Smart Energy Public Street Lighting System

Public street lighting illuminates roadways for two, three, and four-wheeled vehicles. Most roads have street lighting for safety and aesthetics. The security feature improves nighttime driver sight. Motorists need appropriate illumination to reduce accidents and crime. Lighting design and placement affect the street’s and city’s nighttime attractiveness. Public street lighting lights utilize uncontrolled electricity, resulting in excessive expenditures. We need a design that effectively manages and uses electrical energy. The IoT-based Public Street Lighting system employing solar panels as battery chargers may be utilized for electrical energy planning. The ESP8266 module provides control, a Wi-Fi module provides Wi-Fi, the relay module provides an electric switch to turn on or off public street lighting lights using the intelligent energy public street lighting application, and solar panels charge the batteries. The system has LDR sensor monitoring, ultrasonic sensors, and a Nodemcu ESP8266 microprocessor. The light sensor module detects light intensity. The Smart Energy, Public Street Lighting app lets officers monitor the process in real time. This program will monitor public street lighting and analyze and graph the data.


Introduction
The Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia issued regulation number 13 of 2012 concerning saving electricity consumption, including for public street lighting [1].Public Street Lighting is a lamp that is used for street lighting at night to make it easier for road users to see the road to be traversed.In addition, street lighting functions to improve the security and safety of road users from crime and accidents.This paper reports the results of a recently concluded R&D project, SCALS (Smart Cities Adaptive Lighting System), which aimed at the development of all hardware/software components of an adaptive urban smart lighting architecture allowing municipalities to manage and control public street lighting lamps [2].Currently, the use of street lighting uses conventional controls for energy savings.The system contributes to creating a street lighting system that focuses on solving the issues of environment, energy, and public safety [3].
However, due to the large number of lights installed and lit at night, this will result in waste, and regular monitoring activities must be carried out to minimize damage to the street lighting.The installation of smart meters in smart cities to monitor streetlights provides easy access to measurements of electrical variables and lighting levels, which improves the operation of installation [4].At present the officers who carry out these activities still use a manual system, namely by visiting the location of the street lighting installed.This activity has drawbacks because officers need time to find out the condition 1301 (2024) 012008 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1301/1/012008 2 of the street lighting.A new SLR algorithm that obtains efficient levels of illumination and improvement in energy efficiency [5].Therefore, we need a public street lighting system that can monitor every light.Monitoring the public street lighting system is an integrated monitoring and control system for public street lighting lights in a certain area.An urban smart lighting architecture allowing municipalities to manage and control public street lighting lamps is here considered [6].
This monitoring and control system are carried out by utilizing a technology called the Internet of Things (IoT) which can control a public street lighting lamp from one location or control center wirelessly using internet connection facilities either via a mobile network (3G/4G) or other internet connections.As smart cities (SCs) emerge, the Internet of Things (IoT) can simplify more sophisticated and ubiquitous applications employed within these cities [7].Monitoring the public street lighting system will greatly assist the government, be it provincial, city, district, or non-government in monitoring the condition of installed public street lighting and arranging for these public street lighting lamps to work optimally and efficiently.Developed a methodology for smart street lighting implementation in small cities [8].This smart monitoring system can not only be used for street lighting with a PLN electricity source but can also be used for solar street lighting.Based on the description of the background above, it is necessary to find solutions to overcome problems and maximize available resources.Streetlights are among the essential public infrastructure components for both urban and rural areas [9].
Therefore, the author intends to design and build a control system that can monitor an IoT-based public street lighting lamp that is accessed using an Android app and can adjust brightness and determine damage to public street lighting by utilizing sensors installed on public street lighting lamps.Electrical energy use at an agency that results in waste is a severe concern [10].Intelligent control of public lighting is nowadays one of the most challenging issues in smart city deployment [11].Street lighting, as the most essential and universal component of the urban lighting system, accounts for a large portion of public electricity usage [12].This can reduce the power used so that it can prevent waste and officers can find out if there is damage to street lighting from a distance.The amount of power consumed by street lights in a year is 1/6 of the global energy produced [13].The purpose of this research is to design and manufacture an IoT-based public street lighting lamp prototype that has good system performance and is resistant to non-extreme weather conditions (Rain and heat), distance, and other problems that often occur in public street lighting lamps [14].And can be controlled through the smart public street lighting android application by street light maintenance officers or the Transportation Agency (Department of Transportation) and is also useful for facilitating the view of road users when traveling at night, can carry out a monitoring function in real-time from night to morning to monitor public street lighting lamps installed, the use of solar panels can save energy use from morning to evening.In designing this application there are several problem limitations as follows: 1) Design and build a public street lighting system prototype based on IoT, 2) Control is carried out with a smartphone device, 3) Control media through the smart public street lighting android application connected to the internet network, 4) Public Street Lighting is only used in urban areas, especially in the housing area.Interactions that do not require physical touch and the ability to send or receive data over a network because of its association with the environment can be defined as the Internet of Things.IoT has automatic remotecontrol capabilities that have a dominant impact on energy efficiency and organized energy management [15].

