction system and scales.The auction transaction system is usually carried out by farmers who sell red chili to the auction market, while the scale transaction system is carried out by farmers who partner with collecting traders.In Table 6, it is known that the most widely used transaction system by farmers in Srigading Village, Sanden District is the auction transaction system, with a percentage of 73.33%.

Auction market
The transaction system carried out in the auction market is an auction transaction system, this is done with the aim of stabilizing the price of red chili in the market and helping farmers avoid losses when production is abundant.Then, related to the way transactions are carried out in the auction market is by delay, because it waits for payment from the collecting merchant who wins the auction.The collecting trader who wins the auction will usually only give the money to the auction market manager after 1 -2 days after the auction.Regarding the payment system accepted by the auction market, it can be via transfer or cash.

Collecting merchants
The transaction system carried out by partners with the collecting sword is a weighing system and the method of transactions carried out by collectors with partners is by cash or delay.As many as 4 out of 5 collecting merchants receive cash payment methods from partners.The collecting merchant immediately receives the money from the sale after the red chili is received by the partner.While 1 in 5 collecting merchants receive payments on a delayed basis.The partner will make payment of red chili within 1 day after the sale of red chili.All collecting merchants accept cash payment systems.

Reseller
All retailers in this study use a scale transaction system, because sales activities are carried out in traditional markets or at private kiosks or stalls.Then for the way of transactions and payment systems used between retailers and consumers are cash and cash transactions, because the purchase process made from consumers to retailers occurs directly in the traditional market so that cash and cash payments will facilitate transactions for retailers and consumers.

Government support
Government support is a form of encouragement from the government to support supply chain actors in carrying out their agribusiness activities.

Farmer
Farmers in Srigading Village, Bantul Regency in carrying out their activities get government support in the form of infrastructure assistance, namely tosa as a medium for transporting red chili which will make it easier for farmers to carry out transportation in large quantities.The government support was obtained by farmers through manunggal farmer groups in 2022.

Auction market
In the auction market, there is also government support in the form of facilities and infrastructure for the manunggal auction market.The government support is in the form of procuring baskets as containers for red chili peppers that have poor quality in the auction market before being disposed of.The auction market received government support through submission of proposals to the provincial agriculture office.Government support was obtained by the auction market in 2022.

Supply chain collaboration
Supply chain collaboration is cooperation between supply chain actors in producing, supplying, and distributing products and services to end consumers.Supply chain collaboration is the collaboration between parties to deliver, produce, and distribute products and services to end users.When supply chain actors are open about information to each other, voluntary and reciprocal relationships emerge.

Farmer
Farmers are the first actors in supply chain collaboration in Sanden District, Bantul Regency.The following is a supply chain collaboration carried out by farmers with partners.The communication media, as many as 65 farmers or 86.67% of farmers chose to communicate directly.Furthermore, the way of coordination between farmers and partners is carried out reciprocally with a percentage of 93.33%.

Auction market
Supply chain collaboration that occurs in the auction market is open communication between the auction market and partners.The usual context of communication between farmers and partners includes the schedule for holding auctions, quality, quantity (the number of chilies to be auctioned), and the price to be paid by partners.Then the communication media used by the auction market is through whatsapp and directly.WhatsApp communication media is used by the auction market to contact and inform partners regarding the auction market opening schedule.Furthermore, the coordination carried out by the auction market and partners is by mutual coordination.

Collecting merchants
Supply chain collaboration between collecting traders and partners is described in table 8. From table 8, it is known that supply chain collaboration occurs between collecting traders and partners on the criteria for the communication process carried out by collecting traders and partners, namely the open communication process.The usual context of communication between collecting traders and partners is related to price, quality, quantity, type of chili, and stock availability of red chili.In the criteria of communication media, the most widely used communication medium between collecting merchants and partners is through whatsapp with a percentage of 60% of 5 collecting traders.Then based on the method of coordination, as many as 80% of collecting traders coordinate with partners reciprocally.Collecting traders in communication always get feedback from partners and vice versa.

Reseller
Retailers usually carry out sales activities in traditional markets.Retailers sell their products directly to consumers, therefore usually retailers communicate directly.The communication process that occurs between retailers and partners is carried out openly.The context of communication between retailers and partners is to discuss the price, quantity, and type of chili.The medium used by retailer merchants in communicating with partners is directly because between retailers and partners always meet in the market, so there is no need for communication tools.Then, the way the retailer coordinates with partners goes reciprocally.

Conclusions and Suggestions
To realize sustainable agriculture, chilies produced in coastal land are marketed through 3 chains, namely (a) farmermanunggal auction marketcollecting trader Iretailerend consumer; (b) farmer collecting trader IIresellerend consumer; and (c) farmercollecting trader IIIretailerend consumer.The selection of partners carried out by red chili supply chain actors in Bantul Regency mostly uses the criteria of high prices, subscriptions, trust, and easy sales as well as the performance of responsible and open partners.The contractual agreement that occurs in the red chili supply chain is an unwritten agreement with the most agreed things regarding price, quality, quantity, payment method.
The transaction system used in the red chili supply chain is an auction and scale transaction system with the most payments made, namely delayed payments with cash.The form of government support in the red chili supply chain in Bantul Regency is only available to farmers and auction markets in the form of providing infrastructure facilities obtained through farmer groups and submitting proposals.Red chili supply chain collaboration in Bantul Regency is open and reciprocal.The most discussed communication context is related to price, quality, quantity, type of chili, and stock availability of red chili with communication media via whatsapp, telephone, or directly.In making contractual agreements, it is better to use a written form of agreement to avoid fraud committed between supply chain actors that can hinder the distribution of red chili from producers to end consumers.The transaction system between chain actors should be carried out in cash so that the financial flow in the red chili supply chain runs smoothly.Government support should be developed and leveled again so that not only farmers and auction markets get support, but other actors such as traders are expected to also get similar support from the government, either in the form of providing capital or procuring infrastructure facilities that facilitate the marketing process.

Table 1 .
Criteria for partner selection by farmers in the red chili supply chain.

Table 2 .
Things agreed by farmers and partners.

Table 3 .
Farmers' red chili supply chain collaboration.