Integrated Area Development: A New Social Forestry Landscape Approach in Indonesia

The area of Social Forestry in Indonesia until July 2023 has reached 5,625,137 ha with 8,317 location units. Nearly 80% of the area of each unit isless than 500 ha, and only 3 to 4 business units can have an impact on increasing community welfare, social cohesion, and regional ecological protection. This condition can still be improved so as to have an impact on regional economic development and product-added value. This study aims to examine the new concept of the social forestry landscape approach, such as integrated area development (IAD), and its implementations. The study was carried out in Lumajang Regency, East Java Province targeting, key stakeholders with the highest values of Indegree, Outdegree, Incloseness, Outcloseness and Betweenness as the main respondents. Determining key stakeholders using stakeholder network analysis with the UCINET (social network analysis) application. The results of the study show that the IAD approach provides added value in regional development, added product value, and expanding marketing economic coverage. IAD program in Lumajang shows that the Government (central and regional) is the key stakeholder in implementing activities. The IAD master plan, which was prepared by practitioner multi-stakeholders, resulted in an agrosilvopastural network, agro-industry, tourism interconnection, and environment-based restoration. The IAD Lumajang, especially Senduro village in the agrosilvopatural and agro-industry sectors, per capita income has managed to cross the poverty line (IDR 3.7 million per month/household), increased employment, and increased contribution of various sectors. This can be used as a role model for other social forestry areas in the context of poverty alleviation.


Introduction
The terms community forestry and social forestry have been in use since the late 1970s, based on concerns regarding the high rate of deforestation, which raises concerns regarding state control and the capacity to manage and protect forest resources sustainably.Social forestry is a system of sustainable forest management implemented in state forest areas or private forests/customary forests implemented by local communities or customary law communities as the main actors to improve their welfare, environmental balance, and socio-cultural dynamics in the form of "Hutan Desa, Hutan Kemsyarakatan, Hutan Tanaman Rakyat, Hutan Adat, Kemitraan" [1].
In Indonesia, there are 5,625,137 hectares of social forestry agreements, and more details can be seen in Figure 1, and 10,084 social forestry business groups with categories as shown in Figure 2. Social forestry business groups are called Kelompok Usaha Perhutanan Sosial (KUPS).They have different types of businesses.The blue category describes a group that has just formed its institution.The silver category describes a group whose type of business has been identified.The gold category describes groups that are successful in local marketing.The platinum category describes a group that is successful in the international market.The number of groups for each KUPS category can be seen in Figure 1.Agroforestry, silvofisheries, and silvopastoral are some of the patterns used in social forestry.

Figure 1.
Achievements of Social Forestry in Indonesia covering an area of 5,625,137 hectares [10] An important issue related to current public policy is how collaboration built by each stakeholder can work together effectively and efficiently.The weak synergy between parties is often seen, and some of them are the main threat to the development [2] and lead to conflict [3]- [5].Some knowledge, and perception gaps among policymakers are problems that are also caused by a lack of stakeholder synergy [6]- [9].Science-to-policy gaps might result from insufficient stakeholder communication, which could hurt the decision-making process and impede successful policy implementation [10]- [12].
For environmental, economic, and social sustainability to be achieved, a wide range of stakeholders must participate [2], [13].The success of community development programs demonstrates the significance of coordinated and integrated policies as well as stakeholder collaboration.Stakeholder collaboration and coordinated and integrated policies have been shown to have a significant impact in a number of studies, including the policy integration program carried out by the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) which shows a decent commitment to poverty alleviation [14].The significance of integrated strategies in the creation of accountable public decision-making processes and consensus-based policy options [15].[2] show how important stakeholder analysis is to nexus governance for integrated natural resource management.
The potential for food security is enormous in social forestry.There is potential for food commodities covering an area of 180,047.49hectares [9].The great potential of agroforestry in social forestry areas has characteristics; among others, the majority is separate and less than 500 hectares in size.A few difficulties are confronted in this case, like: 1).stability in product quantity; 2).product quality that has not been able to compete on an industrial scale; 3).market access is as yet challenging to acquire; and 4).low impact on regional economic development and poverty alleviation.To overcome this problem, planning and implementing multi-stakeholder engagement is necessary.In this regard, social forestry has been the government's ongoing commitment over the last four years to become more inclusive and collaborative in the forestry sector [15].Synergy, collaboration, and integration have been implemented in the "Integrated Area Development (IAD)" Program.This study aims to examine the new concept of the Social Forestry Landscape Approach, namely Integrated Area Development (IAD), and its implementation in Lumajang by key stakeholders.

