Application of the Forest City Concept to the Surabaya City Environment

The parks in Surabaya are one of the applications of the forest city concept. Green Open Space (RTH) in every region, especially the city of Surabaya, is one way to create an environment free from temperature and air pollution. An environment free from pollution can help minimize global warming. In addition, the existence of urban parks can preserve forests and improve environmental quality. The results of this study aim to make Surabaya city can be an example and educate regions in Indonesia about the importance of urban parks for a clean and pollution-free environment. Research on the application of the forest city concept in Surabaya City was conducted in two popular parks in Surabaya. The research objects studied were Taman Pelangi and Taman Flora. The data obtained was analyzed using purposive sampling method in 3 stages of research including: observation-documentation, interviews, and data analysis. Taman Pelangi meets the requirements of a good city park standard with a percentage of 80% while Taman Flora with a percentage of 80%. It can be concluded that the application of city parks with the concept of forest city has a very positive impact on the environment in the city of Surabaya.


Introduction
Surabaya is one of the second largest cities in Indonesia and is known as the City of Heroes.The population and vehicle mobility in Surabaya are high.The high mobility of vehicles causes the level of air pollution in Surabaya to increase.From here it can be seen that this air pollution can affect global warming.Increasing global warming, especially in the city of Surabaya, has resulted in a parameter test by calculating PM 2.5.PM 2.5 is an indicator test to determine health risks due to particulate pollution.This pollution can be harmful to human health, especially to the lungs, respiratory organs, and heart.
Global warming has an impact and needs proper handling before it is too late.Global warming is the increasing temperature of the ocean and land atmosphere on earth.This phenomenon that occurs can be said to be growing rapidly [1].Global warming is a global phenomenon caused by human activities, especially land use change activities and the use of fossil materials [2].This certainly needs to be watched out for because it has a big impact on society, starting from increasingly hot temperatures, drought, forest fires, melting polar ice caps, and so on.Therefore, the government and society need to take part in following up so that global warming does not get worse.
Population in urban areas such as Surabaya city has the potential to increase development.One of the causes is the high birth rate, which has an impact on the need for land conversion.This causes a lack of trees and plants in the city of Surabaya.The presence of green open space (RTH) around urban areas can overcome environmental problems.During Mrs. Risma's reign as mayor, Surabaya changed drastically and her leadership was recognized worldwide by winning 322 awards [3].A very visible program during Mrs. Risma's leadership was taking part in the world of parks by improving the quality and increasing the number of parks in Surabaya."In accordance with the Minister of Public Works Regulation number 05/PRT/M/2008 concerning Guidelines for the Provision of Green Open Space in Urban Areas, it is mandated that the proportion of green open space in urban areas is at least 30 percent, consisting of 20 percent public green open space and 10 percent private green open space."[4].City Park (Green Open Space) is one of the public facilities in the city, especially Surabaya.One of the human perceptions about city parks in Surabaya is that they support daily activities and are even used to spend leisure time.This is because city parks are recreational areas that are usually equipped with children's play facilities and there is no charge (free).Perception is a view of something that is seen from various points of view.Human perception of the environment is an interpretation of a setting by an individual based on the individual's own cultural background, reasoning and experience so that it has a subjective perception [5].Sensitivity to the environment and the ability to adjust (responsiveness) to environmental conditions can lead to certain behaviors, even though humans do not realize the influence of the environment on themselves.
Planning concepts in several cities around the world are designed to support sustainable development.The Indonesian government plans to build the Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) by designing a concept called forest city on the island of Kalimantan [6].This concept adapts to the conditions of the National Capital Region by building a city concept in the forest.Forest City is a concept that pays attention to forests, where this concept maintains and preserves existing resources [7].Forest city is the first step to creating a city that is much healthier and free from pollution.One of the factors that can support the forest city concept is that it can be applied to green open spaces (RTH) in the form of parks around the city.City Parks are public spaces or commonly called open spaces that function as urban forest areas, recreation, and green open spaces [8].With the presence of open space and the provision of parks, it can have an impact on temperature and air pollution and can support the beauty and beauty of the city of Surabaya.The results of this study aim to make Surabaya city an example and educate regions in Indonesia about the importance of city parks for a clean and pollution-free environment.

