Salicylic acid’s effect and mycorrhiza on Vetiveria zizanioides L. growing in salty soil

Salinity is a crucial problem that causes land degradation and reduces the production of various plants in different parts of the world. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza on vetiver development in salty soils by delivering the appropriate salicylic acid and mycorrhizal concentrations in order to get maximum growth. The methodology used a randomized block design with three replications and three components, namely the level of salinity (A), salicylic acid concentration (B) and mycorrhizal dose (C). The findings revealed a relationship between salicylic acid content and mycorrhizal dosage in saline soil and plant height, total number of leaves, and number of tillers. Plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers all responded significantly to salinity level. Salicylic acid’s response to growth was discovered to have a considerable effect on the quantity of leaves and tillers. Mycorrhizal dose has an impact on plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers. Therefore, finding results for sustainable agriculture while reducing land and environmental degradation.


Introduction
Finding plant species that can withstand high salinity levels and comprehending their tolerance processes are critical to the creation of saline-tolerant plants [1].Saline land rehabilitation has long relied on the application of vetiver [2].Vetiver is tolerant to salinity and is widely used for saline soil rehabilitation [3].But because soil salinity affects plants, soil, and the ecosystem, evaluating innovations and technologies holistically is necessary to determine whether or not they have the potential to increase crop production's sustainability [4].
Salinity can damage the soil system so that resulting in lower yields.Microbes responds well to saline soils by maintaining soil function in severe salt stress, increasing soil fertility, besides being able to restore negatively affected soils [5].Plant phenolic phytohormone salicylic acid is widely distributed in plants and is known to be a significant chemical that can influence how they react to abiotic stress [6].Because salicylic acid can affect key physiological processes in plants, these include photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, proline metabolism (Pro), glycine betaine generation, antioxidant defence mechanism control, and plant-water connections., it can shield plants from abiotic stress.Furthermore, in plants under biotic stress, salicylic acid can activate genes linked to defence and stress resistance [7,8].
A source of organic matter has been found in the salinity, which contributes to granulation formation, a decrease in soil cohesiveness and flexibility, an improvement in soil structure that makes it crumbly, an increase in the soil's ability to hold onto drainage water without becoming excessive, and stable soil temperature and moisture levels.In order to facilitate easier nutrient absorption, salt, as an organic matter source, may bind more air.This issue significantly affected the amount of nutrients that were available in saline soils.When cultivating plants under salinity stress, vegetative plant growth is a suitable first step [9,10].
Regarding reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), salicylic acid had strong antioxidant qualities, which included recycling oxidized tocopherols [11].salicylic acid and mycorrhiza under saline conditions encourage root growth so that the percentage of roots grows.The purpose of this study is to see how salicylic acid and mycorrhiza Vetiveria zizanioides L. growing in salty soil conditions with the optimum concentration and dose of vetiver for optimal growth [12].

Planting the vetiver seed
Six months after the vetiver seed was planted, the Varina variety was employed.The vetiver seedlings from Percut, Sumatera Utara, were moved to polybags and planted at a depth of around 15 cm.The salinity of the soil samples ranged between 4-5 and 8-9 dSm -1 .Utilizing vetiver seed ensured consistent and healthy growth.Subsequently, the seeds are sown in the ground to a screen house (about 27 meters above sea level) that has been cleared of unwanted plants and weeds to prevent the plant from upsetting nearby organisms.

Combination of treatments
A factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed in this research, with 3 factors, namely the first factor was the best ecotype and salinity (A), the second factor was Salicylic Acid (B) and the third factor was Mycorrhiza (C).

The Mycorrhiza (C).
The Mycorrhiza (C) were included 3 levels, i.e.: C0 = no mycorrhiza, C1 = Mycorrhiza Glomus sp (10g) and C2 = Mycorrhiza Gigaspora sp (10g), 54 treatment combinations were achieved by repeating each treatment three times.Duncan's multiple range test is used as a follow-up test if the treatment's impact on variance differs noticeably.

Plant preservation
Watering, weeding, planting, and combating pests and diseases were all part of plant upkeep.Watering is accomplished by sprinkling water twice day, namely in the morning and evening, according to conditions in the field.Watering in the saline soil treatment was carried out using sea water, the level of salinity of which had been measured beforehand so that it was in accordance with each treatment.
Weeding is done at intervals of once a week by removing weeds that grow around the vetiver planting.

The salicylic acid application
Salicylic acid was applied by spraying system according to the concentration of each treatment (without salicylic acid, 0.5 mM salicylic acid and 1 mM salicylic acid) on plants entering the age of 1 WAP and 2 WAP.

