Utilization of solid organic waste as a biofertilizer formulation for upland rice plants supports sustainable rice farming

The use of local isolates as biofertilizer and organic fertilizer based on organic waste is carried out as an environmentally friendly cultivation effort towards sustainable agriculture. This research aims to obtain a biofertilizer formulation made from solid organic waste to support sustainable upland rice farming. The treatments used were: F0: without biofertilizer formulation, F1: 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F2: 75% rice straw + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F3: 75% solids + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F4: 75% peat + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F5: 75% rice husk + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium. The formulation of organic waste-based biofertilizer with a consortium in this research showed that did not have an effect on the growth of upland rice plants, but the provision of 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml cellulolytic bacteria consortium tended to provide better plant height growth in terms of rice plant height parameters.


Introduction
The public's need for rice makes rice an important crop to cultivate in Indonesia.Over time, increasing population also increases the need for rice.Upland rice productivity in Riau in 2019 was 33.46 q. ha -1 with a harvested area of 2,403.4hectares and a total production of 8,042.2tons.Upland rice productivity is lower than lowland rice productivity in Riau, namely 36.69 q. ha -1 with a harvested area of 60,738.6 hectares and total production of 222.831.8 tons [1].This is because upland rice or upland rice has more complex problems than lowland rice.Fields used for upland rice cultivation have low soil fertility, this is indicated by the low organic matter content in intensively used land [2].
Fertilizer can increase soil fertility, but excessive and sometimes plant growth and production actually decreases due to continuous use of inorganic fertilizers.[3] said that excessive use of inorganic fertilizers can cause soil to become damaged (hard soil structure), water to become polluted, reduce soil fertility, and weaken the work of microbes in the soil to provide nutrients in the soil.Using organic fertilizer or biofertilizer can be a solution in reducing problems caused by excessive use of inorganic fertilizer [4].
Biofertilizer is fertilizer that contains active microorganisms so that it can increase fertilization efficiency, fertility and soil health.The use of inorganic fertilizer can be reduced by as much as 50% by providing biofertilizer to Sorghum plants [5].This study used a consortium of bacteria derived from two rice straw bacteria (Bacillus cereus JP6 and Bacillus cereus JP7), two acacia litter bacteria (Providencia vermicola SA1 and Bacillus cereus SA6), and two oil palm empty fruit bunches (Proteus mirabilis TKKS3 and Proteus mirabilis TKKS7) [6].Biofertilizers applied to upland rice plants on ultisol land can increase several parameters of rice production [7].
This research utilizes several organic materials which are used as carriers so that they can be a source of energy for growth and help increase microbial activity in providing nutrients for plants.The carrier material is used as material for making biofertilizers such as tofu dregs, rice straw, solids, peat and rice husks.This waste contains organic carbon (carbohydrates) and organic nitrogen (proteins and amino acids) which function as an energy source for bacterial growth which will then influence plant growth and production due to its ability to provide nutrients in the soil.The goals of this research a biofertilizer formulation based on solid organic waste with the best cellulolytic bacteria on the growth of upland rice (O.sativa L.).

. Data collection
The height of the plant stem is measured using a meter from the base to the tip of the tallest leaf.Measurements were taken every week starting at 4 WAP to 8 WAP.Observation of the maximum number of tillers started at 4 WAP and further observations were made at intervals of once a week until the plants produced panicles.How to calculate the maximum number of tillers of upland rice plants by counting all the tillers in one sample plant clump.
Observation of flowering age was carried out by counting the number of days from the beginning of planting until all the sample plants in one experimental unit had started to flower.Observation of harvest age is done by calculating the average sample plants that have met the harvest criteria.The harvest criteria are marked by the uniform yellowing of the rice grains, the flag leaves are brownish yellow, the leaf stalks are drooping, the stems begin to dry out and if the grains are pressed, they do not release water.

