An environmentally conscious waste management system in an effort to create a sustainable city (study of waste management systems at Syiah Kuala University)

Final Processing Site (TPA) is a place designated as a final stage waste management location. The increasing accumulation of waste can result in an increase in the volume and discharge of leachate generated through landfill management. Waste management can be implemented, one of which is supported by the existence of waste bank activities. Waste banking is a method implemented through the 3R concept (Reuse, Reduce and Recycle). This research aims to determine the waste management system at the Universitas Syiah Kuala Waste Bank, as well as supporting factors and strategies for increasing waste reduction. Improvements in waste bank management are analyzed using statistical tests, correlations and so on. The method used to determine whether waste bank management has improved is material flow analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) testing. The results of the material flow analysis show that based on the mass balance the reduction potential of waste that can be managed by the Universitas Syiah Kuala Waste Bank is 45.4%. The results of statistical tests show that the waste management system at the Universitas Syiah Kuala waste bank, Banda Aceh is quite good, seen from the knowledge factor reaching 90.6%, attitude at 88.4% and waste bank behavior at 91.3%.


Introduction
Waste is one of the major isue in Indonesia.There are increment in amount of waste generated and is of fset by an increase in population each year, reaching 175,000 tons per day with a total population of 275.77 million people [1].The increasing accumulation of waste can result in an increase in the volume and discharge of leachate generated through TPA management.Problems arising from TPA management usually experience degradation and a decomposition process that produces toxic hazardous liquid waste, namely leachate.Leachate is a liquid waste resulting from the mixing of all soluble chemical compounds and solvents in the waste, resulting in high pollutants [2].
The Banda Aceh City Environment, Sanitation and Beauty Service implements Banda Aceh City waste management by running a TPA located in Gampong Jawa to the north of Banda Aceh City.TPA Gampong Jawa was started in 1994 with a landfill area of 12 hectares.The Gampong Jawa TPA operates on an open dumping basis which can result in environmental problems due to the waste being left unattended [3].1302 (2024) 012075 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1302/1/012075 2 Domestic waste is waste characterized by the form of organic and inorganic compounds.However, inorganic waste is in the form of waste whose useful value is still lacking to be used as new materials or tools [4].Waste increased that occurs is influenced by the income and education level of the community.The city of Banda Aceh provides services for waste management by dividing the locations for collecting waste, commonly called TPS, then transporting it with an estimated waste generation of up to 444.6 m 3 per day in 2018 [5].Each placement of waste transportation locations certainly has criteria related to the high volume of waste that is affected by the region.Therefore, community-based waste management methods can also be applied, one of which is supported by the existence of a waste bank activity [6].
The construction of a waste bank greatly influences the awareness and health of the people who live in the area as a producer of quite a lot of waste.The waste bank is a method that is applied through the 3R concept (Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle) a method that functions to invite the community to socialize in waste sorting activities and the waste bank as a place to receive waste that has been sorted by the waste giver (the community).This waste bank can provide results to the community in the form of work activities and also generate economic value [7].One of the universities in Banda Aceh that implements a waste bank system is Syiah Kuala University with the 3R system.The waste bank that was established in the USK environment functions for students to pay more attention and care about environmental health and cleanliness, namely by forming self-awareness and recycling and utilizing waste that has economic value [8].Almost all of the waste on campus is managed by USK waste bank and only a small portion is transported to the landfill.One form of contribution made by USK waste bank is to supervise or patrol waste and educate students in managing waste.The existence of USK waste bank can change students' thinking patterns about waste, so that students can care more about their environment.The presence of USK waste bank contributes to reducing waste in the campus environment, thus influencing waste collection to the landfill.The reduction in the generation of waste transported to the landfill is due to the waste produced in the campus environment being managed by USK waste bank [9].
Overall, understand waste management and the procurement of the USK Banda Aceh Garbage Bank.Therefore, this paper aims to examine the waste management system at the USK Waste Bank in the Syiah Kuala District as well as the supporting factors and strategies for increasing waste reduction.In general, this paper is designed to assist planners in proposing sustainable urban maintenance in terms of the control of waste management system.

