The role of stakeholder in community based tourism (cbt)-based tourist village in Gentungan Village, Gondangrejo Sub District, Karanganyar Regency

Tourism sector plays a very important role in the community’s economic development. The important aspects in a successful tourist village development are, among others, public participation and collaboration between stakeholders. The sustainability of tourist village needs strategy. This research aims: 1) to describe the condition of Embung Setumpeng tourist object; 2) to analyze the role of stakeholders in managing Embung Setumpeng tourist object; and 3) to formulate the strategy of developing Embung Setumpeng tourist object. This research used a qualitative method with case study approach. This research was carried out in Gentungan Village, Gondangrejo Sub District, Karanganyar Regency. The methods of collecting data used were documentation, observation, and interview. The informants of research included initiators and activists of tourist village, administrators of Tourism-Conscious group (Pokdarwis), administrators of Apem, visitor and sellers. The result shows that: 1) Embung Setumpeng tourist object affects the people and the environment positively but the number of tourists visiting this object decreased due to Covid-19 pandemic 2) the development of Embung Setumpeng needs the roles of community, government, and private; and 3) strategy in developing tourist village includes the improvement of facilities in Embung Setumpeng tourist object, of Pokdarwis members’ capacity, promotion and social network.


Introduction
Gentungan Village is one of villages located in the slope of Mount Lawu, exactly in Mojogedang Sub District, Karanganyar Regency.The Karanganyar Regency's Central Bureau of Statistics mentions that Gentungan Village has totally 298.97 hectare-wide area with 110 hectare-wide farmland.The population of Gentungan Village consists of 5,762 people [1].Majority of Gentungan villagers live as farmers (18.19%) and farm worker (52.8%).Gentungan belongs to the village being the initiator of organic farming in Mojogedang Sub District and Karanganyar Regency.Organic farming avoids the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers [2].People use self-produced organic fertilizers and organic integrated pest management [3] to produce more nutrient-rich food products [4].The potency of Gentungan Village in agricultural sector lies on its ability of producing organic rice including white rice, red rice, and black rice.Organic fertilizer management byutilizing manure [5] which can improve soil fertility [6].
Gentungan Village, in addition to having potency in agricultural sector also has appeal in tourism sector.Tourism sector develops very rapidly in rural areas with the attraction of village life, including 2 art, culture [7] and village heritage [8] that fascinates tourists.It is important to increase activities in the village tourism sector [9] by contributing to the improved economy [10] and the created job opportunities [11].
The development of tourism sector in rural area is conducted by establishing tourist village.Tourism village is a region constituting rural environment with local wisdom-based tourist attraction, preserving values in the form of custom [12], culture, and natural wealth with rural typical uniqueness and originality.The attempt to encourage changes in economic, cultural, and social aspects is the creation of tourism villages as a form of developing villages [13] in planned manner, needing local public participation.The tourist object in Gentungan village is, among others, Embung Setumpeng, constructed on the grant of the Ministry of Village, development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration in 2018.The basic function of Embung Setumpeng is to water the organic farm land surrounding and to be the irrigation channel up to Sragen Regency.The management of Embung Setumpeng by local community, in addition to functioning as farming irrigation, also starts to be developed for tourism purpose.The management of Embung Setumpeng tourist object is conducted by Tourism-Conscious Group (Indonesian: Kelompok Sadar Wisata, thereafter called Pokdarwis).
Sustainable tourism village development integrates agriculture and village culture [14] such as in Gentungan Village through Embung Setumpeng tourist object is conducted using community based tourism.The community based tourism-based tourism development positions the community to be the main actor through community empowerment [15] in a variety of tourism activities so that tourism can benefit the community as much as possible [16].Community Based Tourism (CBT) is a strategy of coping with the challenge of tourist village development to achieve the sustainable management of tourist village [17].The implementation of Community Based Tourism (CBT) includes the principles in social, economic, culture, environment, and political fields [18].
Innovation development [19] with a community empowerment approach [20] that increases the capacity of knowledge and skills [21] is able to increase the participation [22] of various stakeholders to encourage the success of tourism destinations [23].Each of stakeholders plays their own role to form cooperation [24] in achieving mutually agreed goals [25].Cooperation is created on the basis of trust [26] and commitment [27].Each of stakeholders plays their own role.Economically, rural tourism can be the source of income to rural populations [28].In social aspect, it can be strengthening social capital [29] with improving the value of togetherness among community members to promote village through tourist village development.
In addition to being beneficial, tourism village development also face many challenges and constraints from either internal or external environment.Unexpected incidence like Covid-19 pandemic affects significantly each aspect of community life, including tourism sector [30] that are heavily impacted [31].Many tourists canceled their tour traveling because they were afraid of being infected with Covid-19 [32], so that the restriction of interaction between community members led to the decreased number of tourist and affected the community economy [33].This condition was also encountered by Gentungan Village people, particularly in Embung Setumpeng tourist destination.The Covid-19 pandemic made Embung Setumpeng not operating and many stalls around the tourist object closed later.Covid-19 pandemic was a critical and big transition period for the community, particularly tourism sector; therefore some reflection is needed on the role and future of rural tourism sector [34].
The development of Embung Setumpeng tourist village needs a strategy to maintain the tourism sustainability.The strategy used needs the role of stakeholders to optimize the potencies (opportunities) existing and to deal with the threats.Therefore, the objectives of research are: 1) to describe the condition of Embung Setumpeng tourist object in Gentungan Village; 2) to analyze the role of stakeholders in managing the Embung Setumpeng tourist object in Gentungan Village; 3) to formulate the strategy of developing Embung Setumpeng tourist object in Gentungan Village.