Method
The method that will be used is using qualitative methods.Qualitative research book, extracting definitions from several sources, Qualitative research is a process of research and understanding based on a social phenomenon and human problems.In data collection or sampling techniques in qualitative research namely 'Research methods usually have a small sample and are selected according to the purpose of the research" which means qualitative research uses the term social situation, namely place, actor, and activity.Reinforced by the theory which states: "Purposive sampling.Some researchers believe that they can, using judgment or intuition, select the best people or groups to be studied" [9].
In collecting data, the author uses the following data collection techniques:

Observation
Observation is an important process in qualitative research where researchers can systematically document and reflect on the activities and interactions of research subjects [10].All that is observed and heard can be recorded and recorded.Observations were made at Taman Pelangi and Taman Flora in Surabaya.

Interview
Interview is a technique of extracting data through conversations conducted with a specific purpose, from two or more parties [10].In-depth interviewing is essential in case studies, in-depth interviews are flexible, open, not tightly structured, not in a formal setting, and open-ended questions.

Global Warming
Global Warming is a phenomenon that occurs almost all over the world, including Indonesia.Global warming is the increasing temperature of the ocean and land atmosphere on earth [1].Some signs of global warming that have begun to be felt are rising temperatures, melting polar ice caps, drought, and so on.Global warming is caused by human activities, for example the use of motorized fuel, petroleum, coal and natural gas [1].As a result of these activities can produce various gases including carbon dioxide (2), water vapor (2), Chloro Fluoro Carbon (CFC), Nitrous Oxide (2), Methane (4), Ozone (3) which are known as greenhouse gases and result in the greenhouse effect.This greenhouse effect can lead to a warmer earth and climate change.As a result, the effects that will be received are rather risky and harmful to health.With global warming increasing, especially in Surabaya, there is a parameter test by calculating PM 2.5.The cause of high PM 2.5 results and causing unhealthy air is pollutants such as SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) that exist in the atmosphere along with other chemical compounds and fine particles such as carbon monoxide (CO), furans, dioxins and black carbon and volatile organic matter [11].These pollutants can be harmful to health especially to the lungs, respiratory and heart organs.Therefore, the government and the community must work together to overcome it by switching to cleaner-fueled vehicles, multiplying green plants, recycling unused goods, and so on.

Forest City Concept
Forest City is a concept that pays attention to forests, where this concept maintains and preserves existing resources [7].In addition, the definition of forest city can be concluded that forest city is synonymous with [12]: a.A nickname for a city built from a forest area; b.Cities with a dominance of forest vegetation or have extensive tree cover; c.Urban forest; d.The concept of reforestation or forest construction to improve the city ecosystem and create a balance of coexistence between humans and other species; e. Jungle city whose landscape is structured like a forest or has a forest-like ecosystem service function.f.Availability of vertical forests, green spaces including urban forests, and large urban green area cover.Stefano Boeri defines forest city as vertical forest, so forest city can be defined as a city whose buildings are covered by trees and plants [13].Trees act as giant air filters and pollution controllers which with the vertical foresting method are expected to restore space naturally as an effort to protect the earth.In the development of the forest city, principles have been designed that need to be applied so that the objectives of this concept can be achieved.In 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry even formulated the principles of the forest city.The principles consist of six principles, which are: 1. conservation of natural resources and animal habitats; 2. relationship with nature 3. low carbon development; 4. fulfilled water resources 5. controllable development; 6. community involvement in realizing forest city.
Revealed that forest city is designed with the aim of protecting, managing, and restoring forests in order to optimize forest ecosystem services and contribute to community welfare, economic development [7].The forest city concept not only has a positive impact on economic growth, the preservation of living things, and human welfare.In addition, this concept is also good for the health of the body, especially the lungs and minimizes environmental pollution.In addition, forest city is a city that places forest ecosystems as forming the structure of urban space, orienting the lives of urban communities, and facilitating interactions between urban activities [7].The impact of forest city development on environmental aspects is water, air, soil and sound.By using the concept of forest city, sound pollution can be reduced by planting trees [14].In addition, the air is clean, water quality is maintained and reduces air pollution so that it is good for health, especially the lung organs.

