Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of complete feed based on durian waste (Durio zibethinus Murr.) as local male sheep feed

Durian waste has the potential to be used as livestock feed, but it needs further processing to increase its nutritional value. The aim of this study was to examine the value of dry matter and organic matter digestibility of complete feed based on durian waste as local male sheep feed. Apart from that, this research also aims to create a sustainable agricultural system with zero waste. The design used a completely randomized design (CRD) 4x4. The treatment consisted of P0 = control; P1 = CF with 20% durian peel + 20% durian seed + 20% elephant grass; P2 = CF with 30% durian peel + 20% durian seed + 10% elephant grass; P3 = CF with 40% durian peel + 20% durian seed. The result showed that the use of durian waste in the complete feed had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the consumption and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The conclusion of this study is the utilization of durian peel and seeds in complete feed can increase the consumption and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter for local male sheep with the best dosage being 30% durian peel + 20% durian seed + 10% elephant grass.


Introduction
Feed is an important factor for increasing livestock productivity.Livestock feed must have nutritional content according to the needs of livestock, the availability of feed must be in sufficient quantities and continuously every year.Sheep are classified as small ruminants.Sheep are quite interesting animal to develop because of their fast development and adaptability to new environments.In general, sheep feed is divided into three types, namely forage, concentrate and additional feed.Forage feed can be in the form of fresh forage and dry forage.Concentrate is a complementary feed to protein needs in livestock in the form of a mixture of several feed ingredients.Meanwhile, additional feed given to sheep can be in the form of mineral salts and vitamins.
Durian or known as the King of Fruits is one of Indonesia's plantation products.Durian fruit is widespread throughout Indonesia.One of the durian fruit-producing provinces is North Sumatra.In 2021 durian fruit production in North Sumatra will be 119,632 tons [1].This makes North Sumatra province one of the provinces with the largest durian fruit production in Indonesia.Durian fruit is divided into three parts, namely, fruit flesh/coating, seeds, and peel.The part of the durian that is usually consumed is the flesh.The flesh itself is about 20-35% of the total whole fruit, peel (60-75%) and seeds (5-15%) [2].In general, durian fruit waste such as peel and seeds will be thrown away because they are considered useless waste.On the other hand, durian waste actually has enormous potential to be used as animal 1302 (2024) 012056 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1302/1/012056 2 feed, especially ruminant livestock.Fresh durian seeds contain 4.43% crude fiber and 74.58% BETN [3], while durian peel also contains cellulose (24.76%), hemicellulose (16.96%), and lignin (12.11%) [4], so durian seeds and peels can be used as alternative feed for energy sources for ruminants.
Utilization of durian waste such as durian seeds and peel as ruminant livestock feed is still very minimal.This is due to the lack of public knowledge about the potential of durian waste as livestock feed.In addition, durian seeds also contain anti-nutritional substances in the form of cyanide acid (HCN) of 80.85 ppm [5] which can certainly harm ruminants.While durian peel also has a limiting factor, namely lignin.The presence of lignin cannot be digested by rumen microbes.Therefore, durian peels and seeds need to be further processed in order to increase nutritional value and be safe for livestock.Processing method that can be done is the fermentation method.Durian peel fermentation can be carried out anaerobically using local microorganisms (MOL).In addition, the method that can be used to degrade anti-nutritional substances in durian seeds is boiling.
Durian seeds and peel can be processed into complete feed.Complete feed is a form of feeding livestock in which there is already a mixture of forage and concentrate.Providing complete feed to livestock can optimize feed consumption, because it avoids the nature of livestock to choose the feed they like.This is because complete feed has become a perfect mixed feed.The effectiveness of using complete feed based on durian waste as livestock feed can be seen from its digestibility value.Digestibility is a picture of the ability of livestock to utilize the feed given.The digestibility value of a feed ingredient will be obtained through a digestibility test.Therefore, the feed must go through the digestibility testing stage to find out whether the material has provided good nutrition for livestock.