Methodology
The method used in this research was descriptive analytical qualitative one, with survey technique.The research was conducted from July to August 2023.The research took place in Gentungan Village, Mojogedang Sub District, Karanganyar Regency because this village is the pioneer of organic farming and the tourist village in Karanganyar Regency, where Embung Setumpeng is located as a tourist destination.The methods of collecting data used were documentation, observation, and interview.In this research, Mr. Hasyim Asyhari served as the key informant constituting the pioneer and activists of tourist village.Other informants were administrators of Pokdarwis, administrators of Apem (Association of Sellers in Embung Setumpeng), visitors and sellers surrounding.Data analysis was conducted using interactive inductive logic model encompassing data collection and informant, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing from the result of verification [35].The approach taken was phenomenological approach.In phenomenology, any statement of an individual is the product of attitude and belief in interpreting his own world [36].

Results and discussion
Gentungan Village, Mojogedang Sub District, Karanganyar Regency has potencies that can be featured in developing the potency of tourist village.It is explained further as follows:

The condition of Embung Setumpeng tourist object in Gentungan Village
Rural tourism is prioritized specifically in the national sustainable development strategy particularly in developing countries, the majority populations of which live in rural areas.Sustainable tourism can improve the state's identity entirely as it is closely related to the local people's life, cultural celebration, cultural heritage and natural tourism in rural areas [37].Tourist village is a form of the implementation of sustainable tourism-based community empowerment.A tourist village is a combination of performances, supporting facilities, and infrastructure organized in such a way that is consistent with the customs and practices of the local community [38].Tourist village is a form of tourism development sustainable ecologically, feasible economically, just ethically and socially that empowers the community to be involved in optimizing its regional potency [39].
One of tourist villages developed in Karanganyar Regency, exactly in Gentungan Village, Mojogedang Sub District, Embung Setumpeng.Embung Setumpeng has been constructed in 2018 on the grant of the Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged regions, and transmigration.The name Embung Setumpeng derived from the history of river existing in Embung Setumpeng called Setumpeng River.In the location around Embung Setumpeng, there is an organic paddy farming land developed by Gentungan farmers for more than 10 years.The main function of the Embung or smallscale reservoir is for irrigation of agricultural land [40] and to be the tourist object starting to be developed by the community in rural area.Embung Setumpeng has a water tourist object providing such facilities as swimming pool, boat vehicle, farmhouse as the site of organic farming education, the site to take picture (photograph) with background of beautiful farmland, completed with gazebos and culinary products made by surrounding people.In addition, Embung Setumpeng is often made a public festival location, e.g. during the celebration of organic paddy harvest period and the commemoration of farmer day in collaboration with higher education institution.The organic farming education activity was carried out in the farmhouse by introducing the organic farming cultivation process such as the production of organic fertilizer utilizing manure wastes.
The challenge of sustainable tourism development is to find a model or an approach to improve the community's social welfare using natural resource wisely to protect environment by considering the resource reserve available for the future need [41].The attempt of dealing with tourism development needs public participation to preserve environment and to improve social development.It can also be done in the development of Tourist Village in Gentungan using Community Based Tourism (CBT) concept through tourist destination management by Villagers Group [42].The management of Tourist Village in Gentungan Village was implemented by Tourism-Conscious Group (Pokdarwis).The establishment of Pokdarwis is intended to equate collective vision and mission of all community members in the management of Embung Setumpeng.
The development of Embung Setumpeng benefits both local people and outsiders like students to be a learning media.Tourist village is intended to improve the community's economy toward the economic independence [43].The impact of Embung Setumpeng development in Gentungan Village is explained further in Table 1.As an educating media for learning organic farming 4. Environmental Village environment is organized and managed better, the presence of some facilities to process manures into organic fertilizer 5. Cultural As a means of community association in cultural activities such as great harvest festival, farm day, and etc The development of tourist village in Gentungan Village faces some constraints and challenges.One of them is Covid-19 pandemic incidence leading to the decreased number of tourists visiting Embung Setumpeng.In the presence Covid-19 incidence, 2020 becomes a great transition year in all aspects of human life, including tourism sector [34].The restriction of interaction between community members made many tourist destinations closed and this impacted the community's economy.Tourism is expected to have tourist destination that can muffle pandemic shock and keep operating to survive without reducing activities and govern the tourism stream [32].Covid-19 pandemic as the sudden incidence is unpredictable and unexpected; a strong reactive ability is required to plan again the sustainability of tourism development in the future.Therefore, Gentungan villagers are currently attempting to revive themselves in developing Embung Setumpeng tourist object.Many attempts have been taken: facility repairing, routine treatment and cleaning-up, new facility development, and collaboration with various stakeholders.

