Potential of Johnius belangerii and Thryssa hamiltonii as fishmeal in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera, Indonesia

An increasing problem in the Indonesian fishing industry is the scarcity of fish feedstuffs due to limited availability of raw materials, rising production costs, and climate change. Fishmeal are crucial in farms as they contain high-quality nutrients that are easily digestible by livestock. This study aims to observe the potential of the region as a producer for layer feedstuffs from fishmeal. This research used 10 kg of fresh Johnius belangerii’s fish and Thryssa hamiltonii’s fish with 5 kg each. The heads of both types of fish were collected to calculate their rendement. The results showed that the rendement percentage of Thryssa hamiltonii’s fish heads was 38.64%, while the yield percentage of Johnius belangerii fish heads was 36.83%. Based on the results it can be concluded that this region has significant potential in fishmeal from fisheries waste. 3 warehouses, Deli Serdang Regency, particularly Pantai Labu, can produce 19,108 kg of Thryssa hamiltonii fish in a year, utilizing 615.1 kg of head waste, 299 kg of offal waste, and 30.14 tons of protein. Johnius belangerii fish, weighing 20,299 kg with 623 kg of waste and 20.8 tons of protein content, are also produced in Deli Serdang Regency.


Introduction
A growing problem in the poultry industry in Indonesia is the scarcity of feedstuffs due to limited raw material sources, rising production costs, and climate change disrupting the stability of fish food supply.Feedstuffs are of utmost importance in both the fisheries and poultry industry as they provide easily digestible nutrition for animals.The high price of feedstuffs currently a major concern for farmers because the price is much more expensive than alternative feed such as pellets.Indonesia imports 40% to meet the demands of fishmeal production, imported from Peru and Chili.
One of the problems of scarcity of feed ingredients as animal protein is the low utilization of byproducts of the fishing industry.This is due to several factors, such as the scarce availability of feed raw materials and the absence of policies related to the regulation of feed ingredients from fishery industry waste.The cost of catching fish is increasing due to climate change and the increasing cost of fuel oil.Fishmeal is a feed ingredient that contains complete amino acids, fat and nutrients that are easily digested and needed by livestock.The price of fishmeal is more expensive than pelleted layer feed.This is because the availability of feed raw materials from fishing industry waste is not optimally utilized and the catch is unstable, resulting in an increase in layer feed costs.
Deli Serdang is a regency in North Sumatra Province which borders the north with the Strait of Malacca which has great potential in the field of fisheries and has marine products that can be utilized optimally but the problem of fish waste processing is a concern in this region.The unmanaged waste in the salted fish processing consists of fish head and fish offal.Fish heads are sold as livestock feed while fish offal was dumped into the sea.The utilization of fisheries waste can produce 30%-40% protein and fisheries waste as fishmeal can be a solution to minimize the negative impact of this waste on the environment and also increase added value in the fishing industry.
Fish's heads were sold as animal feed while offal fish are dumped into the sea.Fish waste that is disposed of will cause environmental pollution.Utilization of fish waste has the potential to be developed and can become a new business and can be increased income.[1].
There are two kinds of fish processing, the processing of salt fish and the production of poultry feed.Salt fish processing is an attempt by coastal people to transform fresh seafood into dry seafood processing consists of purification, irrigation and acidification.Salt fish processing using simple technology with the help of sunlight.Some farmers can cultivate fish that are unworthy for consumption as feed for broilers, layers and ducks.
This effort has the potential to increase employment opportunities and increase the income of local communities.Deli Serdang Regency has a high layer population so the need for fishmeal is 62 tons per year.However, limited supplies and fluctuating prices of fishmeal in the market are problems for farmers that affect production costs and profitability.This study aims to observe the potential of the region as a supplier of feedstuffs for layer.

Materials and methods
The study was conducted in Deli Serdang Regency North Sumatra Province specifically in Percut Sei Tuan and Pantai Labu, where there are fishermen, fish processing businesses and waste collectors.The Study was conducted proximate testing to identify the main components in fisheries waste meal samples and determine the nutritional content are protein, fat, crude fiber, water and ash.Proximate analysis was carried out for 15 days at the Laboratory of the Medan Center for Standardization and Industrial Services (BSPJI).The sample in this research are Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head, Thryssa hamiltonii's fish offal and Johnius belangerii's fish head.Parameter of the research was rendement.Rendement in this study refers to the comparison of the weight of fish parts with the total weight of the fish as a whole.

Results and discussion
Deli Serdang is a regency located in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia.Hamparan Perak, Labuhan Deli, Percut Sei Tuan, Pantai Labu, and Beringin are districts located on the sea coast [2].The area with high levels of fisheries production are Percut Sei Tuan and Pantai Labu.
Based on [2], it was recorded that total fish reached of 32.294 tons and it was indicated the main area of fishing and this area is fish resources.In the context of this research, the main focus is on Thryssa hamiltonii and Johnius belangerii because they are the most utilized fish species in the fish processing business.
The main demand in Deli Serdang Regency are fishermen, fish processing businesses and fisheries waste collectors.The strategic fishery waste processing chain starts with fishermen who act as the supplier of main feedstuffs.Fish processing businesses are involved in bycatch into various processed products, but fishery waste collectors are the third party in this chain who have an important role in collecting waste from various places.Collectors collaborate with fishermen and processing businesses to take head and offal fish that was considered to have no value in the fish production process.