Materials and tools
The materials used in this study is 16 weaning male local sheep with an initial weight of 11,80 ± 0,71 kg, durian peel, durian seeds, elephant grass, rice bran, soybean meal, oil, urea, premix, molasses, and MOL.While the tools used are 16 individual cages, feed and water containers, scales, chopper machine, plastics, machetes and knives, sacks, freezer, oven, furnace, cleaning tools, cage lighting equipment, and stationery.

Procedures for making complete feed based on durian waste
Making complete feed begins with preparing fermented durian peel with MOL [6] and boiled durian seeds [7] according to the dosage of each treatment.Then added 23% rice bran, 9% soybean meal, 1% oil, 2% urea, 1% premix, and 4% molasses.After that, stir evenly until all the feed ingredients are homogeneous.

Data retrieval and observed parameters
Data collection was carried out using the total collection method which was divided into two stages, namely the preliminary and adaptation stages and the data collection stage.The preliminary and adaptation period was carried out for 90 days and data collection was carried out for 7 days.The data collected is a collection of feed and feces collection [8].The parameters observed were dry matter consumption, organic matter consumption, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility.2.4.2.Organic matter consumption.The organic matter consumption value is obtained by calculating the complete feed dry matter consumption given based on the organic matter content [9].

Dry matter digestibility.
The dry matter digestibility value is obtained by calculating the difference between the consumption of dry matter and the dry matter included in the feces [10] 2.4.4.Organic matter consumption.The organic matter digestibility value is obtained by calculating the difference between the consumption of organic matter and the organic matter included in the feces [10]

Results and discussions
The average results of the research on the utilization of durian peel and seeds in the manufacture of complete feed as local male sheep feed can be seen in Table 1.

Dry matter consumption
The results of this research show that the use of durian waste as the main ingredient in complete feed has a significant effect on the dry matter consumption of local male sheep.The DMRT test shows that dry matter consumption in P2 and P3 is significantly higher compared to P0 and P1, but between P2 and P3 did not show a significant difference, which means that the use of durian peel and seeds at different levels in P2 and P3 had the same effect on dry matter consumption of local male sheep.This can be caused by consumption and palatability of feed which is almost the same between these treatments.The results of this study are the same as [11] which states that almost the same level of palatability will provide the same level of dry matter consumption in local male sheep.Different things were obtained from research [12] where it was found that the addition of cassava peel waste to complete feed caused higher feed consumption.This difference was thought to be due to the higher crude fiber level in durian waste compared to cassava peel.Dry matter consumption in this study was higher when compared to research conducted by [9] who used cocoa pods at a level of 50% cocoa pods + 40% concentrate + 10% elephant grass in complete fermented feeds in sheep with an average consumption of dry matter between 970.8-1008.3g/head/day.This difference was due to the higher dose of molasses added to the ration in this study compared to that study.Molasses can affect feed consumption in livestock because it affects the palatability of the feed given.[13] stated that the addition of molasses to feed provides a high level of palatability in ruminants, thereby affecting feed consumption.Dry matter consumption is also affected by body weight gain.Sheep that have a greater body weight will result in a greater need for dry matter.[14] states that feed consumption will increase in line with the increasing size of livestock.
The average of dry matter consumption in this study was 5.03-6.40% of live weight.Therefore, the consumption of dry matter in this study can be said to have met the basic needs of life and the growth of sheep.This is based on the [15] statement which states that the dry matter requirement in sheep is 3-5% of live weight.

Organic matter consumption
The results of this research show that the use of durian waste as the main ingredient in complete feed has a real influence on the organic material consumption of local male sheep.DMRT test results showed that the value of organic matter consumption in P2 and P3 was significantly higher compared to P0 and P1, but between P2 and P3 did not show a significant difference, which means that the use of durian peel and seeds at different levels in P2 and P3 had the same effect on organic matter consumption of local male sheep.The value of organic matter consumption is in line with dry matter consumption in this study.[16] states that if dry matter consumption is high, organic matter consumption is also high and vice versa if dry matter consumption is low, organic matter consumption is also low.
The form of feed also affects the palatability of livestock which will result in increased feed consumption in livestock.The feed in this study used fermented durian peel using MOL.The results of the fermentation show that the feed is more flavorful and has a softer texture, thereby increasing the palatability of livestock.This is one of the factors for the high consumption of feed in sheep.This is supported by research by [17] which states that giving complete rations in the form of silage a higher organic matter consumption value than pellets and blocks.Apart from that, boiling the durian seeds is thought to be able to degrade the anti-nutritional substances in the durian seeds so as to maximize their utilization.