Study Area
This study area was defined based on the North Latitude area of Syiah Kuala District and the East West part of Banda Aceh City.Due to its astronomical location, the village of Kopelma Darussalam is located between 5°33`46"-5°34`34" N and 95°21`54"-95°22`34" E. Geographically, the Darussalam Kopelma area is based on territorial boundaries, namely in the south it is bordered by the Limpok village and Barabung village, in the east it is bordered by Beurabong and Tungkop village, in the west it is bordered by the Krueng Aceh river and in the north it is bordered by Rukoh.The area is 275 Ha with a total of 5 hamlets from 1094 families and a population of 3976 people.Figure 1 shows the location of the USK Banda Aceh Waste Bank.Waste banks are one strategy for implementing the 3R concept in waste management at the source at the city level [10].Syiah Kuala University is one of the campuses that is trying to implement 3R by establishing the USK Waste Bank.

Analysis methods
The population used in this research is the population around the research location and the population related to the waste bank, one of which is the Syiah Kuala University students in Banda Aceh who use the USK Banda Aceh Waste Bank.Determining the number of respondents is calculated using the Slovin Formula, namely [11]: Therefore, the number of samples carry out from calculations using the Slovin formula that is 10% -20% of the research population [12].The variables used in research are factors that influence events that have been or will be studied.Operational variables can be seen in Table 1.The measurement scale created to be able to see the possibility of respondents or informants answering several questions using a product is usually called a Likert scale (Table 2).This research uses a Likert scale with an interval value of 1-5, while measuring variables uses an interval scale which is a measuring tool and can produce instruments that can perform average calculations, statistical tests, correlations and so on [13].The research was carried out using a questionnaire in the form of questions that had determined variations in answers with 5 categories.This aims to avoid variations in the answers given by respondents or informants and only answer using that category.

