Types of land use in Sei Nahodaris Village, Panai Tengah District, Labuhanbatu District using the Horton infiltration model

The aim of this research is to establish an infiltration rate model for land uses including smallholder rubber plantations, rice fields, and shrubs. The infiltration rate data was analyzed using the Horton equation model. Every ten minutes, the water level drops. The results of the research show that the infiltration rate model on smallholder rubber plantation land is is f = 7.2 + (10 – 7.2) e 2.64t, whereas on small oil palm plantation land it is It is f = 7.98 + (10 – 7.98) e−2.68 t on smallholder latex plantation land; f = 9.13 + (10 – 9.13) e−5.20 t on rice fields; and f = 4 + (10 – 4) e−2.96 t on bush land. In smallholder rubber plantations, the infiltration rate is classified as moderate at 2.06 cm/hour; in rice fields and smallholder plantations, it is relatively slow, namely 0.87 cm/hour and 1.87 cm/hour, respectively. The infiltration rate in bush land is relatively fast, namely 6.56 cm/hour. With an infiltration rate of 1.87 cm/hour on smallholder oil palm plantations and 0.87 cm/hour.


Introduction
The process of water entering or absorbing into the soil, either vertically or horizontally, through the soil's surface or fractures is known as infiltration.The high and low rates of infiltration are, of course, directly influenced by a number of soil physical property factors [1].Rain intensity, infiltration capacity, surface flow (runoff), and erosion are all strongly correlated with infiltration.There will be surface flow if the amount of rain exceeds the capacity for infiltration.Erosion will result from excessive surface flow [2].
Since the primary problem with soil conservation is controlling the link between rainfall intensity and infiltration capacity as well as surface flow, infiltration plays a crucial role [3].The sole way to control surface flow is to increase the soil's capacity to hold water, primarily by means of better or higher infiltration capability [4].Infiltration capacity and water supply rate (strength of rain) dictate infiltration rate.The infiltration rate is equal to the intensity of rain as long as the intensity of rain is less than the infiltration capacity [5,8].There is a surface stream or puddle above the surface when the intensity of the rain is greater than the capacity of infiltration.As a result, changes in rainfall intensity cause differences in the rate of infiltration.The kind of land use is one factor that determines how infiltration happens in a given location and at various times [6,7].
Field characterization of soil infiltration is oftentime consuming and laborious with predictive modelsoffering viable alternative.With the increase ofcomputer simulations programs for modeling waterflows in irrigation and drainage hydrology, reliable parameter estimates are required as inputs in predictive models.
A study by Horton, as time increased, the rate of infiltration would decrease until it was nearly constant.[9,10].Infiltration rates can be measured in the field by measuring rainfall, surface flow, and other factors of the water cycle, or by calculating infiltration rates by hydrographic analysis [11].Considering that the method requires a relatively expensive cost, the determination of infiltration is often done on a very small area using a device called an infiltrometer [12].This research aims to determine models of infiltration rates on various land uses (community oil palm plantations, community rubber plantations, rice fields, and shrub lands) in Sei Nahodaris Village, Panai Tengah District, Labuhanbatu Regency.Analysis of infiltration rate data using the Horton equation model.

Materials and Methods
This research aims to determine models of infiltration rates on various land uses (community oil palm plantations, community rubber plantations, rice fields, and shrub lands) in Sei Nahodaris Village, Panai Tengah District, Labuhanbatu Regency.The instruments utilized include a double infiltrometer ring, a wooden block, a stopwatch, a crowbar, a machete, a rubber band, clear plastic, a paper label, a sample ring, a GPS (Global Positioning System), a digital camera, and a hammer or hammerhead.Water, soil samples, both complete and partial, and several other types of chemicals utilized for laboratory examination are the materials employed.An infiltrometer with two rings, each measuring 10 cm in the inner and 20 cm in the outer diameter and standing 30 cm tall, was employed as part of the field research methodology in this investigation.The study began by conducting a preliminary survey in the field, namely reviewing and determining the location.Measurement of infiltration rate performed on land uses (community oil palm plantations, community rubber plantations, rice fields, and shrublands) To obtain representative measurement results, measurements were carried out in as many as three replications at three different points in each land use and continued with soil sampling carried out at each point to measure the infiltration rate in various land uses that have been determined.If the soil is hard, it requires beating with other objects, such as iron.During the beating, the top of the pipe should be protected in advance with a fairly thick wooden beam.The beating must be done in such a way that the ring can enter the ground perpendicularly.Beating should not be done on one side as the cylinder will tilt.Data on the assessment of the pace of infiltration in the field is then calculated using the equation proposed by [13] as follows : Where : f = infiltration rate (cm/H), ∆hc = change in water level at each interval (cm), ∆t = change in measurement time interval (minutes).
Furthermore, the infiltration model used is the Horton model, with the following equation: f.The water level is measured using gravimetric moisture content method.

