The role of village owned enterprises in the development and sustainability of the agrotourism sector (A case study of agrotourism in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java)

Playing an important role in lifting the agricultural sector, agrotourism increases farmers’ income. Group involvement is required in this activity, particularly in its management such as Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). This study aims to determine the role of BUMDes in the development of agrotourism in Karanganyar Regency. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method by describing, explaining and answering in detail the problem to be studied. Ngargoyoso District was chosen deliberately as the research location because this district is an agrotourism center in Karanganyar Regency. Data collection was conducted through FGD, direct interviews as well as documentation and field observations. This study found that BUMDes have not played its role optimally in the development of agrotourism, because most of the agrotourism are privately owned. BUMDes strives to offer the concept of professional management but is still constrained by community trust. The village government provides support by providing funding assistance in the licensing process. The maintenance of tourist environment is an effort taken by community and tourism managers to maintain the cleanliness and comfort of tourist areas so that the community can carry out economic activities continuously and tourism sustainability can be achieved.


Introduction
Natural tourism is currently one of the most popular tours among tourists.Karanganyar Regency, especially Ngargoyoso District, located on the slopes of Mount Lawu, has a variety of charms and natural beauty can be enjoyed.The beauty of Mount Lawu reflected on the beauty of tourist objects in Ngargoyoso makes Ngargoyoso District one of areas very popular to tourists.Tourism can potentially be an impetus of economic growth and is a central sector in the macroeconomy [1].The development of potential local tourism can improve the welfare of its people.Not only the management but also the people living surrounding implement the process of developing tourist attraction [2].The development agrotourism also can provide additional benefits, especially in the rural sector, and prevent the rural people from migrating to cities and retain the younger generation in rural areas [3].Agrotourism can be a means of improving the people's economy.
In an area constituting the part of tourism, the development of agrotourism village can contribute to achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) through facilitating local-level development.The interrelationship between sustainable development and rural tourism are reflected on the three interrelated concepts: sustainable growth, rural development, and tourism development [4].At the rural level, the development of agrotourism sector can affect the farmers and all rural communities significantly.Agrotourism in a rural are also can affect economic, social, educational, and environmental fields.Agrotourism can get profit through aligning the income generated from agriculture with the income generated from tourism, by developing educational and recreational activities attractive to many groups such as families, students, students of nature and the environment, etc [5].In agrotourism development in a rural area, the existence of a tourist destination in an area is inseparable from the role of the community, Village Government, tourism managers, visitors, and even BUMDes.
Considering the Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning villages, Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are business entities, the entire or most capital of which is owned by the village through direct participation deriving from separated village wealth to manage assets, services, services, and other businesses for the maximum welfare of the village community.BUMDes are business entities created by village government along with community in accordance with agreements established in the villagers and local characteristics, resources, and potentials of individual villages [6].BUMDes in an area can serve as a forum and a means of improving local economy in a region.Village-Owned Enterprises is established to encourage local economic development at village level [7].Local economic development builds on village' and villagers' characteristics, needs, potentials, capacities, and capitals.
If utilized optimally, Village-owned enterprises (BUMDes) will benefit very much.In the presence of Village-Owned Enterprises, the village's original income and the involvement of people can increase.In managing BUMDes, the management should implement four stages: planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating [8].In relation to agrotourism, the procedure of BUMDes management should be carried out collectively by agrotourism managers, village governments, and communities so that all potentials of the village can be explored optimally, and an agreement can be achieved.Through agrotourism development resources, local wisdom and technology can be preserved, and the income of farmers or communities around agrotourism can be increased [9].The development of agrotourism, particularly in the form of tourist objects established in Ngargoyoso District widely known by local to domestic communities, surely engages the role of various parties, one of which is BUMDes.This study aims to determine the role of BUMDes in the development of agrotourism in Ngargoyoso District.

