The use of cabbage compost and indigenous microorganism for cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Cabbage, a widely cultivated cruciferous vegetable, generates substantial waste material during its harvest and processing. This study was conducted to analyse the effectiveness of three decomposer types and their concentration to break down cabbage waste compost on the cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The research employed randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the cabbage waste compost amount: 20 g, 30 g, and 40 g per plant. The second factor was type of compost decomposers: without decomposers, EM4, Thiobacillus sp., and indigenous microorganism. Variables observed included leaf length, number of leafs, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, and root length. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test. There was no interaction between the decomposer and the amount of cabbage waste compost on all parameters. The type of cabbage waste compost decomposer had a very significant effect on the number of leaves and root length. The amount of cabbage waste compost did not significantly affect all parameters. Indigenous microorganism (IMO) decomposer resulted in the number of leaf 14.36 and leaf length of 5.79 cm.


Introduction
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one type of horticultural plant from the composite family [1].A significant number of phytochemicals are typical of lettuce traits, including vitamins, carotenoids, antioxidants, and other phytonutrients [2].The period of growth to harvest of lettuce takes only 30 days.The suitable climate for lettuce development in Indonesia is at an altitude of 600-1,200 m above sea level, air temperature 15-25 °C, and rainfall ranges from 1,000-1,500 mm/year [3].
Nowadays, most farmers in Indonesia have depended on inorganic fertilizers to meet nutrients in lettuce cultivation.The continuous use of inorganic fertilizers has a negative effect.The impact is to reduce organic matter, soil is prone to erosion, soil permeability decreases, and the number of soil microorganisms decreases [4].The elements contained in this inorganic fertilizer will accumulate in the soil and damage the composition and fertility of the soil.Therefore, the use of organic fertilizers is an alternative that needs to be done to get a balanced fertilization.
Compost is an organic fertilizer resulting from the decomposition process of organic matter.Compost can be used to improve soil properties, overcome nutrient deficiencies, and provide nutrients for plants.Massive of environment degradation as well as the intensive climate change phenomenon, organic supplement offers an alternative manner to provide sustainable and adaptive agriculture [5].1302 (2024) 012120 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1302/1/012120 2 Compost as an organic amendment might add mineral nutrient uptake, soil organic matter content, soil aggregation, water holding capacity [6], chelate sodium by virtue of their carboxylic sites [7], and improve plant growth when combined with the beneficial organism [8].
Among natural agriculture products with beneficial impact on soil and crop plants are effective microorganism (EM) and indigenous microorganism (IMO).The difference between those microorganisms is EM has three main families of over 80 different species [9] and IMO is dominated by Lactobacillus and once in a while Rhizobium with a few other species [10].Indigenous microorganisms or IMO are cellulosic microorganisms capable to decompose cellulase activities.Indigenous microorganism plays in composting process.IMO is able to break down cellulose using a variety of enzymes found in plant waste material to decompose into glucose [11].IMO are microorganisms adapted to their life environmental conditions.IMO has capability to decompose organic materials in their habitat effectively [12].IMO can be found easily on the roots of bamboo plants.
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the amount and the suitable compost decomposer of cabbage waste material.It is expected that the amount of compost of cabbage waste of 30 g per plant and the type of compost decomposer indigenous microorganisms (IMO) would produce the best growth and yield on lettuce.