Method
The research was conducted in Lumajang, East Java.Primary and secondary data were used in this study.Data collection was carried out by a structured interview method schedule.The first step taken was to conduct a literature study regarding Integrated Area Development (IAD) as a new concept of social forestry with a landscape approach.Then, conduct interviews with key stakeholders regarding IAD and its implementation.A case study in Lumajang, East Java.
Determining key stakeholders using stakeholder network analysis with the UCINET (social network analysis) application.Stakeholders with the highest values of Indegree, Outdegree, Incloseness, Outcloseness, and Betweenness are the Key Stakeholders.Analysis of stakeholders and their networks through several stages, namely: 1. Stakeholder identification, 2. Stakeholder mapping, 3. stakeholder network analysis.Then interviews were conducted with the main stakeholders with the highest betweeness scores regarding the IAD concept as a new approach to landscape-based social forestry.The interview used an open questionnaire so that respondents could thoroughly describe their understanding and experience of the IAD concept.

Integrated Area Development (IAD) : a New Concept of Social Forestry Landscape
An important issue related to current public policy is how collaboration built by each stakeholder can work together effectively and efficiently.The weak synergy between parties is often seen, and some of them are the main threat to development [24] and lead to conflict [25]- [27].Some knowledge and perception gaps among policymakers are problems that are also caused by a lack of stakeholder synergy [28]- [31].Science-to-policy gaps might result from insufficient stakeholder communication, hurting the decision-making process and impeding successful policy implementation [32]- [34].
For environmental, economic, and social sustainability to be achieved, many stakeholders must participate [24], [35].The success of community development programs demonstrates the significance of coordinated and integrated policies and stakeholder collaboration.Stakeholder collaboration and coordinated and integrated policies have been shown to have a significant impact in several studies, including the policy integration program carried out by the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which shows a decent commitment to poverty alleviation [36].The significance of integrated strategies in creating accountable public decision-making processes and consensus-based policy options [37].[24] show how important stakeholder analysis is to nexus governance for integrated natural resource management.
Social forestry has been the government's ongoing commitment for the past four years to be more inclusive and collaborative in the forestry sector [38].Synergy, collaboration, and integration have been

Stakeholder
A particularly well-liked strategy is stakeholder analysis, which makes use of a variety of methods to determine and evaluate the motivations and power of the many parties involved in a problem.It was identified that there were 11 related stakeholders in the IAD Program Lumajang, East Jawa.In the stakeholder analysis, the more delegates from the coordinated local area join the framework, the better the effect.Many local public institutions are seen to have good effects on the dynamics of community representation, fostering the growth of engaged citizenry in the area [16].Stakeholder Analysis Network using the UCINET application shows that the most influential actors in the IAD system, Lumajang, East Java are the MOEF, Universities/academicians, and the media based on the values of degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality.i.e., these actors have a significant impact on the Lumajang, East Java, IAD program.Consequently, these actors will be.i.e., these actors have a significant impact on the Lumajang, East Java, IAD program.Consequently, these actors will be able to improve the system.
These stakeholders can be additionally sorted into key stakeholders, primary stakeholders, and secondary stakeholders.Ministry Of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) and non MOEF as the key stakeholder is positioned at the higher interests and influence.Primary stakeholders: Social Forestry Groups (SF Groups) and non-SF Groups are directly affected by the policies of the IAD program and Social Forestry.The secondary stakeholder (Prov.Forest Service, District.Forest Service, Village Government, SE, Private Sector, Institution of Cooperation, Middleman, College/acadimecians, Media) as a mediator in the process of delivering support.This type of stakeholder has indirect relationships with policies on the IAD program and Social Forestry.The identification and categorization of Stakeholders can be seen in Table 1.
Stakeholder mapping shows the position of each stakeholder with influence and interest in IAD policies in the social forestry sector.Ministry Of Environment and Forestry (MOEF), non-MOEF, and Media are positioned at the higher interest's influence.What to do for this position is Monitor closely, keep informed regularly, lobby activity, and mantainence.These stakeholders are the main actors and must be included in the collaboration.Non-SF Groups, Village Government, potential private sector, and Potential State-owned enterprises are positioned at the lower interest an influence.What to do for this position is keep advised, low level of reaction needed Monitoring.SF Groups, BNI, Perhutani, KUD, Middle Man, and College/academicians are positioned as high interest and low influence.It is related to [18].Keep informed, remain aware of their contact with other and keep their interest.The others (Prov.Forest Service and District Forest Service) is positioned with low interest and high influence.Keep informed regularly and, stay attuned to their needs and behaviors.
Stakeholder Analysis Network using the UCINET application shows that the most influential actors in the IAD system, Lumajang, East Java are the MOEF, Universities/academicians, and the media based on the values of degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality.i.e., these actors have a significant impact on the Lumajang, East Java, IAD program.Consequently, these actors will be.i.e., these actors have a significant impact on the Lumajang, East Java, IAD program.Consequently, these actors will be able to improve the system.