City Park
Based on Interim Population Projection data, the population of East Java in 2022 was 41.15 million people.As much as 0.68% of the population of East Java increased, especially in the city of Surabaya where Surabaya is the capital of East Java Province with the largest and most populous population [15].Urban areas with a dense population can cause a reduction in land for vegetation so that green open space (RTH) is needed to avoid damage to the city environment.Before 2007 green lane facilities in the city of Surabaya were converted for gas stations, namely around no less than 13 points of green lanes located in the center of Surabaya [16].The green open spaces of the former gas stations in Surabaya are all functioned again as city parks as well as recreational facilities.In 2021, the Surabaya Environmental Agency (DLH) recorded that Surabaya's green space percentage was 22%.The area reached 7,357.96hectares (ha).Meanwhile, the metropolis area is 33,451 ha [17].From these data, there are several green spaces that have been converted into city parks, such as the former gas station on Jl.Sulawesi Surabaya which has been converted into a city park located in the center of Surabaya, the green space of the former gas station in front of Dolog-Jl.A Yani Surabaya and the green space of the former gas station on Jl.Biliton Surabaya [16].
The existence of urban green spaces is very important because the provision and utilization of green spaces in urban areas, namely with Permen PU No. 05 / PRT / 2008 which aims to maintain the provision of land, water catchment areas and realize urban planological aspects through the balance of the natural environment and the built environment that is useful for the benefit of society and improve the harmony of the urban environment as a means of securing a safe, comfortable, fresh, beautiful and clean city environment.The benefits obtained from the utilization of RTH into city parks that have an impact on the environment.
The arrangement of residential areas is certainly related to the need for open fields.This has influenced the development of urban landscapes and the.The emergence of the "Garden City" concept is dominated by groups of trees, grass fields along traffic lanes and spaces in the form of plants around private land.The trend that occurs in cities around the world, especially Indonesia, is to reorganize the city so that it is more open.is to reorganize the city to lead to a balance between green and non-green areas.The goal is to create a livable and sustainable urban environment.
Requirements and needs, planning and design standards urban parks are divided into two, namely the forming elements and components of the city park.According to the Book of Landscape Architecture Design Components city park elements are hard elements and soft elements [18].
Hard elements (hard material) are elements that are in the form of dead material (neither growing nor developing) and are divided into two (natural and artificial hard), including grow or develop) and are divided into 2 (natural and artificial hard), including: a. Ponds: increase humidity so as to cool the environment b.Artificial cliffs: to give a natural impression and blend in with nature to add a cool and comfortable atmosphere.with nature as an enhancer of the cool and comfortable atmosphere.c.Rocks: placed at the edge / one corner of the garden by adding plants between the stones to make it look natural and blend in with the garden.plants in between the stones to make it seem natural and blend in with the garden d.Gazebo: for a place to rest and enjoy the atmosphere of the garden e. Footpath (Steppingstone): as a variation of garden support and a form of garden maintenance so as not to damage the grass / plants.maintenance of the park so as not to damage the grass / plants.f.Parkerising: for barriers / pedestrians in the form of tiles, paving, etc. g.Garden Lights: for garden lighting, supporting the night atmosphere Soft elements (soft material) in the form of water elements and plants/vegetation, including: a. Trees: hardwood plants and grow upright, large in size with sturdy branches, for example, acacia, lamtorogung, kranji acid and so on.b.Shrubs: like therapy trees, the size is small, the stems are quite woody, less upright and less sturdy, for example bougenville, cabbage banda, etc. c.Shrubs: rather small, low, growing wide / creeping for example tea-tehan d.Ground cover plants: higher grass, leafy and beautiful flowering for example purslane, ornamental pineapple and others.e. Grass: plants that are on the ground for example Japanese grass, elephant grass, and so on.When viewed from its activities, open space is divided into two types of open space, namely active and passive [18].Active open space is open space that has elements of activity in it such as playing, sports and walking.Active open space is in the form of plazas, sports fields, children and youth playgrounds, riverside greening as a place of recreation.While passive open space is space that does not contain elements of human activity such as roadside greening, railroad bank greening, or natural area greening.