The mycorrhizal applications
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were applied once at the time of planting in phase II research and placed under the roots of the rhizosphere (root zone) according to the type of treatment of each.

Observation of parameters
The height of the plant (in centimetres), total leaves number (in strands), total tillers number were the parameters that were observed.Plant height and leaf count were recorded every two weeks from the time of planting until six weeks later.At four and six-weeks following planting, calculating the number of tillers in the sample polybags allowed for counting the number of tillers on the sample plants.

Analysis of data
A three-component factorial randomized block design (RBD).was employed in this investigation; the formula was explained [12]: Notes: Yijk = response variable due to the combined effect of component A's its level, factor B's the level, and factor C's kth level found in the nth observation/treatment unit μ = true average effect (constant value) Ai = true effect of level i factor A Bj = actual effect of factor B's jth level ABij = actual effect of factor C's kth level ACik= the genuine result of the interaction of ith level of factor A with the kth level of component C BCjk = the genuine effect of factor B's jth level interacting with factor C's kth level ABCijk = The interaction between the i level of factor A, the jth level of factor B, and the kth level of factor C has an actual influence on the response variable.ε(ijk) = The treatment combination (ijk) is responsible for the actual effect of the ith experimental unit.If there is a significant difference, a DNMRT follow-up test at a significance level of 5% is performed.

The height of the plant
The application of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza is a natural treatment of contaminated and degraded saline soils in various environments.In addition, Salicylic Acid provides many potential applications for the sustainable productivity of vetiver crops.The results showed that the concentration of salicylic acid in saline at 2 WAP, 4 WAP, and 6 WAP, and mycorrhizal soils had a substantial effect on vetiver plant height.Furthermore, their interaction had a substantial effect on the observations of four and six WAPs.Table 1.explains how to notate various test results using Duncan's technique.Notes: According to the 5% DMRT test, the numbers that followed the unequal letters in the same column differed considerably.
The tallest plant was measured at 123.88 cm in the 4-5 dSm -1 (A1) plant salinity treatment at 6 WAP.This result differs dramatically from A2 (128.12 cm).One of the limiting variables for plant development and productivity is salinity.Arbuscular mycorrhizae can enhance a number of plant systems that regulate salt stress [13].That matter was the effect of salinity on plant growth.
Then comes the peak concentration of plants with Salicylic acid was discovered at a concentration of at 6 WAP. 1 mM salicylic acid (B3) plants at 6 WAP.This result differs greatly from B2 (127.25 cm) and B1 (117.72 cm) [14].Many research has confirmed salicylic acid's significance in plant tolerance to numerous abiotic stressors, especially saline soils.The basic mechanism of salicylic acidinduced abiotic stress tolerance is the accumulation of osmolytes, proline, glycine betaine, amines, and soluble sugars, which can aid in maintaining osmotic homeostasis; increased ROS scavenging activity; regulation of mineral ion uptake; regulation of other hormonal pathways; and increased production of secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, terpenes, nitrogen [15].The malonic acid system and the shikimic acid pathway are the two basic processes for the production of salicylic acid.An aromatic amino acid, phenylalanine, functions as a precursor in the shikimic acid pathway, which is principally involved in the endogenous manufacture of salicylic acid in plants.PAL and cinnamonate-4-hydroxylase, on the other hand, are essential enzymes in the phenylalanine-mediated salicylic acid synthesis pathway.While cinnamate-4-hydroxylase hydroxylates cinnamic acid at its C4 position to convert it to coumaric acid PAL transforms phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid by removing ammonium from phenylalanine.Ultimately, the synthesis of SA is achieved through the hydroxylation and oxidation of the coumaric acid side chain [16].

All of the leaves
The concentration of mycorrhizal and salicylic acid had a substantial impact on all of the vetiver plant leaves.In WAP 2, 4, and 6, both were found to be interacting.The process of noting the various test results using Duncan's technique was explained in Table 2.The highest total of leaves was found in 4-5 dSm-1 A1 at 6 WAP (16.9 strands).B2, on the other hand, had the largest total of leaves employing salicylic acid concentration at 6 WAP (17.99 strands).It differed greatly from B1 (16.38 strands) and B0 (11.58 strands).The detrimental consequences of high salt concentrations, such as protecting chloroplasts, can be mitigated by higher salicylic acid concentrations.Salicylic acid is believed to have the ability to shield cells against free radicals and reactive oxygen molecules, both of which are linked to chloroplast function.
At 6 WAP, the interplay of salinity, salicylic acid concentration, and mycorrhiza revealed that the A1B2C1 treatment was 22.25 strands.It is suspected that increasing salinity levels and salicylic acid concentrations as well as providing mycorrhiza to control salinity stress can increase the number of leaves.Salicylic acid has acted as an antioxidant in stressed plants.Salicylic acid is involved in the effects of environmental checks, its accumulation is usually caused by various biotic and abiotic stresses and responses to emitters and other signalling molecules [17].The higher the safety check level for salinity and salicylic acid concentration and the higher the mycorrhizal dose, the higher the number of vetiver leaves was reported.

