Composition of Arthropods in Conventional and Surjan Systems in the Special Region of Yogyakarta

Arthropods are the most abundant phylum found in plant ecosystems. The surjan planting system is sustainable agroecosystem engineering. The surjan system is one of the local cultural wisdom for dealing with pest and plant disease problems. In contrast to conventional systems, the majority of cultivation processes apply a monoculture farming system with massive use of pesticides and fertilizers. The research aims to determine the composition of arthropods from the application of surjan and conventional systems. The research was conducted in the Special Region of Yogyakarta in August 2022. The tools and materials used consisted of an inverter microscope, yellow trap, pitfall trap, pheromone trap, 70% alcohol, Taxofone, insect needles, vials and methyl eugenol. Each type of trap was repeated four times and designed diagonally. The collected arthropods were then observed using an inverter microscope. The identification results of Bactrocera sp and Atherigona sp are the dominant species found in the Bantul and Kulonprogo districts. The composition of arthropods in conventional land (Bantul Regency) is greater than in the surjan system (Kulonprogo Regency) based on population natural enemies. In contrast to the status of natural enemies, the surjan system has more natural enemies than conventional systems.


Introduction
Arthropods are an indicator of health in plant ecosystems [1,2].The existence of arthropods is influenced by the cultivation system.The cultivation system in Indonesia is divided into polyculture and monoculture.The tropical climate in Indonesia is suitable for several types of plant varieties, so planting depends on the season.Based on their location, arthropods are divided into underground and aboveground arthropods [3][4][5][6].Based on the problems on the study has valuate the composition arthropods in another system in Indonesia particularry the modified agroecosystem.
Intensive agricultural systems also affect the abundance of arthropods.Arthropods are components that make up the life cycle and have a symbiotic relationship with other components.Monoculture systems (intensive farming) tend to use synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for the cultivation process [7].Some of the impacts resulting from intensive agricultural systems are changes in soil and water quality, pest resistance, and the explosion of primary and secondary pests [8][9][10].
2 Surjan is a cultivation system that has different heights between one plant and another.Surjan is part of the local cultural wisdom implemented by the people of the Special Region of Yogyakarta.The surjan cultivation system is a sustainable environmental modification cultivation technique.The principle of integrated pest management is carried out holistically starting with the use of biological control agents, the use of plant materials and relationships that support environmental safety.The use of biological control agents in combination with botanical pesticides can control parasitic nematode pests on tomato [11].Secondary metabolite compounds in kapok plants can also suppress the growth of cancer in dragonfruit [12], and the use of vegetable extracts can reduce pesticide residue compounds in mustard [13].
In other control efforts besides using biological control agents and agroecosystem modification, using traps has high effectiveness in reducing the intensity of pest attacks.The use of traps is one part of prevention to reduce dependence on pesticides.There are several examples of traps that can be recommended, such as the use of yellow traps, pheromone traps, and pitfall traps.These traps are an example of reducing the level of pest attacks [14][15][16].The research aims to determine the composition of arthropods in the application of surjan and conventional farming systems in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.

Methods
The research was conducted in two locations, namely Bantul Regency and Kulonprogo Regency in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.Observations were made in August 2022.August is included in the dry season.The crop system in Bantul Regency applies a conventional system with rice commodities.Meanwhile, Kulonprogo Regency applies a surjan system with a combination of horticultural crops (chilies) and rice and shallots.The characteristic in Kulonprogo regency has impelementation the modified agroecosystem.

Insect Trap
There are three types of insect traps used, namely yellow traps.Yellow traps are used to attract arthropods that are above the ground.Yellow traps emit a yellow color that is acceptable to insects.A pitfall trap is a trap that is placed parallel to the ground.The purpose of this trap is to catch insects that do not have wings and are trapped by falling into a pitfall trap that contains a soapy water solution.Meanwhile, the pheromone trap uses the active ingredient methyl eugenol to attract fly insects (Diptera) on horticultural plants.The three types of traps were installed diagonally with four repetitions.The instalation of insect trap was taken on the plant with generatif phase.

Data Analysis and Observations
Observations were made once with a trap installation period of three days.The collected arthropods were collected using vials containing 70% alcohol.Next, identification and microscopic observation were carried out using a microscope inverter.The identification results are processed by Ms. Excel.

Results and Discussion
Researchers have designed a trap design that is used to determine the composition of arthropod species.To obtain arthropods associated with plants, it is necessary to capture the composition of the arthropods.The presence of arthropods is important as a study to map the status of pest and natural enemy categories.The design can be seen in Figure 1.The pheromone trap used is made from a PVC bottle designed upside down.On the inside, there is cotton that has been dripped with the active ingredient methyl eugenol.The trap also provides liquid soap to kill trapped pests.Meanwhile, the yellow trap type is made of yellow plastic and has been coated with an adhesive solution.The blind pitfall trap is made from used bottles that are cut to fit the ground surface.Pitfall traps contain a soap solution to kill trapped insects.

Figure 1. Types of traps
The surjan planting system is a modification of land designed with different heights (Figure 2).The height of each plant is different.The surjan system is identical to polyculture plants.The types of cultivated plants consist of secondary crops, horticultural and food crops.The surjan system regulates water needs.Land from the surjan system can be used without having to pay attention to the season.There are several advantages of the surjan system in land preparation, it can break the life cycle of weeds and pests in the soil.Stops the growth of weed seeds, and increases soil fertility.In contrast to the conventional system (Figure 3), the conventional system is a monoculture system that applies intensive farming.Use of pesticides and fertilizers in massive quantities.This causes a range crops to be exposed to disease and pest attacks [17][18].Bantul Regency with the application of a conventional system based on the number of species collected is greater than Kulonprogo Regency.The collection results are the accumulated results of all types of trapping used.In the salt section, the total number of species collected is presented.Based on these data, Bactrocera sp and Atherigona sp are the most common species caught in traps.Bactrocera sp many are caught in pheromone traps using methyl eugenol.Bactrocera sp males are more trapped.Bactrocera sp found in many chili and other horticultural plants.Based on the diagram in Figure 4, the number of pests on conventional land (Bantul Regency) is greater than on surjan land (Kulonrpogo Regency.This happens because in Kulonprogo Regency land is cultivated at different heights.In addition, there is a polyculture planting system so the number of main pests is limited.Some of the land has refugia plants so that it can suppress pest populations.Refugia plants are one of the hosts for natural enemies.

Conclusion
Based on research results, the composition of arthropods in Bantul Regency is greater than that of the surge system in Kulonprogo Regency.From these two locations, the species Bactrocera sp and Atherigona sp were the dominant pests collected.The use of trapping on conventional land and a surjan system is one of the efforts to reduce the presence of pest populations.Apart from that, trapping is used as a solution to reduce dependence on synthetic pesticides.The use of traping is more economical compared to other controls.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Composition of arthropods in surjan and conventional systems.