The role of stakeholders in managing Embung Setumpeng tourist object in Gentungan Village
Indonesian territory consists of 74,954 villages and there are currently 1,902 villages developed into tourist object [44].The potencies of either natural-or cultural-nuanced tourist attractions can be found in rural areas, in line with Indonesian people, majority of which reside in rural areas.Therefore, many potencies of tourist object should be developed to benefit the people as much as possible [45].Tourism sector is now developing more rapidly and the successful management of rural tourism can affect positively regional people, economy, and development direction [46].The attempt of realizing the tourist village that can benefit the people and the region requires the role of all stakeholders [44].The key to successful tourist village lies on its process in the presence of local participation, public participation, and tourism planning for the community [47].
The management of Community Based Tourism-based Embung Setumpeng tourist village in practice emphasizes the organization of people's economy; that is, the activities conducted by the community and its benefit can be enjoyed by the community itself.Community-based tourism is a participatory process with each local community will work together to manage it.Collaboration will encourage the success of tourism villages [48] by fostering the value of mutual cooperation and trust between fellow communities [49].The management of Embung Setumpeng tourist object is undertaken by Embung Setumpeng Tourism-Conscious Group (Pokdarwis Embung Setumpeng) consisting of 36 persons.Pokdarwis establishes partnership in funding the development of tourist village with external parties such as BRI (Bank of Indonesian People) and Pupuk Kaltim.Pokdarwis Embung Setumpeng also establishes partnership with higher education institutions, one of which is Universitas Sebelas Maret (Sebelas Maret University), exactly the Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication with the program of Freedom to Learn-Independent Campus and the platform of community empowerment, Kans.id.
Pokdarwis Embung Setumpeng was established in 2018 on the initiative of local people in empowering the village.The membership of Pokdarwis is open in nature, in which anyone wanting to contribute to can join it.The management of tourist village in Gentungan Village also involves the participation of government and financial institution through CSR program.Pokdarwis received fund from Karanganyar Regency's Government in 2019 that was used to arrange the embung area including slope (talut) and road pavement.Fund grant was also provided through Corporate Social Responsibility program held by Indonesian People's Bank (Bank Rakyat Indonesia or BRI) used to provide gazebo and mini boat as a means of recreation.Pokdarwis also received fund grant from Village Government utilized in constructing swimming pool for kids..It indicates that there is a synergy between government, private, and community in tourist village development in Gentungan Village.The engagement of government, private, and community in developing tourist destinations will improve public participation [18].The support from the government and the higher education institution will encourage the successful development of Embung Setumpen tourist object in Gentungan Village.Successful tourism villages will improve village and regional economies and thus contribute to the improvement of the national economy [13].The role of stakeholders in the development of Embung Setumpeng is explained in Table 2.