Infiltration Analysis on Community Oil Palm Plantations Land
Infiltration rate measurement results on coconut plantation land are served on Chart 2. From the measurement of infiltration rate, the values fo = 10 cm/hour and fc = 7.2 cm/H were obtained.After that, the value of f is subtracted from the value of fc to obtain the value of f-fc.Then, log (f-fc) and plot the relation t and log (f-fc) in the MS application program.Excel will then obtain the value k = 2.64.Thus, the Horton equation for coconut plantation land is: f = 7.2 + (10 -7.2) e -2.64t .On coconut plantation land, the mass density is quite high, as a result of which the soil becomes slow to pass water.Although organic matter contained in the soil of coconut plantations is higher than with the help of organic materials in the thick of the woods, the difference between these two fields is that the value of the mass density contained in the ground clearance is lower if compared to coconut plantation land, as is the value of porosity on bush land, which has a higher bushiness compared to other land.There can be factors affecting the rate of infiltration high on bushland compared to land use for coconut plantations, cocoa plantations, and rice fields.

Infiltration Analysis on Rubber Plantations
The results of measuring the infiltration rate in rubber plantations are presented in Table 3. From the results of measuring the infiltration rate, the values fo = 10 cm/hour and fc = 8 cm/hour are obtained.
After that, the f value is reduced by the fc value to obtain the f-fc value.Then, log (ffc) plots the relationship between t and log (ffc) in the MS application program.Excel, then you will get a value of k = 2.68.So the Horton equation model for rubber plantations is : f = 7.98 + (10 -7.98) e -2.68t .In rubber plantations, the mass density is low, so the porosity value is high compared to community oil palm plantations and rice fields.The soil texture in rubber plantations is no different from the soil texture in community oil palm plantations.It's just that the mass density value of rubber plantations is lower, so water passes more easily than on community oil palm plantations.Apart from that, the weathering of rubber leaf litter on the surface layer of the soil can help the soil absorb water.

Infiltration Analysis on Rice Fields
The results of measuring the infiltration rate in Rice Fields are presented in Table 4. From the results of measuring the infiltration rate, the values fo = 10 cm/hour and fc = 9.23 cm/hour are obtained.After that, the f value is reduced by the fc value to obtain the ffc value.Then, Log (ffc) then plot the relationship between t and Log (ffc) in the MS application program.Excel then you will get a value of k = 5.20.So the Horton equation model in Rice Fields is: f = 9.12 + 10 -, 12 e -5. 20.In rice fields, there are more likely to be factors inhibiting infiltration.This can be seen from the waterproof layer, which causes moisture in the paddy soil, and the fact that the water content is higher than other land uses, so that the soil quickly becomes saturated with water.The only vegetation that grows on the surface of the land is rice and grass and has a fibrous root morphology, so there tends to be little biological activity in the soil because the only organisms may be earthworms and ants.

Infiltration Analysis on Shrublands Land
The results of measuring the infiltration rate on Shrub Lands are presented in Table 5.From the results of measuring the infiltration rate, the values fo = 10 cm/hour and fc = 4 cm/hour are obtained.After that, the f value is reduced by the fc value to obtain the ffc value.Then, Log (ffc) then plot the relationship between t and Log (ffc) in the MS application program.Excel then you will get a value of k = 2.96.So the Horton equation model on Shrub Lands is: f = 4 + 10 -4 e -2.96t .In Shrub Lands, the mass density value is low and is followed by high porosity, because high soil porosity allows water to pass through more easily.Apart from that, the land on Shrub Lands is not directly affected by Rainwater is prevented from entering the soil by grass or leaves of untamed plants, allowing the soil to absorb water more readily and preventing soil structure degradation.