Rice plant growth
The application of cellulolytic bacterial consortium biofertilizer based on solid organic waste results of the analysis of variance had no significant effect on plant height growth, maximum number of tillers, number of productive tillers, flowering age (Table 1).Notes: the same lowercase letters following the numbers are not significantly different based on the DNMRT at the 5% level.
Table 1 shows that all formulations of biofertilizer non-significantly different results on plant height growth, maximum number of tillers, flowering age of upland rice plants.This is thought to be because the bacteria contained in biofertilizer do not develop well in the process of decomposing organic material so it does not optimally provide the nutrients needed by plants.That microbes in biofertilizers are not necessarily able to live and develop in plants, this is due to environmental conditions that may not be suitable, easily digestible food is not available, air temperature is too high, lack of humidity, low oxygen.[8] reported that the application of several biofertilizer wastes did not have a significantly different effect on several growth and production parameters [9].Also showed that the application of biofertilizer waste did not have a significantly different effect on the parameters of panicle length, number of pithy grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, percentage of pithy grain, weight of milled dry grain per clump [10].The application of biofertilizers on upland rice plants has not seen a real effect.The availability of nutrients contained in biofertilizer influences the height of upland rice plants.According to biofertilizers function to help provide regular and balanced nutrients according to plant needs as well as supply nitrogen nutrients for plants, so as to reduce the dose of inorganic fertilization [11].
Stated that the nutrients provided by organic fertilizers in a combination of 25% inorganic fertilizer + 75% organic cannot be completely decomposed due to the nature of organic fertilizers that are slowly available.According to [12], organic fertilizers have the disadvantage that they must be used in large quantities due to the low levels of nutrients contained in organic fertilizers, so that the plant's nutrient needs have not been met, but rather the N, P and K content in biofertilizers used in research categorized as low.According to 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011, the minimum content of macro nutrients (N2 + P2O5 + K2O) in solid organic fertilizer is 4%.The nutrient content of the biofertilizers used was 1.14% N total, 0.27% P2O5, 0.84% K2O (tofu pulp), 0.57% N total, 0.38% P2O5, 1.66% K2O (rice straw), 1.36% N total, 0.58% P 2 O 5 , 1.96 K 2 O (sludge), 1.19% N total, 0.16 P 2 O 5 , 0.29 K 2 O (peat) and 0.65% N total, 0.09 P2O5, 0.44% K2O (husk) (Central Plantation Services Laboratory Pekanbaru).
According to [13], nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are important factors and must always be available to plants because they function as metabolism and biochemistry of plant cells.The results of plant cell metabolism and biochemistry will be translocated to all parts of the plant so as to stimulate shoot formation and form tillers of upland rice plants.The maximum number of tillers increased due to the provision of N nutrients [14].Element P serves to encourage the growth of the number of tillers.The main function of element P is to store and transfer energy in the form of ADP and ATP obtained 4 from photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism.The availability of sufficient energy is able to stimulate physiological and metabolic processes that encourage vegetative growth [15].Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the increase in plant height and maximum number of tillers from the application of biofertilizer formulations.Providing biofertilizer formulations gave an insignificant difference to the flowering age of upland rice plants.It is suspected that the application of fertilizer composition only helps improve soil properties, so that the availability of nutrients in the soil is better and can be absorbed by plants.According to [16], the addition of organic matter into the soil is more influential towards improvement and not to increase nutrients in the soil.That the factors that influence the formation of flowers are genetic factors, namely traits that are hereditary, partly environmental factors such as temperature, sunlight and water [17].Increasing the height of upland rice plants through the provision of biofertilizer formulations.F0: Without biofertilizer formulation; F1: 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria; F2: 75% rice straw + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria; F3: 75% solid + 100 ml cellulolytic bacteria consortium; F4: 75% peat + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria; F5: 75% rice husk + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria.Plant Height (cm) Week After Planting (WAP) Maximum tiller number increase of upland rice plants through the provision of biofertilizer formulations.F0: Without biofertilizer formulation; F1: 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria; F2: 75% rice straw + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria; F3: 75% solid + 100 ml cellulolytic bacteria consortium; F4: 75% peat + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria; F5: 75% rice husk + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria.
Flowering time is influenced by the nature of the plant variety, and not so much by nutrients, whereas emergence of panicles on upland rice plants is influenced by the availability of nutrients.One of the nutrients that can affect flowering age is P element.The presence of P in plants functions as a storage and transfer of energy that is useful for spurring flower formation and fruit/seed maturation [18].The biofertilizers given contains the nutrients needed by rice plants.The process of plant growth and production is very dependent on the presence of nutrients.The availability of sufficient nutrients in plants will stimulate root growth and the formation of a good root system, so that more nutrients can be absorbed by plants.The presence of sufficient nutrients will stimulate the formation of flowers and the percentage of flowers that become larger.That plants with sufficient macronutrient requirements can accelerate panicle release and increase grain yields for rice plants, while micronutrients function as enzyme activators or in plant growth processes such as photosynthesis and respiration [19].
Based on the research results, the application of biofertilizers based on solid organic waste with a consortium of cellulolytic bacteria harvests faster than the age of the plant based on the description of the seeds.The age of the rice plant in this study was 99-101 days, while the age of the upland rice plant Inpago 9 based on the description was +109 days.Harvest age is more dominantly influenced by genetic factors than environmental factors so that biofertilizers have no effect, but when compared with the description of the seeds the harvest age was not appropriate, this might be suspected due to several factors.Harvest age is influenced by the ripening process of rice fruit.The N element plays a role in the photosynthesis process to form protein, the P element functions to help respiration and assimilation, as well as accelerate flowering and seed ripening, and ripening fruit, while element K functions to form proteins, and carbohydrates that will speed up the fruit ripening process [20].

Conclusions
Based on the research, it can be concluded that the formulation of biofertilizer does not affect the growth of upland rice plants, but the administration of 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml consortium of cellulolytic bacteria tends to give better growth in plant height parameters.This research recommended to use biofertilizers based on solid organic waste with a consortium of cellulolytic bacteria to increase the growth of upland rice plants.

Table 1 .
Growth of upland rice plants with the application of biofertilizers based on solid organic waste with a consortium of cellulolytic bacteria.