Dry matter digestibility
The results of this research indicate that the use of durian waste as the main ingredient in complete feed has a significant effect on the dry matter digestibility of local male sheep.DMRT test results showed that the value of dry matter digestibility in P2 and P3 was significantly higher compared to P0 and P1, but between P2 and P3 did not show a significant difference, which means that the use of durian peel and seeds at different levels in P2 and P3 had the same effect on dry matter digestibility of local male sheep.
The digestibility value of feed is very dependent on the crude fiber content of the feed given.Crude fiber content in this study included 14.13% (P0); 11.28% (P1); 9.41% (P2); 9.40% (P3).[18] states that the crude fiber contained in the feed affects its digestibility value, because the more crude fiber there is in the feed, the thicker the cell walls will be, consequently the lower the digestibility of the feed ingredients.The average of dry matter digestibility in this study was higher when compared to [19] research which used mung bean sprout waste in complete feed for sheep with an average of dry matter digestibility between 51.87-57.95%.This is caused by the provision of complete feed in different forms, namely in the form of fresh, mash, pellets, and wafers.[20] stated that digestibility is influenced by the physical form of feed ingredients, the processing of feed ingredients and the effect of the combined feed ingredients.Based on this, it can be concluded that the form of processed feed affects its digestibility value.
The value of dry matter digestibility in this study was high because the value was between 73.95-79.72%.This is in accordance with the statement of [21] which states that dry matter digestibility ranging from 55-65% is high dry matter digestibility and is expected to increase growth.This is thought to be because the use of durian peel by fermentation and durian seeds by boiling method can reduce crude fiber so as to increase the digestibility of dry matter.

Organic matter digestibility
The results of this research indicate that the use of durian waste as the main ingredient in the complete feed had a significant effect on the organic matter digestibility of local male sheep.DMRT test results showed that the value of organic matter digestibility in P2 and P3 was significantly higher compared to P0 and P1, but between P2 and P3 did not show a significant difference, which means that the use of durian peel and seeds at different levels in P2 and P3 had the same effect on organic matter digestibility of local male sheep.The value of organic matter digestibility is in line with the dry matter digestibility.This is in accordance with the statement [22], which states that increasing dry matter will increase organic matter, and vice versa.Therefore, this will also apply to the digestibility value, if the dry matter digestibility increases, of course the organic matter digestibility will also increase.
The average of organic matter digestibility in this study was higher than [23] research who used fermented kepok banana peels as feed for local male sheep with an average of organic matter digestibility between 52.14% -70.60%.This difference is caused by the feed in this study given in the form of a complete feed.[24] stated that feeding in the form of complete feed guarantees an even distribution of daily ration intake, so that fluctuations in ecosystem conditions in the rumen are minimized so as to increase feed digestibility.
Digestibility is the most important thing in knowing the amount of nutrients that can be digested by livestock, therefore the nutritional composition of feed will provide information about the quality of the feed provided which can be used to obtain digestibility and performance of ruminant livestock in accordance with the expected maintenance goals.Besides the crude fiber content, another factor affects digestibility is the crude protein content.[25] which states that the digestibility of dry matter (which of course will impact organic matter) is affected by the protein content of the feed.The protein in this feed ranges from 20.94% -28.00%.One reason for the high protein content is due to the 2% urea in the ration.According to [26], the addition of urea can increase the total N content in feed ingredients, causing an increase in crude protein content.The high protein content causes the digestibility of the feed to be high.

Conclusion
The utilization of durian peel and seeds in complete feed can increase the consumption and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter for local male sheep with the best dosage being 30% durian peel + 20% durian seed + 10% elephant grass.

3 2. 4 . 1 .
Dry matter consumption.The dry matter consumption value is obtained by calculating the complete feed consumption based on the dry matter content[9].

Table 1 .
Mean consumption and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter in local male sheep Note: Numbers with different superscripts show a significant effect (P<0,05)