Integrated Area Development (IAD) at Lumajang District, East Jawa
In Indonesia, the great potential of agroforestry in social forestry areas has characteristics; among others, the majority of it is separate and less than 500 hectares in size.These characteristics cause several challenges.IAD is the formula offered.A system that can combine all relevant stakeholders to play an optimal role in sustainable natural resource management.
Notes on the results of the Focus Group Discussion contained in the Lumajang IAD master plan are as follows: 1. Social Forestry is actualized in the form of access approval and post-permit for businesses/activities.2. Through the social forestry agreement, the progress of the KUPS entity already exists but has not yet "driven" regional growth is still individual and develops varied from beginner to major (exporter) 3.For regional (domestic) economic growth, there must be a business cluster approach and development/development areas fostered in an integrated manner.4. A regional development approach can be considered, integrated area-development 5. Stakeholder Approach: it is necessary to determine the main program stakeholders for each agenda/pilot project of IAD.Among these stakeholders are the Ministry of PU-Pera, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Village PDT, the Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises, the Ministry of BUMN, the Ministry of PU-PR, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, etc. 6. Coordination at the planning level.7. The Role of implementation by local government must be guided technically by the ministries.8. Intensive coaching to achieve the resultant and ultimate goals is continuously and consistently carried out by: Bappenas, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Home Affairs, and technical ministries who are program stakeholders.9.This agenda is very dependent on the allocation of funding from the APBN and APBD budgets and can be implemented with the support of foreign funds and private investment.10.In the case of field-level unit management, it can be placed in the hands of technical ministries or Provincial/District Governments who receive direct supervision from the center.One of the IAD implementation pilot projects whose implementation is considered effective is in Lumajang, East Java.The development of the Lumajang IAD will be benchmarked of Burno Village with a 940 Ha area for 377 Households.Its activities are agroforestry, silvopasture, and ecotourism.Annual revenue reaches IDR 17 billion.More details are in Figure 4.In addition, the data shows an increase in per capita income in the social forestry group in Lumajang, East Java, based on [39].Availability of more jobs.The total turnover reaches IDR 17 billion per year.The largest turnover comes from the dairy business, which is IDR 12.55 billion annually.Eight hundred four cows and 216 breeders produce 5,172 liters of milk daily at IDR 5,300 per liter.In 1 day, the turnover reached IDR 27 million.Senduro Village's per capita income has managed to cross the poverty line.Based on the turnover (IDR 17 billion) and the number of households (377 families) in Senduro Village, the income per household is around IDR 3.7 million per month.The poverty line is set at an income of IDR 0.54 million per person per month or IDR 2.32 million per family per month.Thus, the economic improvement can be seen in Senduro Village as a branch of IAD Lumajang.

Conclusion
The most influential actors in the IAD system, Lumajang, East Java, are the MOEF, Forest Service, Universities/academicians, and the media.Meanwhile, other actors have low influence (primary and secondary stakeholders) in the IAD system.
The concept of agroforestry must be enriched for multifunctional landscapes, taking into account ecological benefits (protection and restoration of springs), social (networks in business development to increase economies of scale), and economic (poverty alleviation).
IAD Lumajang, especially Senduro village in the Agrosilvopatural and Agro-industry sectors per capita income has managed to cross the poverty line (IDR 3.7 million per month/household), increased employment and increased contribution of various sectors.This can be used as a role model for other social forestry areas in the context of poverty alleviation.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The number of groups for each KUPS category

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The Result of Stakeholder Analisys Stakeholder

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Income for each business unit

Table 1 .
Centrality value of stakeholdesr in IAD program, Lumajang, East Java

Table 2 .
Centrality value of stakeholdesr in IAD program, Lumajang, East Java

Table 3 .
Programs, activities, and Goals of IAD Lumajang