Infiltration Rate Criteria for Various Land Use
Infiltration Rates on Various Land Uses This research aims to determine models of infiltration rates on various land uses (community oil palm plantations, community rubber plantations, rice fields, and shrub lands) in Sei Nahodaris Village, Panai Tengah District, Labuhanbatu Regency.These models are presented in Table 6.The presence of plants can increase soil infiltration capacity due to improvements in soil physical properties such as structure formation and increased porosity [15].The roots of mature or old plants work quite effectively in the soil to form channels and add organic material, which functions to stabilize aggregates and improve the physical properties of the soil, especially its structure, so that water traffic becomes smoother [16].The higher the density of plant roots, the better the physical condition of the soil [17].Covering the soil with vegetation can increase the infiltration rate of a land; differences in infiltration capacity in various land uses show that vegetation factors play a large role in determining infiltration capacity [18].Thus, it can be said that the infiltration capacity of vegetated soil will tend to be higher than that of non-vegetated soil [19].From the results of measuring infiltration rates in the field on various land uses, it can be seen that the land uses with the highest infiltration rates are shrublands, community rubber plantations, community oil palm plantations, and rice fields.The following infiltration rate criteria are presented in Table 6.The infiltration rate at Community Oil Palm Plantations is 1.87 cm/hour, which is a slightly slower criterion than Rice Fields, which is 0.87 cm/hour.However, what differentiates the infiltration rate of community oil palm plantations from ricefields is that the water content of community oil palm plantations is lower than that of rice fields because high water content will saturate the soil, thereby reducing the infiltration capacity of the soil.Apart from that, the organic material found in Community Oil Palm Plantations is higher than the organic material found in Shrub Lands land, but what differentiates between these two lands is that the mass density value found in Shrub Lands land is lower when compared to Community Oil Palm Plantations.Plantations and porosity values on shrublands are higher than other land uses.The higher the soil density value, the smaller the total pore space of the soil, and vice versa.According to [20], the high content of soil organic matter can maintain the quality of the soil's physical properties, thereby helping the development of plant roots and smoothing the soil water cycle, among other things, through the formation of soil pores and the stability of aggregates.The infiltration rate at Community Rubber Plantations is 2.06 cm/hour and is included in the medium criteria after Community Oil Palm Plantations.Field characterization of soil infiltration is oftentime consuming and laborious with predictive modelsoffering viable alternative.With the increase ofcomputer simulations programs for modeling waterflows in irrigation and drainage hydrology, reliable parameter estimates are required as inputs in predictive models.In community rubber plantations, the porosity value is higher compared to community oil palm plantations and rice fields.Porous soil has good erosion and drainage, so it is also good for the movement of water and air in the soil.The high infiltration rate found in the Shrub Lands area is 6.56 cm/hour and is included in the criteria of being quite fast.Shrub Lands' land porosity is higher than the other three lands because high soil porosity allows water to pass through more easily.Apart from that, the roots of various types of vegetation, such as broad-leafed weeds, narrow-leafed weeds, and grass, can help the process of water entering the soil because the longer the roots move downward, the more they form cavities in the soil through which water and roots can pass.It will bind water for its own needs.The lowest infiltration rate is found in rice fields, namely 0.87 cm/hour.High water content.In rice fields, this can be caused by the presence of a waterproof layer and high water content in the paddy soil layer, making it difficult for water to seep into the soil.Meanwhile, low water content is found in community oil palm plantations.This does not affect the infiltration rate of community oil palm plantations because the mass density value is quite high, or the same as rice fields.The infiltration rate may decrease with increasing time.The longer the time, the lower the infiltration rate will be.[21] and [22] stated that the effect of time on infiltration is very large; the longer the infiltration time, the smaller the infiltration rate.This is because the soil is becoming more saturated and some of the soil cavities have been filled with soft soil, so water has less space to move.If the volume of rainfall or water that falls on the surface of the soil is lower than the infiltration capacity, then the infiltration rate is directly proportional to or equal to the rainfall or water that falls on the surface of the soil.On the other hand, if the volume of rainfall or water falling on the surface of the soil is higher than the infiltration capacity, then the infiltration rate will be low as a result of the soil being saturated with water.Apart from that, a high infiltration capacity can maintain the availability of water in the soil that plants need and can also minimize surface flow (runoff), which can result in the transport of some of the soil mass so that the soil is easily eroded.According to [23], the dominant physical property factor that influences infiltration is soil texture.If the texture of the clay is sandy, the infiltration rate is lower than that of sandy clay.This shows that the rougher the soil texture, the faster the water will enter the soil, and conversely, the finer the soil texture, the slower the water will enter the soil.Apart from that, in soil texture, differences in composition between sand, dust, and clay will cause different infiltration rates.Organic matter has a very important role in improving the physical properties of soil, which can also increase infiltration capacity.[24].The physical properties of soil, including as its structure, consistency, porosity, ability to store water, andperhaps most importantlys increased resistance to erosion, are primarily influenced by organic matter, according to [25].The mass density value, also known as bulk density, across the four land uses demonstrates a minor variation between the various land uses.It will be more difficult for the soil to absorb water the denser the soil is.Bulk density is a measure of soil density, according to [26].More soil density results in a higher bulk density, making it more difficult for water to permeate and for plant roots to pierceBulk density is a sign of soil density, claims [26].The bulk density of soil increases with soil density, making it harder for water to move through and for plant roots to sift through.According to [27], crumb soil has a higher capability for infiltration than clay soil.Compared to dry soil, soil that has water-saturated pores has a lower capacity.Other than that, [28] also states that porous soil means soil that has sufficient pore space for the free movement of water and air in and out of the soil and vice versa.[29] and [30] stated that the proportion of water and air in soil pores depends on the soil's water content.The higher the soil water content, the smaller the pores that can be filled with air, or vice versa.[31], adding that soil porosity will determine the infiltration water holding capacity as well as resisting flow.The greater the porosity, the greater the capacity to accommodate infiltration water.In the four land uses, the aggregate stability value is still low.Low levels of organic matter can affect the stability of aggregates, as a result of which the soil is easily destroyed when exposed to rainwater or when flooded, so that the soil pores are blocked by dispersed soil grains and reduce the rate of infiltration in the soil.According to [32], organicmatter plays an important role intheprocess of forming soil aggregates.Organic material that undergoes a decomposition process will produce organic compounds such as organic acids and humus, which can glue the fractions that make up the soil into a complete aggregate unit.

