Potato cultivation energy ratio in Food Estate, Hutajulu, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Food Estates is a government scheme to feed a rising population. Field data demonstrate the usage of diesel fuel, electricity, and chemicals to apply insecticides, fertilisers, and fungicides, which harms the environment and requires energy-saving methods. This study examines Bliss potato cultivation energy ratios. This research examined 0.13 hectares of potato farming energy. Machinery, human resources, diesel fuel, chemicals, fertilisers, manure, irrigation water, seeds, and power are studied in potato production. Low energy ratio (0.724) compared to sample yield (4.3). The energy ratio rises with yield generation, but yield per unit of energy is low. A negative net energy balance exists. The research advises increasing potato output to meet energy ratios. Potato farmers may save money, minimize environmental impact, and increase productivity by improving energy efficiency.


Introduction
Potato growing at Food Estate, Hutajulu, North Sumatra, Indonesia, is vital for economic, nutritional, and agricultural reasons.It helps local farmers, ensures food security, and promotes sustainable agriculture.Potato farming is significant in Indonesia, especially under the government's Food Estate programme, to boost food supply and minimise crop imports.The Food Estate programme develops additional farmland and boosts yields on existing land.Indonesia's Food Estate Project aims to boost food production and minimise crop imports.Food Estate intends to boost development ambitions, notably government rice production [1][2][3].
Agriculture relies on potato farming for carbs, fibre, vitamins, and minerals [4][5][6].Potato growing requires energy; hence, sustainable agriculture requires energy reduction.Potato production uses different amounts of energy based on location and technique [7][8][9].Potato cultivation in Iran uses 4700 MJ ha −1 and generates 79,300 MJ ha −1 using farming technology [7].The largest energy user was chemical fertilisers (49%), followed by seeds (24%).Morocco consumes 74,270 MJ ha -1 of energy for potato cultivation, with 28,521 MJ ha -1 coming from butane (70%) [8].Increasing energy efficiency and decreasing chemical fertilisers and other energy-intensive inputs may lower potato production energy consumption [7][8][9].Using ancient low-energy clamping devices for potato storage may save energy compared to newer alternatives [7].This study examines potato cultivation energy and techniques to increase the energy ratio.Regional potato cultivation energy ratios and sustainable agriculture investigation of impact are required [2].

Materials and Methods
The Food Estate in Hutajulu Village, Pollung District, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra Province, hosted this study.The Hutajulu Food Estate provided data on fuel use, water volume used for watering, electrical energy, chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and transportation energy for four months on a 0.13 Ha land area from land processing to harvesting.The energy used was determined by using the energy coefficient as shown on Table 1.[12] kg 0.30 Water for irrigation [13] kg 1.02 Seeds (potato) [11] kg 93 Electric [11] kWh 12

B. Output
Potato [11] kg potato seeds 93 Potato cultivation production starts from tilling the land with a tractor installed with implements such as rotary and power harrow, then using a manure spreader implement to spread cow manure.Planting is carried out using a tractor with a potato planter implement, which is also equipped with a bed maker.The application of pesticides in the form of fungicides and insecticides, as well as the application of chemical fertilisers using a sprayer, then watering every day using the Drip Irrigation system, then harvesting after 90 DAP (days after planting) using a tractor with a potato harvester implement, where each use of the tractor and its implements uses diesel fuel.The Full-to-Full approach was utilized to ascertain the fuel consumption involved in agricultural activities such as land cultivation and other procedures carried out with agricultural machinery.Energy analysis was determined using a calculation formula for several energy components, including energy ratio (ER), Eq. 1, potato energy productivity (EP), Eq. 2, specific energy (SE), Eq. 3, Net Energy (NE), Eq. 4 and Energy Profitability (EPB), Eq. 5. (5)

Results and Discussions
Table 2 shows potato production energy inputs and outputs.Machinery, human resources, diesel fuel, chemicals (fungicides, insecticides, herbicides), chemical fertilisers (nitrogen, phosphate, potassium), manure, irrigation water, seeds, and electricity are energy inputs.Energy output is potato yield.3).The energy input is larger than the output for actual yield, because the actual yield is low (only 2,484.62 kg Ha -1 or about 2.5 ton per hectare).The energy ratio increase with increased the yield production.Using samples yield production the energy ratio over than one.Energy ratio in this study is lower than [14] study, the energy ratio was 1.42 and [7] study, the energy ratio was 1.04.
Actual field production has 0.001 kg.MJ -1 energy productivity, whereas sample production has 0.01 kg.MJ -1 .This means potato yield is low per unit of energy input.Actual field output has an energy specific of 988.06 MJ.kg -1 , whereas sample production has 165.37 MJ.kg -1 .This suggests that one kilogram of potatoes requires much energy.Based on field production, the net energy is -677,489.98MJ Ha -1 and sample production 8,165,200.41MJ Ha -1 .The energy intake exceeds the energy output, creating a negative net energy balance.Actual field production yields -0.28 energy profitability, whereas sample production yields 3.33 (Table 3).This demonstrates negative energy profitability since energy intake exceeds energy output.This study contradicted the findings of studies [14] and [7], as those studies demonstrated energy profitability.
Seeds and harvest results based on sample tests are values obtained from the total average weight based on sample tests multiplied by the entire population of potato plants in an area of 1 hectare where the average seed weight is 45 grams, and the weight of the harvest per plant is 369.5 grams.These samples were taken for laboratory testing and, in this study, can be used as comparative data with real data in the field.The net energy value is negative because the total input is greater than the output.This naturally happens because the value of an input is greater than the output produced.The actual yield production of potota should be increased at least untill 16,397.30kg per hectare to reach one of energy ratio in potato cultivation.
Potato production energy efficiency should be improved, according to the result.This can be done using less energy-intensive pesticides and fertilisers, better irrigation, and energy-efficient gear.Potato producers may save expenses and lessen their environmental effects while boosting production by improving energy efficiency.

Conclusions
The study examines potato production's energy inputs and outputs, focusing on machinery, human resources, diesel fuel, chemicals, fertilisers, manure, irrigation water, seeds, and electricity.The actual yield is low, with an energy ratio of 0.724, while the sample yield of energy ratio is 4.3.The energy ratio increases with yield production, but the actual yield is low per unit of energy input.The net energy is negative, with a negative net energy balance.The study suggests that the actual yield production of potatoes should be increased to reach one of the energy ratios.Improving energy efficiency in potato production can help producers save costs, reduce environmental impact, and boost production.

Table 1 .
the energy coefficient

Table 2 .
Input and output energy of potato farming

Table 3 .
Input and output energy of potato farming