Materials and methods
The research was conducted from November to December 2021 in Screenhouse Central Java Agricultural Training Center (BAPELTAN), located in Krajan 1, Soropadan, Sub-district.Pringsurat, Temanggung Regency.The composting site was carried out on the experimental station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tidar University in Sidorejo Village, Bandongan District, Magelang Regency.This study was a factorial experiment using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 2 treatments, and repeated 3 times.There were 12 treatment combinations.The two factors were: Factor I was the amount of cabbage waste compost: D1: 20 g/plant (320 g/bed) D2: 30 g/plant (480 g/bed) D3: 40 g/plant (640 g/bed) In 1 bed consisted of 16 plants with a bed size of 1 x 1 m and a planting distance of 20 x 20 cm.Factor II was a type of decomposer: J0: Without decomposer J1: Effective of microorganism-4 J2: Thiobacillus sp.J3: Indigenous microorganisms Indigenous microorganisms or IMO are cellulosic microorganisms capable of decomposing cellulase activities.Cabbage waste composting is carried out on the basis of the different types of decomposers used, namely without decomposer (J0), plus EM¬4 (J1), using Thiobacillus sp.(J2), and added IMO (J3).The stages of making compost were as follows: Preparing a compost bin 20 L volume size.Collecting cabbage waste found from planting fields and markets in Ngablak.Cut and chop cabbage waste.Weigh 10 kg of shredded waste for each treatment.Put the chopped cabbage waste into the prepared compost bin, add decomposer according to the treatment in each compost bin.
The procedures were as follows control or without using a decomposer (J0), 30 mL of EM-4 decomposer was added to the compost bin containing cabbage waste (J1); 3. Decomposer Thiobacillus sp. of 5 g was added into the compost bin containing cabbage waste (J2), 200 g of indigenous microorganism (IMO) decomposer was added to the compost bin containing cabbage waste and stirred evenly (J3); Indigenous microorganisms are taken from bamboo roots which are propagated using rice as a medium.
The following steps were adding cane molasses mixed with water and inserting the Elitech GSP-6 temperature and humidity data logger sensor into the compost bin to monitor the temperature and humidity of the compost.Monitoring is carried out every 1 hour.Recording was ended when the composting process was complete (30 days).After 30 days, the compost is ready to use.
Parameters measured were leaf length (cm), leaf number (leaf), leaf fresh weight (g), leaf dry weight (g), root length (cm), root fresh weight (g), and root dry weight (g).Leaf length was measured from base to tip and was done every day.The number of leaves was calculated on the basis of fully expanded leaf with complete parts.The fresh weight of the leaves was determined at harvest by weighing all the leaves.The dry weight of the leaves was determined by drying the leaves in an oven at 67 degrees Celsius until the weight was constant.Root length was measured at harvest by measuring from the base of the root to the tip of the longest root.The fresh weight of the roots was determined by weighing all the roots at harvest after cleaning with water.The dry weight of the roots was determined after harvest by drying the leaves in an oven at 67 degrees Celsius until a constant weight was obtained.
Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).Means were separated by Orthogonal Polynomial for the amount of compost and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for type of decomposer.

Amount of cabbage waste compost
The F-value indicated that the amount of cabbage waste compost (D) had no significant effect on the whole observed parameters.The needs of lettuce for nutrients were still not sufficient for the process of growth and development.This was because the nutrient content of organic fertilizers was to be lower than inorganic fertilizers.In addition, external factors such as leaching nutrients caused nutrients available in the soil to decrease.Nutrients contained in compost organic fertilizer could dissolve to reduce the availability of nutrients in the soil.During field experiment there was high rainfall intensity (56 mm in a day) for more than 7 days.High rainfall increases nutrient loss (3).

Type of cabbage waste compost decomposers
Compost decomposer type (J) showed highly significant effect on the parameters of leaf count and root length.Mean separation of count of leaf was shown in Table 2. Type of microorganisms presented in the research field might have a crucial effect on lettuce growth, including the number of leaves and root length.Duncan's test results showed that the use of IMO decomposers produced a higher number of leaves with an average of 14.36.The large number of leaves formed was a reflection of the vegetative growth of lettuce.The absorption of the optimal amount of nitrogen elements by plants through the roots affected the growth of lettuce, one of which was the number of leaves.Adding 45 g IMO as a decomposer accelerated the composting process and increased N element of 6.4% to promote leaf, stem, and root growth [13].Crop treated with IMO resulted in higher yield because of mycorrhizae contribution to the soil.Increasing yield is resulted by the stimulation of nutrient uptake improvement due to the colonization of fungal species on the plant root [13,14].
Indigenous microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and availability.They help break down organic matter in the soil, including decomposing plant residues and organic amendments like compost [15].This decomposition process releases essential nutrients in plant-available forms.Adequate nutrient availability is essential for leaf development and overall plant growth.Indigenous microorganisms form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, such as mycorrhizal fungi.These microorganisms extend the root system's effective reach, increasing nutrient and water uptake.A welldeveloped root system can support the growth of more leaves and healthier plants.Some soil microorganisms, particularly those involved in the formation of soil aggregates, contribute to better soil structure.Improved soil structure promotes root growth by reducing soil compaction and enhancing root penetration.
Insufficient or excessive absorption of nutrients will affect the growth and development of lettuce.This was because the content of nitrogen and S elements in the type of fertilizer with IMO decomposers was higher when compared to the elements found in other types of fertilizers with decomposers.The amount of nutrient content in cabbage waste compost for each type of decomposer and SNI requirements (19-7030-2004) for compost specifications from domestic organic waste were shown in Table 3. Table 3 showed that the type of decomposer in cabbage waste compost has met most of the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 19-7030-2004).The specification of the C/N content ratio in cabbage waste compost did not meet the minimum requirements set, which is 10 with a pH above 7.The nitrogen content (N) found in fertilizer with IMO decomposer was 2.09% (Table 3).Plant vegetative growth will be optimal when using the amount of nutrients available.IMO decomposers are bacteria that are easily found in Indonesia on the roots of bamboo plants.The use of IMO as a decomposer of agricultural waste proves that IMO was able to improve the decomposition process of organic matter and produced nutrient content in the amount according to SNI requirements (19-7030-2004).Element S in plants plays a major role in stimulating the formation and increase in the number of leaves [16].Leaves are the site of photosynthesis.The more the number of leaves on a plant, the higher the rate of photosynthesis in plants.Leaves are also a source of auxin that can stimulate root growth.Auxin is a hormone for plants functioning for cell enlargement, DNA synthesis is beneficial in root formation by stimulating longitudinal growth [10].Duncan's test showed that IMO decomposers had a significant effect on lettuce root length as shown in Table 4. Duncan's test showed that all types of decomposers had a significant effect on root length.The longer roots were obtained by the IMO decomposer (5.79 cm), EM4 decomposer (3.77 cm), and decomposer Thiobacillus Sp. (3.72 cm).Cabbage waste compost without decomposers yielded root length (3.59 cm).Roots are the main component of plant organs functioning to supply water, minerals, and nutrients that are important for the plant to grow and develop.Increasing the length of the roots of a plant is one indication of plants in responding to the availability of water and nutrients in the planting medium or soil.
The S content contained in cabbage waste compost with IMO decomposer was 0.85 (Table 3).This substance is a protein found in the form of biotin, methionine, and thiamine.S dissolved by water will be directly absorbed by plants.S can intensify the synthesis of tannin (vitamin B1) which can stimulate the growth and development of plant roots [17].This was possible because the S content in the type of compost with IMO decomposers is the most available amount compared to the elements found in the type of fertilizer without decomposers, EM4 decomposers, and Thiobacillus Sp.
Phosphorus nutrients (P) in cabbage waste compost obtained P total of 0.44% for compost without decomposers, 0.36% for EM4 decomposers, 0.61% for decomposers Thiobacillus sp., and 0.51 % for IMO (Table 3).Phosphorus nutrients functioned in plant growth and development, especially to play a role in the growth and formation of plant root systems [18].Plants equipped with long roots will increase the ability of plants to absorb nutrients and water better.One of the growths that will be affected is leaf growth.With more leaves, the rate of photosynthesis of plants will be higher and able to accumulate more.This will promote growth and development.There is a relationship between root length growth and the number of leaves in lettuce for vegetative growth.