Material and method
This study is research conducted to find out the role played by Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in agrotourism development in Ngargoyoso District.The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method.Descriptive qualitative method describes, explains, and answers in detail the problems studied by studying an event as much as possible [10].In this study, data were collected using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) through engaging stakeholders in several villages in Ngargoyoso District, direct interviews, documentation, and field observation.Some indicators were considered in this study: the existence of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), destinations and attractions, facilities and marketing, the potential for partnerships, people's enthusiasm, and availability of public facilities.At that time, tourist villages also build on the principle of concern with environmental characteristics, having a positive impact on the territory, materials suitable for the local environment, environmentfriendly materials and engaging local people in the process of developing tourist villages.Data sources used in this study derived from books, scientific journals, proceedings, and other documents relevant to the topic of tourist village development.Data originating from informant collected using interview method were transcribed and then processed.Data processing, data coding, and data analysis were conducted with NVIVO software.

Results and discussion
Located on the slopes of of Mount Lawu, Ngargoyoso District is one of sub districts providing a wide range of interesting tourist attractions to spoil the tourists.Natural views featuring Mount Lawu as a background in various tourist destinations attract the tourists very much.Cool air and rural atmosphere feeling thick can pamper all senses of tourists visiting.In other words, water, land, and air can be tourist attractions in Ngargoyoso District.There are some types of water tourism in Ngargoyoso District: 3 tubing, waterfalls, and lakes.Some types of land tourism are also available: tea garden agrotourism, guava agrotourism, durian village agrotourism, cut flower agrotourism, Sukuh Temple cultural heritage, and botanical forest park, while paragliding is the existing air tourism.This study conducted an assessment on the role of BUMDes in the development of agrotourism, especially in Jatirejo Village, Kemuning Village, and Berjo Village.

BUMDes in Agrotourism Development: A Case Study of Jatirejo Village.
One of villages with some advantages in the field of agrotourism in Ngargoyoso District is Jatirejo.Various commodities such as guava and durian packaged in agrotourism are offered in Jatirejo Village as its main attraction.An activity, utilizing business potential, where the business in question combines agriculture and tourism activities where visitors can enjoy existing tourism while also learning about agriculture, is called agrotourism [11].The presence of agrotourism in Jatirejo Village has an impact on the environment through contributing to motivating the people in Jatirejo Village to help protect their environment in the attempt of creating a comfortable atmosphere along the area towards agrotourism.The presence of the community's spirit in forming a comfortable environment can result in a sustainable existence of agrotourism as it also has an impact on the popularity of region and the local comunity's economy.Another agrotourism well-known to wider community in Jatirejo Village is Jambu and Durian Village agrotourism, as shown with the diversity of tourists coming to the village.Tourism development in Jatirejo Village is currently conducted by individuals in collaboration with local farmers.The potential natural resources existing encouraged the people to develop agrotourism.Without the quality human resources, abundant natural resources will result in inequal welfare improvement [12].Particularly, socialization is often conducted by the owners of guava agrotourism in Jatirejo Village to educate the fellow farmers about how to cultivate guava plants.The development of agrotourism activities will grow positive perception among farmers and community on the importance of preserving agricultural land resources, directly or indirectly [13].Jambu Puja Agrotourism (Putera Jambu) is one of the famous Jambu Agrotourism.Puja agrotourism is one of the agrotourism belonging to individuals in Jatirejo Village, but it is very well known to a wide range of tourists, as shown with the diversity of existing trips and tourists coming from various regions.A variety of tour packages are offered by Puja Agrotourism to tourists: edutourism ranging from cultivation to plant product processing, outing classes, outbound, restaurants / pavilions, and meeting rooms, enabling the tourists to choose the package they want.
Another agrotourism located in Jatirejo Village in Durian Manduk Agrotourism Village is located, exactly in Manduk Hamlet.It is an agrotourism apart from guava agrotourism.Durian Manduk Agrotourism Village is a seasonal agrotourism.Therefore, tourists will come to this destination during durian season.Durian fruit sold by local people along the road during durian season is the main object of Durian Manduk Agrotourism Village.Various types of durian are planted in the Durian Manduk Village Area, with musang king being on the rise and with a relatively high selling price.
Jati Makmur BUMDes is a Jatirejo Village's BUMDes located under the Jatirejo Village Office.BUMDes can be defined as both social and commercial institutions; as a social institution, BUMDes favors the people's interests through its contribution to providing services, while as a commercial institution BUMDes offers local resources to the market to get profit [14].Jati Makmur BUMDes have not played role optimally in developing agrotourism in Jatirejo Village.Communication and socialization are important to do by BUMDes [15].BUMDes has not made promotions yet regarding tourism objects in Jatirejo Village, but mass media and existing communities talking about the objects make them well-known.The process of developing agrotourism in Jatirejo Village started with developing the yards of individual Jatirejo Village residents.The management of yard development can start with plant cultivation or planting (on farms) and processing agricultural products including culinary products and souvenirs of tourists [16].New Jati Makmur BUMDes plans the construction and development of tourist destinations such as a reservoir located in the west of Jatirejo Village and the part of the reservoir located in Gondang Village.Located in one road, Jambu Agrotourism, Durian Manduk Village Agrotourism, and Reservoir Tourism are potential tourism objects if developed properly.

