Various treatments to overcome dormancy of jernang rattan seeds (Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.)

Jernang rattan is a resin known as “dragon’s blood” and belongs to e family arecaceae. Its uses vary, including being a source of supply for the ceramics, jewelry, glass, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. This study is to determine the germination response of rattan jernang seeds (Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.) in various treatments of dormancy of rattan jernang seeds. The research was conducted in Silangit, Siborongborong District, North Tapanuli Regency, starting from April 2023 to July 2023. The study used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatment factors are: P0 (seeds without treatment / control), P1 (soaking seeds with ordinary water 24 hours), P2 (scarification of seeds / sanding), P3 (soaking seeds with KNO3 0.5% 24 hours) and P4 (soaking seeds with coconut water 24 hours). The parameters observed are growth potential, germination test includes the percentage of normal sprouts and the percentage of dead sprouts. The conclusions were obtained soaking treatment of rattan jernang seeds in 0.5% KNO3 solution for 24 hours had a very real effect on on the percentage of germination, the percentage of normal sprouts and the percentage of dead sprouts.


Introduction
Jernang rattan is one of the forest-derived plants, unlike the wood that is constantly being analyzed and is now developing into a commodity of fairly high value.Jernang rattan is a resin known as "dragon's blood" and belongs to family arecaceae.The main chemical components in jernang resin are ester resin and dracoresino tannol (57-82%).Its uses vary, including being a source of supply for the ceramics, jewelry, glass, textile, and pharmaceutical industries.Daemonorops didymophylla Becc. is the only type of rattan that produces jernang resin with high quality and competitive price [1].
Daemonorops which produces jernang resin is only found in Indonesia and Malaysia [2].Seed cultivation is rare nowadays due to forest destruction, instead generative breeding using seeds can be used to produce seeds in large quantities.Due to their long dormancy, seeds take a long time to germinate.Efforts to ensure jernang production and the introduction of cultivation techniques on a wide scale need to be carried out dormancy maintenance.Through various physical and/or physiological mechanisms carried out by the seed coat or inside the embryo, seed dormancy controls germination [3].Crop failure and seed wastage may be caused by improper calculation of seed dormancy, in addition, dormancy can also hinder efforts to increase the scale and diversity of native seed production, limiting farmers' ability to cultivate [4].Seed dormancy is a mechanism that controls germination in seeds as well as the temporary inability of viable seeds to germinate under certain conditions to allow germination to occur [5].
There are several techniques for breaking dormancy, including physical treatment by filing, perforation, sanding, hitting seed coats, soaking seeds in water at a certain temperature and soaking with chemicals such as HCl, NaOCl, Atonic, KNO3, and others.Nitrate is the main source of nitrogen for plants, Nitrate in KNO3 that reaches the seed serves as a biochemical signal to break seed dormancy, thus encouraging seed germination.The temperature of the surrounding environment of the seeds during the imbibition process has a significant impact on the germination potential of the seeds [6][7][8].Seeds need to be carefully checked for water absorption but poor germination.A fully growing or differentiated embryo results in physiological dormancy in this state [9].
Seed scarification is the first step in the process of releasing seeds from dormant physical waterproof conditions [10,11].Scarification is a useful technique to use on seed coats.Scarification combined with sanding thins the seed coat to make it more easily absorbed into the seed, allowing cell division to take place and promoting faster seed development as seen in plumula and radicule exit.
Many active substances and phytohormones necessary for seed germination can be found in coconut water.Auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, peridoxin, nicotinic acid, and thiamin are growth regulators present in coconut water.The water content of coconut contains growth regulators necessary for root and plant development.One method to accelerate good germination and seed production is to soak the seeds.Seeds soaked in coconut water have the ability to stimulate cellular metabolism and influence early growth [10].
For many plants, potassium nitrate is known to increase germination; However, in other species, this can also have the opposite effect.This can be done by soaking the seeds, which then hydrate the seeds under controlled conditions between the concentration of the solution and the water potential [12].Germination is stimulated and accelerated after the seeds are soaked in a suitable medium [13].The water potential of the solution and the duration of soaking determine how well the osmotic solution works when used in immersion.In order for a seed to germinate depending on its nutrient state, it must integrate environmental signals into the soil that indicate its nutritional status [14].This will guarantee the successful development of seedlings after germination.Although a significant source of nitrogen for plants, nitrates also function as signaling molecules that promote the breakdown of seed dormancy and in some plant species increases seed.KNO3 solution can also activate cell metabolism and accelerate germination [12].
KNO3 is used to break seed dormancy and stimulate seed germination.The nitrogen in KNO3 is also useful for promoting stem, branch, and leaf development as well as cell division, expansion, and delaying seed ripening (prolonging the vegetative period).In addition, it plays an important role as an enzyme activator in photosynthetic activity.Immersion helps ensure that water and hormones in the KNO3 liquid can reach the seed and promote embryo growth without harming the embryo itself, which further increases the germination rate [15,16].This study aims to determine the germination response of rattan jernang seeds (Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.) to various treatments in maintaining the dormancy of rattan jernang seeds.

