Analyze the effects of planting distances on the performance of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties

Safflower crop (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the genera that belongs to the Asteraceae family, also called the Compositae family, which is considered the largest family of flowering plants, containing 22 000 species extending from annuals to perennials. The analysis was led at the Muthanna College Exploration Station-School of Horticulture in the colder time of year season 2021-2022, to study the evaluation of the performance of Safflower varieties (Iranian & local) under the influence of planting distances (10, 15, and 20) cm, Explore was done utilizing a totally randomized plan RCBD and with three replications. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the distance of 20 cm was significantly superior to plant height 133.17 cm, number of branches 9.83 branches of per Plant, number of seeds reached, 552 seeds of per Plant and seed yield per Plant 17.33 g of per Plant. The outcomes demonstrated to the ethical predominance of the neighborhood class, giving the most elevated normal for the quantity of timberlands of normal 8.00 parts of per Plant, and yield of seeds 15.44 g per plant.


Introduction
Safflower crop (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the genera that belongs to the Asteraceae family, also called the Compositae family, which is considered the largest family of flowering plants, containing 22000 species extending from annuals to perennials [1].The genus Carthamus 25 different species according to their morphological and genetic characteristics [9], Safflower is considered one of the most important economic crops in the World, because of its uses in many fields.it is grown for the purpose of obtaining edible Oil from its seeds, with the percentage of Oil in it is 20-40% and protein is 11-17% [8].It is also considered a source of biofuel, as research has increased in recent years on alternatives to raw materials for producing biofuel, it is of great importance as it is biodegradable and reduces pollutants [4], In addition to its use in the pharmaceutical industry as antioxidants and antimicrobial effects [13].
People who most use Safflower as a treatment for the Persians, as Safflower was used in Persian folk medicine to treat diabetes and phlegmatic fever, Depression and dropsy.In addition, various plants of the Compositae family are traditionally used as agents stimulus to miscarriage.Safflower water extract is applied in painful menstruation to soothe, as a laxative for constipation as well as an anti-inflammatory treatment in traditional medicine.The dried flowers of C. tinctorius have become very popular because of its widespread use in treating coronary heart disease, angina, and gynecological diseases stroke and high blood pressure [5].
Safflower is considered one of the crops with many benefits and uses.It is grown in different regions of the world.It is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in lands with few irrigation water resources, It is considered a plant that is relatively tolerant to drought and salinity compared to other Oil crops.It is suitable for cultivation in dry areas [6].
There are many factors that affect crop productivity per unit area, including varieties, environmental condition, and various agricultural practices, including, the distance between plants.Plant density has been shown to have a significant effect on the productivity of seeds per unit area, production components, the number of seeds per plant, and the seed ratio [3], Determining the appropriate planting distances is important.Between the lines has a positive effect in reducing competition between plants and its effect on the yield and its components because it affects the amount of penetrating light and available heat and thus affects most of the plant ' s physiological processes.
Given the great economic importance of the Safflower crop in the world, this experiment was conducted for the purpose of evaluating Safflower varieties for different agricultural densities and determining the best appropriate distance between the trees.

Materials and strategies
An examination was led in the fields of the School of Farming in Al-Muthanna Governorate, which is around 3 km from the middle, in the 2021-2022 agricultural season to study the performance of Safflower varieties under the influence of planting distances (10, 15 & 20) cm, using two varieties (Iranian, local), The investigation was completed utilizing a full-plot plan.Randomized R.C.B.D with three replications, a dirt example was taken at a profundity of 30 cm with the end goal of examination and to know the physical and fundamental properties of the dirt, Table (1), Sowing seeds were by the plan utilized on 20/11/2021, nitrogen compost was included three phases (development, spreading and half blossoming) at a pace of 120 kg N/h and phosphate compost in one go at pace of 100 kg P2O5/h.All information were genuinely examined utilizing the (Genstat) measurable program utilizing the most un-huge distinction (L.S.D) beneath the 0.05 level.