Method
This paper reports the results of a recently concluded R&D project and Smart Cities Adaptive Lighting System, which aimed at the development of all hardware/software components.The steps of research method are: 1) Systematic Literature Review related to public street lighting and analysis of needs for materials and tools, 2) hardware design, 3) software design, 4) System implementation, 5) System testing and analysis, 6) Design a smart energy public street lighting prototype.Before determining the equipment to be used to design and build a prototype public street lighting system based on IoT, we first calculate the need for solar panels and batteries to be used as a charging source and reservoir for electric current to turn on public street lighting lamps based on the number of watts of lamps will be used.

Calculation of the need for solar power generation
Making a solar power generation system for the needs of public street lighting requires precise calculations.This is closely related to the electrical load that is on a lamp.To calculate the need for solar panels and batteries to be used for street lighting, we must first calculate the electric load of the lamp.

Lamp electric load public street lighting in one day
The electric load in one day is calculated based on the number of watts of the lamp used, for the lifetime of the lamp we specify 12 hours.However, because we use an ultrasonic sensor as an automatic switch, where the light only turns on when a vehicle or person passes, we reduce the lifetime consumption of the lamp by 45%.Time on = Lights on -(45% x lights on) = 12 hours -(45% x 12 hours) = 6.6 hours.So, the optimal time for the lamp to live is around 6.6 hours.Total power = Number of Lamps x Watts of Lamps x Life Time of Lamps = 1 x 10 watts x 6.6 Hours = 66 watts.Tolerance addition of 10%, the total power is 72.6 watts.

Batteries Required
The battery in a solar power plant system functions to store the electrical energy produced by solar panels so that it can be used at night, to power a 10-watt lamp for 6.6 hours with a 3.7volt battery with a capacity of 20 Ampere, around one piece.

Required Solar Panels
In Indonesia, on average, the sun can shine brightly for 5 hours every day from 09.00 to 14.00.With this reference, it can be calculated the need for solar panels that use solar panels with specifications of 15wp.So, the solar panels needed are 1 solar panel of 15wp.If we want to make a public street lighting system with its original size, for example, 1:5, or the size is 5 times bigger than this prototype, then the solar panels and batteries needed with the addition of tolerances for the electricity used by the inverter and other electrical components are as follows following; Total Power = 1 lamp x 50watt x 6.6 hours = 330 watts.With the addition of 10% tolerance, the total power is 363 watts.The total solar panels and batteries needed based on the number and wattage of lamps used and the optimal time the lights are on on this IoT-based public street lighting system prototype are as follows; total power of 72.6 watts, 1 piece 3.7volt battery with a capacity of 20,000mah or 20A, 1 pcs Solar panel 15wp with a voltage of 6V.As for the actual size, the total power is 363 watts, 1 pcs 12V battery with a capacity of 30A, 1 pcs solar panel 75Wp with a voltage of 12V.

Hardware and Software Design
Equipment and materials used to design an IoT-based public street lighting system prototype design.This device is divided into 2 parts, namely hardware and software.Software components namely; Windows 11, smart public street lighting android application, Arduino IDE, and software components namely; PC/laptop, android smartphone, NodeMCU ESP8266.System configuration or block diagram can be seen in Figure 1. . is a block diagram of a general street lighting system which includes an LDR sensor (module flame sensor light), ultrasonic sensor, NodeMCU ESP8266, relay, LED, solar light, solar panel, inverter, battery, and Android smartphone.The solar panel through the inverter charges the battery to power the system.Then, input from the LDR sensor and ultrasonic sensor will be sent to the NodeMCU ESP8266.Then NodeMCU ESP8266 will process the data and adjust the brightness of the LED and solar light as well as the relay to turn on or turn off the LED and solar light.Data that has been processed by NodeMCU ESP8266 will be sent via the internet so that it can be viewed via the user's smartphone.