Results and Discussion
Based on the results of the researcher's interview with the manager of the USK Banda Aceh waste bank, he explained that the USK waste bank that is being managed and has implemented it according to the waste management system from the beginning of the establishment of the USK waste bank from 2019 to the present.USK waste bank has also provided several waste management tools according to the type of organic and inorganic waste, such as a plastic waste chopper [14].The manager also has no obstacles or negative suggestions from customers and waste collectors, however the inhibiting factors usually arise from customers who are not good at sorting waste according to the characteristics of the waste produced so that when it is handed over to USK waste bank it must be sorted first.Based on [15], the waste sorting process unit is carried out at the source, which is carried out directly by the customer.The waste is immediately taken to the USK waste bank to be sold.The USK waste Bank continues to educate the public about waste management, so that the number of people participating as customers of this waste bank increases every year [16].The general condition of the USK waste Bank is currently getting better and is starting to be widely recognized by the surrounding community.This waste bank continues to educate the surrounding community about waste management to continue to strive to increase public interest in participating in the USK waste Bank.Compared to other waste banks, the USK waste bank is an independent waste bank without any relationship with DLHK3.
The Waste Bank studied weighs the waste that has been collected by customers.Weighing is generally carried out once a month and then waste bank collectors come to collect the waste for sale.The average weighing and sorting of waste collected at the Waste Bank reaches 7.35%.Waste at the USK Waste Bank is sorted according to type and then weighed to get the percentage of waste composition.The results of measuring the composition of waste at the USK Waste Bank consist of plastic (42.84%), paper (45.70%), rubber (1.47%), iron (1.3%), glass (7.07%) and etc (1.62%).
Based on the material balance, it was found that the waste reduction potential in the Syiah Kuala University area through the Waste Bank was only 116 kg/day.When compared with the total waste generation, the waste bank is able to reduce 0.024% of the total waste generation at Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh.Based on the type of waste used by the waste bank, namely waste that cannot be composted (dry waste), the waste bank can reduce 0.43% of the generation of non-compostable waste.
Based on theoretical mass balance, the reduction potential of waste that should be managed by the USK Waste Bank is 45.4% of the total waste generation that cannot be composted.Apart from that, waste bank customers can contribute more to increasing the amount of waste that can be composted.
The reduction potential needs to be supported by increasing the number of customers and the performance of waste banks, as well as reduction efforts, especially to reduce the amount of waste that can be composted starting from the waste source.The potential reduction needs to be supported by increasing the number of customers and the performance of the waste banks, as well as reduction efforts, mainly to reduce the amount of waste to be composted from the source of waste [17].
In this research, Waste Bank data includes existing conditions such as the number of customers recorded at each Waste Bank, weighing schedules, collectors from Waste Banks and financial data on Waste Banks.Waste bank material flow data can be seen in Figure 2. Respondents were USK waste bank customers of 25 people.Characteristics based on age consists of aged 21-30 (80%) and aged 31-40 (12%) and aged 41-50 (8%).Based on gender, the proportion of mal respondents was 36% and female 64%.The proportion of education level, respondents who has a bachelor's degree and unmarried was 80% and master's degree and married were 20%.Base on job characteristics, 20% of respondents have worked and 80 have not worked.
Calculation of the Likert Scale for Respondent Knowledge (Table 3).Based on Table 3, it is known that respondents' perception of waste bank knowledge reached 90.6%.Hence, it can be sum up the waste bank customer respondents really understand about waste sorting and so on.Respondent's Attitude (Table 4)  Based on Table 5, it is known that the respondents' perception of the behavior of the waste bank reached 91.3%.So it can be concluded that the customers of the waste bank agree strongly with regard to behavior towards the management of the waste bank.In this analysis, there are 4 latent variable questions on the questionnaire, namely knowledge, behavior, attitudes and services of the Garbage Bank.In this analysis, the variables X are knowledge, behavior, and attitudes.While the Y variable is the Garbage Bank.In this analysis several tests will be carried out, including: outer Model, inner Model, Q-square (Q2).
The measurement model test is used to see the relationship between the two variables.This test is divided into 2, namely validity and reliability testing.The validity test is used to determine whether the indicators used are valid, while the reliability test is used to explain whether the data used in the research is reliable or not.Validity testing is done by looking at the value of the loading factor.The loading factor is the correlation value between the two variables, which is said to be valid if it has a value ≥ 0.5.If there is an indicator that has a loading factor value <0.5, then the indicator is removed from the model or cannot be used.The results of the validity test in this study were from each statement item on the questionnaire.
Based on the results of data processing, the validity test of the knowledge variable.The knowledge variable consists of 10 statement items.The correlation of each statement item has a loading factor value greater than the probability value of 0.05, so that based on the validity test it shows that all statement items on the knowledge variable are declared valid and can be used as research instruments.
Based on the results of data processing, the validity test of the attitude variable.The attitude variable consists of 6 statement items.The correlation of each statement item has a loading factor value greater than the probability value of 0.05, so based on the validity test it shows that all statement items on the attitude variable are stated to be valid and can be used as research instruments.
The knowledge variable consists of 6 statement items.The correlation of each statement item has a loading factor value greater than the probability value of 0.05, so that based on the validity test it shows that all statement items on the behavioral variable are declared valid and can be used as research instruments.To test the reliability of a statement, the Cronbach's Alpha analysis technique is used for each research variable.The results of this test can be said to be reliable if Cronbach's Alpha > 0.6.The results of the reliability test of the variables studied can be seen in Table 6.
Value of the knowledge, attitude and behavior variables is greater than 0.6 from Cronbach's, so it can be concluded that the data is reliable, which means that the questionnaire can be used in research.To test the R2 value, it shows how much the independent variable (free/X) can explain the variance in the dependent variable (dependent/Y).The range of R2 values is 0 to 1.The closer the value is to 1, the better it is.The results of the r-square test of the variables studied can be seen in Table 7.