Characteristics studied 2.1.1. Plant Long (cm):
It was estimated as a normal of ten haphazardly chosen plants from each exploratory unit from the foundation of the plant in touch with the dirt surface to the highest point of the plant top.

Number of branches per plant:
The quantity of branches was assessed as a normal of ten arbitrarily chosen plants from the two center lines.

Number of heads per plant (head per plan 1 ):
An average of ten randomly selected plants from the two middle lines of each experimental unit were used to calculate the number of heads per plant.

Number of seeds per plant:
The quantity of seeds per plant was determined as a normal of ten arbitrarily chosen plants from the two center lines by physically picking the highest points of the ten plants.
2.1.5.Seed yield (g of plant): It was determined from the yield of ten haphazardly chosen plants weighed with a delicate scale, and the heaviness of the example was separated by the quantity of plants to get the yield of one plant for every trial unit

Effect of planting distances
Table (2) demonstrates that there are tremendous contrasts between the establishing distances as far as plant long (cm), as the distance of 20 cm gave the most noteworthy normal of 133.17 cm, while the distances of (10 and 15) cm gave normal of (120.33 and 124.00) cm separately, result is predictable with the outcomes [3].
Results Table (2) showed that establishing distance of 20 cm was essentially predominant in giving the most elevated normal number of branches, which arrived at 9.83 Plant branches, while the distances of (10 and 15) cm gave a normal of (3.67 , 6.17) Plant branches separately, This disparity in the quantity of branches is because of the way that developing safflower with dispersed distances between plants prompts the arrangement of thick vegetative development and hence an expansion in the proficiency of the photosynthesis cycle, which prompts an expansion in portrayal rates and afterward an expansion in the production and gathering of dry matter, which is considered in the opposite, establishing plants at slender distances prompts a decrease in the quantity of branches because of expanded contest for dampness, supplements and light, this review concurs with what was demonstrated by [12].
Table (2) results showed that distance of 20 cm between plants was altogether better than the other distances in giving the most noteworthy mean for the quantity of heads quality per plant added up to 22.67 heads per Plant, while the least normal for this characteristic was 7.50 heads per Plant at the rural distance of 10 cm.
According to Table 2 of the results, the planting distance of 20 centimeters resulted in the highest average number of seeds per plant, 552 seeds per plant, followed by the planting distance of 15 centimeters, with an average of 383 seeds per plant, and the planting distance of 10 centimeters, with an average of 250 seeds per plant, which is consistent with the results [3].
According to the findings presented in Table 2, the planting distance of 20 centimeters resulted in the highest average seed weight characteristic of the plant 17.33 g/plant, while the planting distances of 10 centimeters and 15 centimeters resulted in two averages of 8.33 and 10.67 g/Plant.This significant decrease in the average seed weight when the distance between plants is decreased is probably attributable to increased competition between plants for growth requirements as a result of a decrease in photo It likewise prompts a decrease in the length of the time of these stages, which will lead thus to a lessening in the heaviness of the bean.

Effect of varieties
Results Table (3) demonstrate that there are tremendous contrasts between the cultivars in the trait of the quantity of branches per Plant, as the nearby cultivar gave the most noteworthy normal for this trademark added up to 8.00 branch per Plant, while the Iranian assortment gave a normal of 5.11 branch per Plant, and it very well might be expected.The justification for the exceptionally huge distinction in the quantity of branches in plants is because of the various genotypes.
Results showed the prevalence of the nearby cultivar by giving the most noteworthy normal for this quality added up to 19.22 heads per plant, while the Iranian cultivar gave the least normal for this characteristic adding up to 10.78 heads per plant (Table 3).
The local variety excelled in providing the highest average seed yield, amounting to 15.44 g per plant, while the Iranian cultivar provided the lowest average for this trait, amounting to 8.78 g per plant.Additionally, the local variety excelled in providing the highest average seed yield, amounting to 15.44 g per plant, while the Iranian cultivar provided the lowest average for this trait, amounting to 304 seeds per plant.This outcome is steady with what has been demonstrated [2].