Total of fish catch
The total fish catch per month from Fish Auction Sites in Deli Serdang Regency on Table 1.

21,294
Table 1 shows that the total catch of Thryssa hamiltonii fish is 20,666 kg with an average of 1,722 kg, Johnius fish is 21,294 kg with an average of 1,775 kg.This proves that the two types of fish are the main commodities in Fish Auction Sites in Deli Serdang Regency.

Fish rendement and potential of fishmeal as feedstuffs
The rendement results has showed the potential of heads and offal fish processing in Deli Serdang Regency.Based on the rendement data it's known that Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head amount for 38.64% of the total weight.It can be concluded that from the rendement data with the total production of Thryssa hamiltonii fish in 2022 in Deli Serdang Regency reaching 19,108 kg with an average of 1,592 kg, the total unutilized fish head is obtained 615.1 kg of year.The Thryssa hamiltonii's fish offal obtained is 18.76% of the total weight and it can be concluded that with the total production of Thryssa hamiltonii fish in 2022 in Deli Serdang Regency reaching 19,108 kg with an average of 1,592 kg, the total unutilized fish offal is 299 kg of year.Based on Table 1, different yield results were obtained.The abilities of the worker, the systems they use, and the processing procedures they employ all have a significant impact on rendement.According to [3], yield figures will typically be lower if the processing system is not executed with care.
The rendement of Johnius belangerii's fish head from the total weight of fish is 36.83%and the total production of Johnius belangerii fish in Deli Serdang Regency in 2022 reaches 20.299 kg with an average of 1,692 kg of year, so the total unutilized fish head is 623 kg of year.The highest fat was found in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head at 8.14%, while the lowest is found in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish offal with a value of 5.1%.Compared to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for fat content the levels are close to the standard in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head, which is included in quality standard A. In addition, the highest water was found in Johnius belangerii's fish head with a value of 5.98%, while the lowest is found in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head with value 2.36%.The Johnius belangerii's fish head was included in quality standard A. The highest ash was found in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish offal at 50.2%, while the lowest value is found in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head with a value of 25.8%.Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head and Johnius belangerii's fish head was included in the C quality standard.

Layer chicken feed fulfilment
The need for fishmeal in layer chicken is 15%, the nutrients can be contributed from value in Table 4. Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head, Thryssa hamiltonii's fish offal and Johnius belangerii's fish head fulfilment protein and fat in the starter, grower, finisher phase but can't fulfillment of crude fiber, water and ash in layer feed.The nutritional needed in layer feedstuffs based on SNI standards [5], the addition of other feedstuffs needed to reduce crude fiber and fulfilment water and ash.Crude fiber in this study is higher when compared to previous research conducted by [6] regarding crude fiber content in Euthynnus Affinis's waste showed that the lowest average crude fiber content was 6.06% and almost the same as research conducted by [7] regarding fishmeal from sorted fish waste showed that crude fiber reached 10.10%.
The research of Study on the Utilization of Fisheries Waste from Fish Auction Sites (TPI) and Traditional Market Nauli Sibolga into Fishmeal as Feedstuffs obtained the fish bone waste had protein 47.34%, fat 12.72% and calsium 2.62% [8].The chemical composition of dumbo catfish head (Clarias gariepinus) was obtained as follows: 50.94% protein, 19.66% fat, 9.62% water, 17.25% ash and 4.94% carbohydrate with the resulting flour rendement being 39.74% [9].Based on research on the study of the potential utilization of fish scale waste from marine capture fish businesses (Bengkulu city market case study), it was also obtained that fish scales had protein 29.8-40.9%,fat 0.1-1% and water 30.0-36.8% [10].
The quality of fishmeal is strongly influenced by fat and quality fishmeal should have a maximum fat of around 12%.Based on the statement of [10], if the fat exceeds this value, the fishmeal will look wetter and less qualified.To extend the shelf life and quality of fishmeal, fat is lowered.This is because high fat can cause fishmeal to become rancid more easily.The fat content in this study did not exceed 12% so it can be used as a feedstuff.The fat in this study is almost the same as the research conducted by [7] who also examined the crude fat content in fishmeal from sorted fish waste.The results showed that the crude fat content in the fish waste was 9.54%.

Table 1a .
Total of fish catch.

Table 1b .
Total of fish catch.

Table 3 .
Proximate test.Based on research, the highest protein was found in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head at 42.4%, while the lowest was found in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish offal with a value of 15.3%.None of the three types of samples are in accordance with SNI standards.The highest value of crude fiber was found in Johnius belangerii's fish head with 28.1%, while the lowest value was found in Thryssa hamiltonii's fish head with 17.8%.Crude fiber has no results that accordance SNI standards.

Table 4 .
Quality standards of fishmeal based on SNI standards.[4]