Electronic Devices
The electronic devices intended to combine the electronic components used so that they look simple and efficient in this case are the electronic components in the form of NodeMCU ESP8266, LDR sensors (module flame sensor light), ultrasonic sensors, 2 channel relays, LEDs, solar lights, solar panels, and batteries.

Mechanical Devices
The mechanical design is intended to protect the circuit position the electronic components and add to the aesthetics of the device.Figure 3 shows the mechanical design dimensions of a public street lighting system prototype based on IoT, which has a support column height of 35 cm x 35 cm with a plate thickness of 1 mm, and a foundation that has a width of 15.5 cm and a height of 3 cm.Panel components include; Contactor, Timer/Photocell, MCB, Ground, Box Panel.The public street lighting pole is round with a straight conical taper without ornament, the handlebar arms are used for all-in-one type solar cells and the LED type lights, lithium batteries, controllers, and solar modules are combined in one casing which is also equipped with handlebar clamps.A flowchart is shown above in Figure 5.The working principle indicates the development and design processes involved in the project.When pressing the button on the ESP8266 will send data to the relay.Based on the data received the relay works to receive the lamp.The sensor will continue to read the light intensity issued by the lamp and will request the application on an Android smartphone.If the value obtained is equal to or the specified value, then the light status is determined, and by the data read in the application, the lamp is estimated to work well.This section works by reading the light intensity by the LDR sensor.Outside light conditions are read by the LDR whether in a state of high light intensity (bright) or low light intensity (dark) if the sensor gives a signal that the conditions are dark outside then the lamp conditions will light with low intensity (dim) followed by an ultrasonic sensor reading to detect the existence of a human or vehicle if there is a human or vehicle that is read by an ultrasonic sensor then the sensor will send a signal to Arduino to process the light automatically according to the specified level and will dim after the vehicle passes the read sensor capability.

Result & Discussion
In this public street lighting smart energy prototype, NodeMCU ESP8266 is the data processing center of the entire system, where each sensor will provide measurable data in the form of a value or a condition.Then the data is sent to an application called Smart public street lighting using the Wi-Fi module contained in the NodeMCU ESP8266 as an internet connection.

Tool component testing
The first test was carried out on all components of the tool, namely on the 15 wp solar panel which was tested at different times using a digital voltmeter.The results of solar panel testing on 3 consecutive days are in Table 1.The second test is to measure the solar panel voltage, battery charging voltage, battery condition voltage, and current flowing when charging the battery.The results can be seen in Table 2.The third test is the use of battery energy against the load, namely LED1 and LED2 lamps.The results can be seen in Table 3.The fourth test is the ultrasonic sensor test (HC-SR04), this sensor has limited ability to read movements, depending on the quality of the sensor, the results of testing the ability of the ultrasonic sensor can be seen in table-4.The fifth test is the sensor test LDR, which is to find out whether the condition of the LED lamp is damaged or not lit, The test results can be seen in table-5.From the results of Table 1 above, it can be seen that at 08.00 WIB until 12.00 WIB (the sun goes to its peak position) measurements were made 3 times at different times, and the results of the solar panel voltage increased from 12.13 volts to 14.02 volts.Then at 12.00 WIB until 16.00 WIB (the sun goes down) the measured voltage results on the solar panels decrease, namely from 14.02 volts to 11.04 volts.So, after measuring 3 times on a 15 wp solar panel with a fixed state at different times, the average voltage value is obtained by adding up the results of test 1, test 2, and test 3 and then dividing by 3 the measurements.From the test results in Table 3 above, it can be analyzed that the power consumption of LED lights is as follows; Power LED1 = 3.5 volts x 0.14 A = 0.49 watts when the light is on, and similarly for Power LED2 = 4.13 volts x 0.38 A = 1.57watts when the light is on.So the overall power analysis of LED lights live for 12 hours in 1 day is 0.49 watts x 12 hours = 5.8 watts/day (LED1) and 1.57Watts x 12 hours = 18.8 watts/day (LED2).Furthermore, if only the LED1 lamp turns on the power per day is 5.8 watts and if the LED2 lamp also turns on the power per day is 18.8 watts (because the LED2 lamp lights up based on an ultrasonic sensor, the power will be less than 18.8 watts per day.  4 above, it can be seen that the limit of Ultrasonic sensor readings reaches more than two meters and if the object exceeds that distance, the ultrasonic sensor can no longer read the movement of objects around the lights [16].The binary logic that applies to reading motion on the ultrasonic sensor is 1 and 0, which means that if the sensor detects movement it will have a value of 1 and if no movement is detected it will have a value of 0.  Figure 6 shows that the dashboard is divided into several displays, namely data that is read by light and ultrasonic sensors in real-time.The delay given for each data displayed on the Smart public street lighting application is 1 minute.To turn on the lights in the evening and turn them off in the morning there is also a light configuration or scheduling display.Apart from monitoring in real-time, the Smart public street lighting application is also used to display historical data for readings and measurements that have been made, then the data is stored on a server provided by the Smart public street lighting application.Any data that has been obtained is automatically sent directly to the Smart public street lighting application and can be viewed in the " See the table " menu for each sensor.All historical data can be downloaded in Excel file form.This data is retrieved continuously every minute if the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is connected to the internet.