Cabbage waste compost amount and decomposer type
The F-value (Table 1) shows that the amount of cabbage waste compost and the type of decomposer (D x J) had no significant effect on all observed parameters.The low nutrient content of compost and the possibility of nutrient leaching due to high rain intensity (56 mm / day) for 67 consecutive days affected the growth and development of lettuce.pH ccabbage waste compost reachedd to basis (above 8) exceeding the maximum requirements of SNI 19-7030-2004.Compost without decomposers and IMO reached 8.48, while EM4 decomposers 8.52 and decomposers Thiobacillus Sp.Same is 8.51 (Table 3).Lettuce grows well at pH with a range of 5.0-6.8(3).The pH condition of the fertilizer will affect the pH of the soil.Inappropriate pH will affect plants in absorbing nutrients [11].The soil condition in the study field in Soropadan had a pH of 6.23.The application of cabbage waste compost increased the soil pH condition to 7.23 where at that pH condition it has exceeded the pH limit of lettuce plants.
Characteristic organic fertilizers require a slower time reaction in the soil (slow release) due to the decomposition process [7].Lettuce plants have a short growing period to harvest time of 30 days.This caused the nutrients provided by organic fertilizer, compost, and cabbage waste would not be utilized by lettuce in the vegetative growth phase.As a result, lettuce plants only utilized pre-existing elements for their development.
In addition, lettuce growth was influenced by external factors such as high rainfall intensity during planting.Lettuce was planted in screenhouse.When raining in high intensity (more than 20 mm/day), plants were exposed to water entering through the walls of screenhouse made of insect net.Heavy rainfall would damage plant parts such as lettuce leaves and the nutrient content of organic fertilizers available in the soil had the potential to dissolve.
Length leaf and leaf count were part of lettuce quality measurement.Lettuce is a commodity used by its leaves for consumption and food decoration (garnish).Therefore, the length and number of leaves produced by lettuce were important to note.

Conclusions
In conclusion, the amount of compost of cabbage waste material and the type of decomposing microorganisms did not correlate with the increase in lettuce growth.The amount of cabbage waste compost 30 g per plant yielded a leaf count of 14.36 and a leaf length of 5.79.Cabbage waste compost cannot yet be used in lettuce cultivation.

References
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Table 1 .
Analysis of variance.
Notes: The numbers followed by the same letter were not significantly different using DMRT at 5%.

Table 3 .
Content of element of cabbage waste compost.
Notes: The difference notation indicates the significance difference based on DMRT at 5% level.