Place and time of research
This research was carried out in Silangit, Siborongborong District, North Tapanuli Regency with an altitude of ± 1,374 meters above sea level, starting from April 2023 to July 2023.

Tools and materials
The tools used in this study are sieves, hoes, handsprayers, knives, containers, sandpaper, burlap sacks, buckets, cameras.The material used in this study was the rattan fruit jernang Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.collected from forest areas precisely from Siopat Bahal village, Pahae Jae District, North Tapanuli District, baby polybags, topsoil and sand, plain water, coconut water, KN03, fungicide active ingredients mancozeb and labels as markers.

Experimental method
The study used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 5 treatments and 4 repeats.The treatment given is control (seeds without treatment), soaking seeds with plain water for 24 hours, scarification of seeds by sanding, soaking with 0.5% KNO3 for 24 hours and soaking seeds with 100% coconut water for 24 hours.The observed intensity parameters are the percentage of growth potential, the percentage of normal sprouts and the percentage of dead sprouts.Observations are carried out every week from seed sowing to 15 weeks of age.The data is analyzed by fingerprint analysis, if the results of the fingerprint analysis show a noticeable effect, then proceed to use the Duncan Multiple Range test (DMRT) at the level of 5%.

Conduct of experiments 2.4.1 Seed preparation.
Jernang rattan seeds come from Siopat Bahal village, Pahae Jae district, North Tapanuli with an altitude of ± 1,010 meters above sea level, at the coordinate point of Lat 1.770379° and Long 99.112241° which have been harvested in physiological mature conditions.Cleansing of the skin and flesh of the fruit is carried out by boiling for 5-7 days.The skin and flesh of the fruit are cleaned especially on the surface of the seed embryo and washed.

Preparation of germination medium.
The germination medium used is a mixture of top soil and sand in a ratio of 1: 1.Before use, the planting medium is sterilized first by drying in the sun and sifted so as not to mix with gravel and other dirt.Then put in a polybag and watered with water.

Land preparation and giving treatment.
The field is cleared in advance of weeds and other garbage.P0 (control) treatment was not treated.P1 treatment (soaking seeds with plain water) by soaking seeds into a container containing ordinary water for 24 hours.P2 treatment (scarification of seeds by sanding) by sanding seed institutions using sand paper / sandpaper until thinning of the seed coat.P3 treatment (soaking with 0.5% KNO3) by pouring 5 ml of KNO3 into a container, then dissolved with 1000 ml of aquades and soaked seeds for 24 hours.P4 treatment (soaking seeds with 100% coconut water) by taking water from coconuts and putting them into containers and soaking for 24 hours.
2.4.4.Planting.Before planting, each seed is soaked into a fungicide solution with the active ingredient mancozeb as much as 2 g / liter of water for 15 minutes to avoid fungal attacks.Seed germination is carried out on baby polybags, namely as many as 10 rattan seeds per treatment with a depth of planting holes on media as deep as 2 cm.Before the seeds are sown, the substrate is watered.Then the seedlings are covered with wet burlap sacks to keep the seedlings moist.Each polybag is labeled with a treatment to mark the seeds on each treatment.

Maintenance.
Maintenance includes watering, weed weeding, and seasoning which is carried out daily depending on soil conditions.

Observation parameters 2.5.1. Germination percentage.
Observed percentage of seed germination was observed at each treatment at the end of the observation period.By counting the number of seeds that germinate in each sprout pot with the criteria that sprouts already have radicles and plumulaes.Germination percentage (%) formula calculated using:

Germination percentage
From the research, it is known that the dormancy treatment of rattan jernang seeds has a real effect on the germination of rattan jernang.Table 1 shows the best germination percentage of jernang rattan seeds (87.5%) found in P3 treatment (KNO 3 0.5%).The lowest percentage of rattan jernang seed germination (30%) was found in the P0 (control) treatment.Based on Duncan's distance test, it is known that the treatment of P3 (KNO3) and P2 (sanded) is not significantly different, but significantly different from other treatments.This is because scarification results in reduced the seed coat and mechanical resistance to water and oxygen can easily penetrate into the seed [10].While the percentage of germination in P0 treatment (control) is not significantly different from P1 (ordinary water), but significantly different from other treatments.Based on the results of the study, dormancy breaking has amarked influence on sprout percentage germination of rattan jernang.Compared to other treatments, P3 treatment (KNO3 0.5%) has the greatest germination rate of 87.5%.This is because KNO3 solution is one of the powerful compounds used in the promoter of germination and dormancy breaking.Immersion of KNO3 solution can activate cell metabolism and accelerate germination.KNO3 solution can also increase the role of gibberalin in seed germination jernang rattan.The purpose of chemical treatment is to increase the susceptibility of seed coats to water absorption during the imbibition process.According to [17] states that KNO3 solution at a concentration of 0.5% effectively increases the permeability of seed coats to gas and water.Nitrate is the main source of nitrogen for plants, Nitrate in KNO3 that reaches the seed serves as a biochemical signal to break seed dormancy, thus encouraging seed germination.Applying KNO3 to seeds affects the percentage of germination of the final seed by reducing the germination time [18].