Effect of bilateral interaction between planting distances and varieties
Table (4) results demonstrate there are tremendous contrasts between two way communication in plant long blends, as the mix (20 cm and nearby assortment) was predominant, giving the most elevated pace of 141.00 cm, while the least rate was 117.67 cm, when cooperation was (10 cm and neighborhood assortment).
Results Table (4) showed that blend (20 cm and neighborhood cultivar) was essentially better than the other mixes in giving the most elevated normal number of branches in the plant, which added up to 12.67 branches per plant, while the two blends gave (10 cm and Iranian cultivar) and (10 cm and cultivar).The most minimal mean for this attribute was (3.33, 4.00) per plant branch, separately.
Table (4) results showed that mix (20 cm and nearby cultivar) was essentially better than the other blends by giving the most noteworthy mean for the quantity of heads per plant, which added up to 32.33 heads per plant, while the two blends gave (10 cm and Iranian cultivar) and (10 cm and neighborhood cultivar), least rate for this quality was (8.00, 7.00) head of per plant, individually.4) showed that mix (20 cm and nearby assortment) was essentially better than the other blends in giving the most noteworthy normal of the characteristic of the quantity of seeds in the plant, which added up to 724 seeds plant -1 , trailed by a critical mix of (15 cm and neighborhood), which gave a normal of 535 seeds, while mix (10 cm and nearby cultivar) gave least rate for this quality, adding up to 199 seeds.
Table (4) results show that mix (20 cm and nearby cultivar) was fundamentally better than the other blends in giving the most noteworthy normal seed yield of 22.67 g, while the mix (15 cm and Iranian cultivar) gave the least normal of 5.00 g for this characteristic.

Conclusion
We concluded from the results of the experiment that there is an effect of both planting distances between seeds and cultivars on most of the growth traits and economic yield.It was noted that increasing the planting distance was clearly reflected in the economic yield, while the local category excelled in all traits, giving the highest seed yield per plant.This efficiency can be multiplied by following superior horticultural practices, the middle's continuous exploration on the harvest adds to its presentation as a multi-use yield, and plant reproducing projects can profit from its extraordinary hereditary variety in creating assortments with qualities reasonable for different farming conditions. 3 Abdolhassein R and Afsaneh F 2021 Constituents and biological activities of selected genera of the Iranian Asteraceae family Journal of Herbal Medicine 25 (1):59 pp [2] Ansari AH, Jarwar AD, Jarwar, Majeedano HI, Majeedano and Kalhoro RB 1995 Response of two safflower varieties to different planting dates Sesama and Safflower Newsletter 10 : 92-7 [3] Caliskan S and Caliskan ME 2018 Row and plant spacing effects on the yield and yield components of safflower in a Mediterranean-type environment Turk J Field Crops 23 (2): 85-92 [4] Chang P, Secco D, De Marins AC, Tokura LK, Rosseto RE, Roehrs SA, Borgmann C, Madalena C, Souza L, Da S, Cruz NFF, Santos RF, De Villa B, Gongora VRM, Gongora B, Siqueira JAC and Zang FN 2019 Morphological characteristics of Safflower seedlings under compaction levels in a clayey latosol Journal of agricultural science 11 (13): 12 pp [5] Delshad E, Yousefi M, Sasannezhad P, Rakhshandeh H and Ayati Z 2018 Medical use of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower): a comprehensive review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine Electronic physician 10 (4): 6672-81

Table 1 .
shows the physical and chemical characteristics of the field soil before planting.Breaks down were led in the Dirt Science Research facility in Al-Muthanna College -School of Horticulture.

Table 2 .
Effect of planting distances between plants on growth characteristics and yield of Safflower.

Table 3 .
Effect of varieties on growth characteristics and yield of Safflower.

Table 4 .
Effect of bilateral interaction between planting distances and varieties on growth characteristics and yield of Safflower.