Strategy of developing Embung Setumpeng tourist object in Gentungan Village
The commitment of tourism development should be followed with the commitment to fulfill the aspects of development including infrastructure, facilities, tourist convenience, etc. [50].To maintain the sustainability of Embung Setumpeng tourist object in Gentungan village, some strategies are required.The strategies of developing Embung Setumpeng tourist object are, among others:

Improving facilities of Embung Setumpeng tourist object
Tourism villages are developed by local people who are conscious of tourism (Pokdarwis) to improve the local community's economy.Therefore, tourist village should be developed along with attractions that follow the development of the tourism model [51].Tourists' satisfaction and intention to revisit the tourist village are also important components to the sustainability of tourism activities [52].The strategies that can be taken in the development of Embung Setumpeng tourist object post-Covid-19 pandemic are to improve and to construct new facilities in the Embung Setumpeng tourist object area.
The maintenance and the cleaning of Embung Setumpeng tourist destination location is conducted routinely weekly.The construction of new facilities has begun, including increasing the number of gazebos, toilets, mini restaurant, garden, fish pond, etc.

Improving the capacity of Pokdarwis members
Community serves not only as the goal but also as the implementer and actor of tourism activity.
Community is an integral part of tourism product characterized with local culture.Public participation in the development of tourist village is affected by social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors.
The benefits that local communities derive from tourism development will determine their level of willingness to be involved [53].An appropriate strategy to maintain the spirit of public participation in the development of tourist village is through human resource support.This strategy can be taken by improving human resource capacity and productivity economically.Thus, the positive effect of tourist village development can be felt directly by the local villagers [54].Some activities have been held by higher education institution as the form of care and service to the community: socialization and training for Gentungan Villagers, particularly the members of Pokdarwis.This activity is intended to improve the knowledge and skill of Pokdarwis members in developing tourist village according to time development.

Improving the promotion of Embung Setumpeng tourist object
The important attempt taken to develop tourist village, is among others, to promote tourism [55] by following time development through technology application such as the use of digital tourism concept [51].This strategy is applied by developed tourist villages along with the attempt of improve service quality by fulfilling the desires of tourists who need accurate information and fast service [56].Tourism village management will become more effective and efficient with the use of digitalization, which helps optimize the automation of labor, internal and external service processes, and cost efficiency.Digital transformation needs to be carried out simultaneously with technological advances and human resource capabilities [13] and should be analyzed based on the previous experience with technology application [57].The introduction of technology use in the development of tourism sector in Embung Setumpeng tourist object in Gentungan tourist village was conducted to promote the tourism sector.Tourism promotion on social media will make it easier for tour managers to introduce their tourist attraction quickly and easily to many people.

Improving social network with many stakeholders
Successful tourism village development requires strong cooperation between the parties involved.An attempt that can be taken in the community empowerment-based tourist village development is to establish partnership between stakeholders that support the operation of tourist village, e.g. higher education institution [55].Non-government organization (NGO) can also be the partner in the collaborative management of tourism region [58].The strategy to be taken is to establish partnership actively with many stakeholders to support the sustainability of Embung Setumpeng tourist village.The established social network between community, government, higher education institution and nongovernment organization will be able to encourage the successful development of tourist village.Synergy may include supports such as capital grant, supporting facilities, promotion access, and support in the form of community capacity development through trainings held in tourism sector.

Conclusions
Considering the explanation above, it can be concluded in this research that the development of tourist village in Gentungan Village, Mojogedang Sub District, Karanganyar Regency, through Embung Setumpeng tourist object based on the community-based tourism can affect the people and the region positively, but the COVID-19 pandemic creates a challenge as fewer people travel for tourism.Thus, the role stakeholders (community, government, and private) is required to support the successful development of tourist village, involving fund support and training.In addition, some other strategies can be taken: improving the facilities of Embung Setumpeng tourist object, improving the capacity of Pokdarwis members, improving the attempt to promote the Embung Setumpeng tourist object and improving social network with many stakeholders.

Table 1 .
The impact of Embung Setumpeng tourist village development in Gentungan Village

Table 2 .
The role of stakeholders in developing Embung Setumpeng tourist object