Percentage of normal sprouts
From the research, it is known that the dormancy treatment of rattan jernang seeds has a real effect on the normal germination of rattan jernang.Table 2 shows the percentage of normal sprouts of the best jernang rattan seeds (87.5%) found in P3 treatment (KNO3 0.5%).The lowest percentage of normal sprouts (22.5%) was found in the P0 treatment (control).Based on Duncan's distance test, it is known that the treatment of P3 (KNO3) is significantly different from P0 (Control), P1 (Ordinary water), P2 (sanded), and P4 (Coconut water) in increasing the percentage of normal sprouts of rattan jernang.While the percentage of normal sprouts in the P0 (Control) treatment was not significantly different from P1 (Ordinary water), but it was significantly different from other treatments.Based on the results of the study, dormancy treatment has a noticeable effect on the percentage of normal sprouts.The percentage of normal sprouts in P3 treatment (KNO3 0.5%) which is 87.5% is the highest average compared to other treatments.This is because soaking with KNO3 can soften the seed coat so that the seeds germinate quickly and can increase germination.In addition, KNO3 as a germination stimulant for various types of plants can increase germination [16].When the seeds are soaked, the concentration of the solution and the water potential are controlled.The germination process was revived and accelerated after the seeds were sufficiently soaked in KNO3 solution and placed in adequate enclosures.KNO3 stimulates pre-germination metabolic events such as increased air imbibition, cell division and elongation, repair damage to nucleic acids, activation of reserve driving enzymes and antioxidant machinery in seeds which ultimately increases emergence, and growth [17].

Percentage of dead sprouts
From the research, it is known that the dormancy treatment of rattan jernang seeds has a real effect on dead sprouts of rattan jernang.Table 3 shows the lowest percentage of dead rattan jernang sprouts with an average (12.5%) in P3 treatment (KNO3) not significantly different from P2 (sanded) which is (27.5%).Based on Duncan's distance test, it was found that the treatment of P3 (KNO3) was significantly different from P0 (Control), P1 (Plain water), and P4 (Coconut water).The highest percentage of dead sprouts on average (70%) found in the P0 (Control) treatment was significantly different from other treatments.Based on the results of the study, dormancy treatment has a real effect on the percentage of dead seeds.The percentage of dead seeds in the P0 (control) treatment of 70% is the highest average compared to other treatments.This is because hard seeds that experience dormancy are not given special care to encourage germination.The fungus will cause rotting of the seeds that do not germinate.As a result, rotten seeds have mucus and the inside of the seeds is black.This situation is caused by the seeds are hard and unable to absorb water, so they do not germinate.A seed is considered to have germinated when the roots, cotyledons, epicots of a seedling have emerged and can be judged functional and demonstrate the ability to produce a normal crop under favorable conditions [20].The dormancy termination technique has great potential in forestry crop production.Research that has been conducted shows that stopping dormancy can improve seed quality, germination rates and seed production in the sustainability of agricultural activities.
The percentage of dead or undeveloped seeds indicates the number of dead seeds that can be produced by pure seeds under certain environmental conditions and within a predetermined period of time.The criteria for dead seeds are seeds that have rotted before germination or do not germinate after the specified testing period, but are not dormant.The percentage of dead seeds (%) formula calculated using: 2.5.2.Percentage of normal sprouts.Normal sprout criteria include sprouts whose root system is well developed, especially primary roots, good and perfect hypocotyledonous / epicotyledonous development no tissue damage Plumula that is fully developed leaves that are green and grow well,

Table 1 .
DMRT test for germination percentage of jernang rattan seeds.
Note: Values followed by the same letter indicate that they are not significantly different based on Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a level of 5%

Table 2 .
DMRT test for normal percentage of jernang rattan sprouts.

Table 3 .
DMRT test for the percentage of dead shoots of jernang rattan.
Note: Values followed by the same letter indicate that they are not significantly different based on Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a level of 5%