Farmers’ perception of climate change: A study in Tulung Sub-District, Indonesia

Climate change has been a huge issue. Some studies found that climate change affects many sectors, including agriculture. Meanwhile, not all farmers know that climate change exists, which might affect their agricultural activities. This study explores farmers’ perception of climate change in Tulung Sub-district, Klaten Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The primary data were obtained using a close-ended questionnaire that covers 101 farmers. The results revealed that most farmers are aware of climate change. The 99% of farmers recognize that the air temperature is becoming warmer. Furthermore, 91 respondents answered that the seasons were unpredictable, and 62 respondents had noticed a water irrigation reduction A 79.2% of farmers agreed that crop failure is caused by climate change if there is no early mitigation. Then, 52 respondents stated that the long-term use of chemical pesticides causes environmental damage.


Introduction
Global warming has become a 'global boiling' era.Heat waves experienced by several countries indicate this.The heat waves reached an increasing temperature of over 1.5 degrees Celsius, agreed upon by the world in the Paris Climate Agreement.This condition is a global issue since one of the impacts of the rising temperatures is climate change.
Climate change is a threat that can affect various aspects of life [1].One of the sectors affected by climate change is the agricultural sector [2], and it is one of the key sectors in Indonesia.This sector greatly contributes to economic growth, with a contribution value from 2018 to 2021 of 13.22% of Indonesia's GDP (including forestry and fisheries) and 9.82% without the forestry and fisheries sector.This value implies that the agricultural sector contributes the second most to economic growth in Indonesia.
Apart from contributing to economic growth, the agricultural sector contributes to labor absorption in Indonesia.According to Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the agricultural sector has the highest contribution to labor absorption from 2021 to 2022, with a contribution value of 30%, and the number of workers working in this sector is almost 41 million people.Further, the agricultural sector also contributes to a country's food security, closely related to food availability and accessibility [3], [4].Thus, climate change can cause various vulnerabilities in the agricultural sector if it is not controlled wisely. Several

Literature review
According to the United Nations and American Meteorological Society conventions, climate change is a change in the composition of the global atmosphere and natural climate variability in the form of greenhouse gases (GHG) over a certain period [5], [2].The increase in GHG concentration makes the earth's atmosphere thicker, causing the earth's heat to be trapped and increasing the earth's temperature, known as global warming.According to the UN, global warming has recently increased to global boiling.These changes are caused by human activities directly and indirectly [6], [7].
There are some studies on people's views on climate change.The perception of climate change can predict the change of activities.For example, research conducted in Central Java found that most of the younger generation were aware of climate change [8].The results of this research align with research conducted in Banyumas district regarding farmers' perceptions of climate change, where most farmers are aware of climate change, which is characterized by changes in seasons and extreme weather [1].Meanwhile, rice productivity in the Banjar district has decreased due to climate change [9].Meanwhile, in South Sulawesi, farmers agree that climate change exists.However, they are uncertain that excessive use of firewood, irrigation water and pesticides can contribute to climate change.Society also believes that climate change can impact the risk of crop losses and failure caused by higher temperatures [4], [10].
Several countries, such as Bangladesh, Latin America, Ethiopia, and Chile, studied the farmers' perceptions of climate change.Uddin, Bokelmann, and Dunn (2017) found that 88% of farmers in coastal areas of Bangladesh perceive climate change as increasing temperatures, droughts, floods, hurricanes, salinity levels, and decreasing rainfall over the last 20 years [11].Research conducted in Chile found that most farmers in four cities in central Chile were aware of climate change by observing changes in temperature and rainfall patterns over the last 24 years.62% of respondents felt that the average temperature had increased, 93% thought there had been a decrease in rainfall, and 87% stated that drought often occurred in their area [12].Observing farmers' views on climate change is important to prepare them to adapt to its negative impacts to minimize crop losses [3], [13].

Research location.
This research was conducted in Klaten Regency, which is one of the food barn areas in Central Java.To be precise, this research was conducted in the Tulung sub-district with a potential area of sustainable food agricultural land (LP2B) and Sustainable Food Agricultural Reserve (LCP2B) of 2,101 Ha of land that can be used for agriculture [14].This land area is the seventh largest in Klaten district.As one of the large agricultural areas in the Klaten district, it is important to know farmers' perceptions regarding climate change in this region.This is because farmers' perceptions regarding climate change will have an impact on the management actions taken by farmers regarding adaptation and mitigation related to climate change.

Population and sample.
The primary data was obtained from August 28th,2023, to September 4th,2023, using survey methods, interviews, and questionnaires.The population of this study are farmers who live and cultivate agricultural land in the Tulung sub-district.There are 101 respondents from across all Tulung sub-district villages.

Method and data analysis.
This research aims to describe farmers' perceptions of climate change.This study employs a quantitative descriptive method.Descriptive research aims to describe the characteristics of a phenomenon or event in a group at a certain time or its changes without exploring cause-and-effect relationships [5].
The first step of data collection was constructing a list of questions in perception analysis.Questionnaires are prepared using a close-ended question by providing certain answers to avoid discussions outside the research context.The research questions were also prepared using the Likert scale method.The Likert scale is a measurement method used to measure attitudes, opinions and perceptions of a person or group of people about social phenomena.

Result and discussion
There are 101 respondents obtained based on the data collection results from August 28th -September 4th 2023, using survey, interview and questionnaire methods.The 101 respondents have several characteristics expected to reflect the respondents' views on climate change based on gender, age, education, years of farming, and farmers' participation in farmer groups.