Conclusions
The following infiltration rate criteria are presented in Table 6.The infiltration rate at Community Oil Palm Plantations is 1.87 cm/hour, which is a slightly slower criterion than Rice Fields, which is 0.87 cm/hour.Apart from that, the organic material found in Community Oil Palm Plantations is higher than the organic material found in Shrub Lands land, but what differentiates between these two lands is that the mass density value found in Shrub Lands land is lower when compared to Community Oil Palm Plantations.The infiltration rate at Community Rubber Plantations is 2.06 cm/hour and is included in the medium criteria after Community Oil Palm Plantations.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Research Locations and Soil Sampling.
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Table 1 .
Classification of infiltration rates.

Table 2 .
Infiltration Rate in community oil palm plantations.

Table 3 .
Infiltration rate on rubber plantations.

Table 4 .
Infiltration Rate in Rice Fields.

Table 6 .
Infiltration Rate Criteria for Various Land Uses.Results of Analysis of Several Physical Properties of Soil in Various Land UsesFrom the results of research conducted on several land uses, The examination of the soil's physical characteristics yielded the following conclusions obtained (Table7).Community oil palm plantations and community rubber plantations have the same soil texture, namely dusty clay.Meanwhile, rice fields have a sandy clay texture, and shrublands have a dusty clay texture.

Table 7 .
Results of Analysis of Several Soil Physical Properties.