Strong
Based on Table 7, it is showed that the R-square value is 0.729, it can be that the effect of magnitude in the knowledge variable is determined on the attitude and behavior variables is 72.9%.To test the predictive ability of the model/how good the observation values produced by a model are.if the Q2 value is closer to 1, it can be said that the structural model has high predictive relevance.The qsquare test results the knowledge, attitude and behavior variables is smaller than 0.05 so it can be concluded that all data is related (Table 8).To test the correlation value of a statement, significance analysis techniques are used for all variables.The results of this test can be said to be correlated if the significance is < 0.05).It is known that the significant value of the correlation between knowledge, attitudes and behavior variables is greater than 0.05, so it can be concluded that all variable data is correlated.To test the level of significance of a statement, a significant analysis technique was used using ANOVA values for each research variable.It is known that the ANOVA value of the knowledge, attitude and behavior variables has a clear significant.
The community will participate in the USK Waste Bank program if the driving factors have been implemented, so that the community understands the importance of good and correct waste management.At the USK Waste Bank, customers who have been educated and participated in the USK Waste Bank program are expected to play a role in helping the success of this program.However, what is happening now is that without being asked by the USK Waste Bank to participate in the Waste Bank Program, they themselves want to become volunteers to help the USK Waste Bank in creating a clean environment.
There are several forms of community participation that have been carried out voluntarily by the community itself, namely by reducing the use of plastic waste (mineral water bottles, food wrappers, plastic straws, etc.), and there are also forms of community participation by collecting waste around their homes and delivering it to USK Waste Bank for savings.These forms of community participation can occur because of the education that has been carried out by the USK Waste Bank which has changed the community's view of waste, where initially they saw waste as a source of disease and a source of bad smell, now they view waste as valuable and useful for them if processed properly and correctly.Researchers also interviewed several communities around the USK Waste Bank area.
The USK Waste Bank also experiences obstacles or challenges in implementing their program, namely creating a good and waste-free environment.The admin at the USK Waste Bank said that the obstacle they faced while running the USK Waste Bank program was the lack of workers managing waste so that it took a long time to process the waste to be used as compost.In addition, the obstacle that is also faced is the interest of the public who only want to know about the USK Waste Bank program, but do not want to participate in the USK waste Bank.It is still difficult for the public to be educated about understanding that waste has value and is useful.
Therefore data is very necessary as a basis for decision making.The lack of reliable data sources is still one of the main weaknesses in determining effective waste management options so that waste can be managed efficiently through composting at the household and local government level [18].The siting and zoning of waste facilities such as sanitary landfills and incinerators is critical because of the risks and dangers they may pose to the environment and health [19].Through multi-criteria analysis it can provide information to city planners and environmental health officials at the earliest planning stages [20].Current technology also requires solvents that can produce lower CO2 emissions during the biogas upgrading process.So the importance of site-specific data (such as local emissions or additional inputs related to the preparation of CH4 for selected uses as a liquid fuel) [21] is very important.

Conclusion
The waste management system at the USK waste bank, Banda Aceh is quite good as seen from the knowledge factor reaching 90.6%, attitude at 88.4% and waste bank behavior at 91.3%.Supporting factors in the form of community participation in helping run the USK Waste Bank program are carried out by joining as customers of the USK Waste Bank and strategies that can be implemented by increasing waste segregation at the source, making savings activities easier at the waste bank, participating and being active in socialization activities, and increasing turnover in the Waste Bank.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of Syiah Kuala University Waste Bank Research Locations of sample N = Total of Population e = Percentage of allowance for sampling accuracy that is still tolerable; e = 0.1 if large populations and e =0.2 VU (Very Uncomprehending), SD (Strongly Disagree) and N (Never) Score 2 = DU (Don't Understand), D (Disagree) and R (Rare) Score 3 = SU (Slight Understanding), D (Disagree) and S (Sometimes) Score 4 = U (Understand), A (Agreed) and O (Often) Score 5 = VU (Very Understanding), SA (Strongly Agree) and A (Always)

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. USK waste bank material flow data

Table 3 .
Knowledge questionnaireBased on Table4, it is known that respondents perceptions of waste bank attitudes reached 88.4%.So it can be concluded that waste bank customers strongly agree regarding attitudes towards waste bank management.We can see respondent behavior atTable 5.

Table 6 .
Reliability test results