Respondent characteristic
The 101 respondents in this study consisted of 59 men and 42 women.Further, there are 70 respondents aged 15 to 64 years.It implies that 69.3% of the respondents in this study are in productive age.At the same time, the remaining 31 people are aged 65 years or more.Regarding educational characteristics, most respondents are elementary school graduates, which is 59 respondents.The 19 farmers are junior high school graduates.Further, there are 19 high school graduates farmers.At the same time, the remaining four farmers are bachelor's degree graduates.Education is related to people's understanding of climate change.The more people who are educated are expected to be able to understand and solve the problems that occur due to climate change.
Length of farming or farming experience is an indicator that shows how long a farmer has managed their agricultural land.The longer the experience a farmer has, the more public awareness he can have about climate change.Regarding the farming experience, the data revealed that 26 respondents have 1-10 years of farming experience, 14 people have 11 to 20 years of farming experience, 16 respondents have 21 to 30 years of farming experience, and 17 respondents have 21 to 30 years of farming experience.Meanwhile, the remaining 18 and 10 respondents had farming experience between 41 and 50 years and above 51 years.Then, 34 respondents admitted to joining farmer groups, and as many as 67 respondents did not join farmer groups.Through farmer groups, people can share information related to agricultural activities and the latest information regarding innovation in agriculture so that farmers' knowledge will be updated.With knowledge that continues to develop, it can have an impact on agricultural land management patterns that adapt to natural conditions.Farmers will be more responsive in managing agricultural land using climate change adaptation and disaster mitigation techniques to deal with climate change.

Farmer perception
Most farmers in Tulung District are concerned about climate change.This implication can be seen in Table 2, which shows that 52.5% of respondents were very anxious, and 32.7% were anxious.The remaining 14.9% of respondents felt normal, not anxious or not at all anxious.Respondents' lack of anxiety is generally based on surrendering fully to their God.
Based on the survey results, 98% or 99 respondents recognize that there has been a significant change in air temperature compared to the last 20 years.As many as 91.1% of respondents also agreed that, currently, the season is unpredictable.Farmers currently find it difficult to determine when the rainy and dry seasons are a basis for choosing suitable plants for their agriculture.In terms of the availability of water for irrigation, 62 respondents or 61.4%, agreed that the water availability for irrigation of rice fields from natural water sources has significantly decreased.Therefore, farmers have initiated making wells for their agricultural waters.This drive was done to Prevent crop failure due to the lack of water.
Regarding climate change's impact on agriculture, 79.2% of farmers strongly agree that climate change can cause crop failure if farmers do not try to prevent it early.Therefore, innovation is necessary to prevent climate change's negative impact on agriculture.
Apart from water availability, one of the problems in the agricultural sector is pests, which can attack agriculture at any time.Thus, if this can not be controlled, it will cause crop failure.However, chemical pesticides as pest repellents have gained pros and cons regarding their damage to agricultural land.Based on the survey results, it was found that 11 respondents strongly agreed that the use of chemical pesticides could cause environmental damage, 41 respondents said they agreed.In comparison, 33 respondents said they were still unsure, and the remaining 12 respondents disagreed, while 4 others strongly disagreed.Farmers' awareness of climate change and environmental damage in the agricultural sector will make farmers strive to continue their agricultural activities and not experience crop failure [7].Farmers aware of climate change will adapt and mitigate climate change in the agricultural sector.The government is also trying to provide early warning and handling of the impacts of climate change through the regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39/Permentan/HM.130/2018concerning early warning systems and handling of the impacts of climate change in the agricultural sector.
Meanwhile, farmers can use at least two strategies to deal with climate change: adaptation and mitigation.Agricultural adaptation strategies include adjusting the planting patterns timing, using superior varieties resistant to drought, submergence, and salinity, and applying rain harvesting and irrigation technology.Farmers can also implement climate change mitigation strategies in agricultural land management, including using low-emission plant varieties, fertilizers, and intermittent irrigation [15].The farmers' ability to implement climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies determines the level of farmers' resilience when facing adverse conditions that impact the agricultural sector's sustainability.
Education about climate change and the resulting impacts as well as the implementation of adaptation and mitigation in the agricultural sector are important to prevent undesirable negative impacts in the agricultural sector.Farmers who have a deep understanding of climate change and its impact on the agricultural sector will certainly try to implement appropriate strategies, both through adaptation and mitigation strategies in dealing with climate change.Farmers' efforts to prevent the negative impacts caused by climate change will have an impact on sustainable food security.

Conclusions and suggestions
The results conclude that most farmers in Tulung District are aware and are worried about climate change.The 99% of farmers also recognize that the air temperature is now hotter.A total of 91 respondents stated that the seasons were unpredictable, and 62 respondents felt that there had been a reduction in water coming from sources for agricultural irrigation.In terms of the impact of climate change on agriculture, 79.2% of respondents agreed that climate change causes crop failure if there is no early mitigation.52 respondents agreed that excessive and long-term use of chemical pesticides causes environmental damage.
Most farmers in the Tulung sub-district are aware of and worried about climate change.Therefore, the government can provide education and assistance regarding innovation and mitigation in the agricultural sector through related agencies such as the Environmental Service and the Agriculture Service.Thus, it remains sustainable to deal with climate change.The agricultural sector is important for a country's food security.
previous studies have discussed climate change mitigation in the agricultural sector.However, only a few studies have discussed how farmers perceive climate change.Because their perceptions about climate change are important in implementing policies related to climate change in 1302 (2024) 012140 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1302/1/012140 2 the agricultural sector, this current research aims to determine farmers' perceptions of climate change in the Tulung Sub-district.

Table 2a .
Farmers' perception of climate change.

Table 2b .
Farmers' perception of climate change.