Limiting the Role of BUMDes: A Case Study of Kemuning Village.
Kemuning Village is the one located in Ngargoyoso District, the main attractions of which are very diverse tourist destinations such as tea garden agrotourism, paragliding, and various types of tubing tours.Tea plants and Mount Lawu composing a beautiful background make this village much in demand by tourists.Air temperature and strategic location of Kemuning Village crossed by the main road and close to various tourist attractions make it attractive to tourists.Attractiveness is one of basic assets a tourist object must have in the attempt of improving and developing Tourism Objects and Attractions [17].A tourist object's attractiveness allows the sustainability of tourist object itself.
There is a Tea Plantation belonging to PT Rumpun Sari in Kemuning Village.In the presence of tea gardens in Kemuning, the Villagers can build agrotourism as Bukit Bintang, Jimber Atsiri Indonesia, Taman Bintang, Sky Hills Sumilir Valley and various types of tubing tours utilizing river flows.To improve their economy, Kemuning villagers utilize agrotourism by optimizing local potential.Agrotourism in Kemuning Village is dominated by photo spots in tea plantations belonging to PT Rumpun Sari.Agrotourism in Kemuning Village is developed by individuals and in collaboration with communities.Community engagement in agrotourism management as both souvenir sellers and agrotourism managers needs to be implemented to maintain the existence of its tourism objects.In agrotourism model, community is an important component needing to be involved in every development process [18].Community engagement in agrotourism development enables it to develop rapidly.Agrotourism in Kemuning Village is promoted through social media such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube and through communities.
The government of Kemuning Village is also present in assisting and supporting tourism actors in the Village.The government plays a role in tourism development in the process of assisting tourism promotion and regulating business competition and human resource development [19].In Kemuning Village, there is a BUMDes created as mandated by the local government.The Village Government creates an institution called BUMDes to partially manage, supervise and accommodate all components of village-owned businesses to improve the welfare of villagers [20].BUMDes in Kemuning Village has not played a role yet in developing tourism as well as agrotourism in Kemuning Village.The inadequate engagement of BUMDes in Kemuning Village is motivated by the village's goal, to increase the people's income rather than the village's income.Thus, in this case, village community and village government are collaborating without any revenue sharing with BUMDes.BUMDes can perform various planning and management according to the existing potential to encourage the people as the main actor of agrotourism management.To support agrotourism management, BUMDes in a region can carry out funding and regulatory arrangements [21].The existence of a regulation can result in an ordered peaceful agrotourism management.
The development of agrotourism in Kemuning Village results in concern about environmental conditions in the village among the local people.In addition to norms, Kemuning Villagers always maintain cleanliness and comfort of tourism environment.Kemuning Villagers perceive the positive impact of tourist destination development particularly on economic sector.The harmony between the local community and tourism managers can bring a sustainable tourism village into reality.