Energy-saving analysis
It is known that the original size of PLN (State Electricity Company) lamps according to operating standards is for a road width of 3-6 meters using 70-50 Watt SON brand lamps/equivalent LED lamps.According to this government regulation, street lighting is expected to use a 50-watt bulb that operates for 12 hours.The lamp's electrical current is 300 mA and its voltage is 12 V when it is illuminated.The lamp remains on throughout the night for a period of 12 hours, and there are 30 days in a month.The power consumption is 3600 milliwatts.The monthly electrical energy consumption of this prototype is calculated as 3.6 multiplied by 12 hours multiplied by 30 days, resulting in a total of 1296 Watt-hours (Wh).The electric current in the lamp when it is bright is 300 mA, with a voltage of 12 V.The light goes on at night for a period of 6.6 hours, and there are 30 days in a month.The electricity used amounts to 3600 milliwatts.The monthly power consumption of this prototype is calculated by multiplying the duration of 3.6 x 6.6 hours by 30 days, resulting in 712.8 Watts-hours (Wh).The energy savings for a period of one month amount to 55%, calculated as 712.8 divided by 1296, multiplied by 100%.The smart energy public street lighting prototype is capable of achieving a monthly energy savings of 55%.

Conclusion
The smart energy public street lighting prototype uses solar panels as a source of electrical energy, where the electricity generated by the solar panels is stored in batteries to turn on public street lighting.The Nodemcu ESP8266 is equipped with an LDR sensor and an HC-SR04 sensor, enabling it to measure the light intensity detected by the LDR sensor and the distance of objects from the ultrasonic sensor.The LED may be adjusted based on the values of the two sensors.A prototype of intelligent street lighting has been developed and its performance has been assessed.The Internet of Things (IoT) has been used to do tasks such as measuring light intensity, monitoring bulb status, and controlling street lights using a smart public lighting application on an Android smartphone.Sensors have been used to regulate the light intensity, taking into account the presence of cars and people.An energy-saving study of the prototype reveals that utilizing the smart public street lighting app may help prevent 55 percent of power usage compared to not using it.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.System design block diagram Figure 1. is a block diagram of a general street lighting system which includes an LDR sensor (module flame sensor light), ultrasonic sensor, NodeMCU ESP8266, relay, LED, solar light, solar panel, inverter, battery, and Android smartphone.The solar panel through the inverter charges the battery to power the system.Then, input from the LDR sensor and ultrasonic sensor will be sent to the NodeMCU ESP8266.Then NodeMCU ESP8266 will process the data and adjust the brightness of the LED and solar light as well as the relay to turn on or turn off the LED and solar light.Data that has been processed by NodeMCU ESP8266 will be sent via the internet so that it can be viewed via the user's smartphone.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Physical dimensions of mechanical devices

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Physical device smart energy prototype

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Flowchart of the system

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Display of monitoring and control on the Smart public street lighting application

Table 1 .
15Wp Solar panel test results

Table 2 .
Battery charging test results and 15 Wp Solar panel

Table 3 .
Battery test results with LED light loads

Table 5 .
LDR Sensor test results for light conditions