A number of tillers
The salinity, salicylic acid in 4 and 6 WAP, and mycorrhizal had a significant influence on the number of tillers of vetiver plants, and the interaction between the three treatments had a significant effect in 6 WAP.Table 3 describes the notation of the various test findings using Duncan's technique.The salinity treatment of 4-5 dSm-1 A1 at 6 WAP produced the most tillers (2.88 clumps).The highest salicylic acid treatment was B2 (2.92 clusters), B1 (2.67 clusters) and B0 (2.54 clusters).on the other hand, giving mycorrhizal treatment gave significantly different results with the highest results in C2 (2.83 clusters) followed by C1 (2.72 clusters) and C0 (2.57clusters).Salicylic acid and mycorrhiza are regarded to be able to increase saline soil function because the addition of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza can improve plant vegetative development.so that it will have an effect on increasing production.Efforts are currently being made to obtain potential methods to increase agricultural yields on land affected by salinity.One of these potential methods is to apply AMF appropriately to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress [18].

Chlorophyll a and b
Results of observations of chlorophyll a in saline soil treated with salicylic acid and mycorrhiza.It can be seen that differences in salinity stress, salicylic acid concentrations and mycorrhizal doses as well as the interactions between the two treatments have a significant effect on chlorophyll a.The interaction of salinity, salicylic acid, and mycorrhizal treatments had a substantial effect on the chlorophyll an observable variable.Table 4 displays the findings of the difference test on average chlorophyll in the best salinity, salicylic acid, and mycorrhiza.Notes: The numbers that were followed by significant differences in uneven letters in the same column based on the 5% DMRT test.
Chlorophyll b in saline soil treated with salicylic acid and mycorrhiza on the results of chlorophyll b.It can be seen that differences in salinity stress, salicylic acid concentrations and mycorrhizal doses as well as Chlorophyll a was significantly affected by the interaction of the two treatments.Salicylic acid and mycorrhiza, the best ecotype and salinity treatment interactions, had no significant influence on the measured variables for total chlorophyll b.Table 5 shows the results of the difference test on average chlorophyll b in the treatment of salt, salicylic acid, and mycorrhiza.The interaction of salinity, salicylic acid and mycorrhiza gave a significant effect on chlorophyll a with the best treatment combination obtained on A1B2C1 (6.86).Salicylic acid and mycorrhiza can improve the structure of saline soil.It is suspected that administration of mycorrhiza and salicylic acid significantly reduces the detrimental effects on photosynthesis under salinity stress.80% of land plants' roots have a symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.This symbiosis is a typical system that absorbs and transfers mineral nutrients from the soil more efficiently than roots alone [19].The highest chlorophyll b was found in the interaction of salinity, salicylic acid and mycorrhiza A1B2C1 (6.88).It is suspected that the application of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza can improve the structure of saline soil.Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly enhanced Ocimum basilicum L. Photosynthetic rate, as well as in salinized conditions, other aspects of gas exchange, chlorophyll concentration, and water use efficiency [20].

Conclusions
Salinity treatment is a response to vetiver plant growth.The best response was shown at a salinity of 4-5 dSm-1, the best response was for salicylic acid treatment, namely at a concentration of 1 mM Salicylic acid and mycorrhiza Glomus sp (10g) was the best to use.In addition, the interaction between the two was plant height, leaves number, tillers number, and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.This growth to increase Vetiveria zizanioides is an effect in conserving the environment and promoting sustainable agriculture in Indonesia.

Table 1 .
The plant height of vetivers to 2, 4 and 6 WAP using salinity with a salicylic acid and mycorrhizal concentration.

Table 2 .
A total of vetiver 2, 4, and 6 WAP leaves were used in the salinity with a salicylic acid and mycorrhizal concentration.

Table 3 .
A number of tillers of vetivers 2, 4 and 6 WAP using the salinity with a concentration of salicylic acid and mycorrhizal.According to the 5% DMRT Test, the numbers that followed the unequal letters in the same column differed considerably. Notes:

Table 4 .
Chlorophyll a in vetiver using salinity with concentrations of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza.

Table 5 .
Chlorophyll b with salinity, salicylic acid and mycorrhizal treatments.