Berjo Village Agrotourism Development: The Role of BUMDes
Berjo Village is in the southernmost part of Ngargoyoso District.The main potential of tourism in Berjo Village lies on natural tourism involving water.The main destinations very popular to tourist in Berjo Village are Jumog Waterfall and Telaga Madirda.Special attraction can be obtained from the natural beauty coming from waterfalls and lakes then developed into various tours.BUMDes in Berjo Village plays a role in the existing tourism development process such as the provision of facilities.Along with Berjo Villagers, BUMDes in Berjo Village manages tourist destinations such as Grojogan Jumog (Jumog Waterfall) and Telaga Madirda (Madirda Lake).Berjo Villagers contribute to the development of tourism in the Village, through donating part of their land for constructing the road to Jumog Waterfall.To provide facilities in tourist destinations, BUMDes of Berjo Village built some booths for people to sell their wares.
In managing tourist destinations such as Jumog Waterfall and Telaga Madirda, BUMDes of Berjo Village involves the role of surrounding people (community).The development keeps running, particularly in providing transportation facilities.BUMDes of Berjo Village uses various existing media such as Instagram, youtube, facebook, and tiktok to promote the tourism destinations it is managing.Promotional activities are essential to encourage the development of tourist destination [22].
Social media use affects very significantly the development of tourism in Berjo Village.Following the promotional activities, visitors from various regions will come to the village.Promotional activities are performed through posting content informing old and new tourist destinations.
Considering the queue of the local community jointly maintaining tourist areas and existing traditions, the sustainability of tourism can be achieved in Berjo Village.Managers of tourist destinations in Berjo Village keep observing and following the development of tourist destinations in various regions through Internet media to help develop the tourist destination they manage.The harmony of people participating in maintaining the cleanliness and comfort of tourist areas and good management implemented by tour managers can result in a sustainable tourism.Economic development can be seen from the existence of well-managed tourist destinations.People get jobs and therefore economic improvement can be achieved.
The agrotourism in Berjo Village consists of Cut Flower and Strawberry Picking Agrotourism.Both agrotourism are privately owned and BUMDes have not played a role yet in their development process.The agrotourism has not developed optimally yet in Berjo Village, as shown with few visitors coming to Telaga Madirda tourist destination.The establishment of BUMDes according to local potential is required to boost the existing potential so that it can be developed [23].Agrotourism in an area can be developed optimally by utilizing the existing potential.The condition of Berjo Village with cool climate and a very well-known and iconic tourist destination should be able to boost existing agrotourism.In this case, BUMDes of Berjo Village has not developed optimally the existing agrotourism.It is indicated with the less optimal development performed by the BUMDes of Berjo Village to agrotourism in the Village.

Conclusion
Considering the result of research, there are 2 role models of BUMDes in the development of agrotourism in Ngargoyoso District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java.Firstly, BUMDes plays a significant role in the development of agrotourism.This role arises from BUMDes attempts of participating in developing tourist spots and destinations with a system of supporting existing tourism and supporting the increase in BUMDes capital.This model is found in agrotourism in Berjo Village and Jatirejo Village.Secondly, BUMDes has not played a role in developing agrotourism.It is because village government and agrotourism managers agreed that BUMDes should not take part in managing agrotourism businesses.Agrotourism is managed to maximize the benefits of individuals and community groups rather than the benefit of villages.The government is represented through the existence of BUMDes taking part in agrotourism businesses.The sustainability of tourist destinations can be seen from the improved economy of surrounding people, with the availability of job opportunities having a positive impact on the existence of existing tourist destinations.