Resuld and Discussion
Surabaya has a wide variety of city parks.These parks were created and given attention to their development by one of Surabaya's former mayors, commonly known as Bu Risma.Mrs. Risma is one of the mayors who is very concerned about, improving, and developing parks with the aim that the city of Surabaya in the future can reduce air pollution.One of the parks that Mrs. Risma paid attention to was Taman Pelangi and Taman Flora.The following observations can be concluded according to the requirements of the city park according to the Book of Landscape Architecture Design Components [18]: 1. Hard Elements a. Pond       From the results of the author's observations adjusting the requirements of city parks, as much as 80% of Taman Pelangi and 80% of Taman Flora have met the standards of good city park requirements.
The survey was conducted at Taman Pelangi on September 21, 2022 and at Taman Flora on September 25, 2022.From the survey, the authors analyzed the suitability of the principles of applying the forest city concept to city parks.The following are the results of the analysis of the principles of the forest city concept when associated with city parks, as follows: No Taman Pelangi Taman Flora The Taman Pelangi was managed and noticed in 2010 by Mrs. Risma.According to Mr. Rachmat Prayoga (Taman Pelangi caretaker) this city park can be one of the factors in implementing the forest city concept.Mr. Rachmat Prayoga revealed that the Taman Pelangi in the city has a positive impact because it can reduce air pollution especially around the park there are many vehicles passing by.City parks are divided into 2 parts, namely active parks (can be visited) and passive parks (cannot be visited because they are located in the middle of the highway).For Icon there is a pond that is supported by colorful lights.In Taman Pelangi, the usual activities carried out by the community are exercising, relaxing, playing, taking pictures and even prewedding because there are many unique photo spots, there are games, and ponds that have ornamental fish such as goldfish.
The results of the interview at the Taman Flora with Mr. Kus (cleaning section) said that the beginning of Taman Flora was known as Taman Flora Fauna.In the 90s, the name was changed to Taman Flora because of the urban forest function expert.Taman Flora was made from scratch with the intervention of Mrs. Risma, starting when Mrs. Risma was still the head of cleaning and landscaping until she became mayor.Taman Flora is usually used for student visits, recreation because there are playgrounds and animals such as deer, fish, peacocks, and various other birds.Therefore, the results of this study have the potential to sensitize people in understanding the importance of green parks so that they can make recommendations to other areas to participate in implementing this concept (forest city) through city parks.In addition, the existence of city parks can also prove that greening or the existence of green spaces is important because it greatly affects the quality of the environment and air and can prevent temperature increases and reduce air pollution.

Conclusion
The conclusion of the research on the application of the forest city concept in Surabaya City is that urban parks can be one of the factors that support the concept.This can be proven through green open spaces or some lands that are functioned into city parks.For this reason, Surabaya is currently one of the cities that has city parks and greenways that spread throughout the Surabaya area.This of course can also be an example for other cities about the importance of an area providing city parks.With the existence of city parks, it can aim to reduce temperature and air pollution and minimize global warming in urban environments.In addition, city parks can also be a place for activities such as recreation, and can add to the beauty of the environment.
1301 (2024) 012010 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1301/1/0120104 According to the Minister of Public Works Number: 06/PRT/M/2007 the components of structuring components are classified as: a. Public open space system (public ownership-public accessibility): its physical character is open, free and easily accessible to the public.b.Private open space system (private ownership-private accessibility): the physical character is open but limited, accessible only to owners, users or certain parties.c.Publicly accessible private open space system (private ownership-public accessibility): open, free and accessible to the public.d.Tree and green system: a pattern of tree planting in public open spaces by spreading out e. Landscapes: open physical character, associated with the use of large areas for public use and part of protected nature City parks function as public spaces.Public space is a space that contains a variety of activities in it.

Figure 19 .
Figure 19.Taman Pelangi ( Autor's source, 2022) Therefore, the provision of green open space (RTH) must continue to be developed, especially in urban areas. 2