Modelling a sorghum logistics as a substitution of wheat to encourage food diversification program and enhance the productivity of local crops

the current diet trend in Indonesia suggests noodles made from wheat as the alternative to rice. This condition leads Indonesia to import the wheat as much as 11.5 million tonnes per year. In fact, Indonesia has become the world’s second largest wheat importer and ranks among East Asia’s largest staple food importers, mainly for wheat. The distribution of wheat commodity is being hampered due to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, both of whom are major wheat suppliers in global market. As a solution, President of Indonesia, declaring a means to utilise other crops or implementing food diversification by using sorghum. Sorghum is a grain that able to thrive in tropical and dry areas, such as Indonesia and is possible to substitute that of some wheat. This final project aims to plan door to door sorghum logistic model whenever used as a substitution of wheat in a dry noodle factory located in Sidoarjo Regency by acquiring the lowest cost and a scheduling of sorghum deliveries to fulfil daily demand of the factory itself. The method applied to model the logistic planning is Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) to determine which scenario giving the most minimum cost. The result of the analysis performed showing that the operational pattern chosen is port to port with voyage charter option obtained a freight cost of Rp17.549.076.988 or a unit cost of Rp558.571 /ton. The scheduling model shows that scenario of warehouse renting in every field is chosen and by doing the sensitivity analysis giving the total cost of Rp11.566.026.812 which includes trucking cost, warehouse cost, and stacking cost. The result shows the overall cost of the sorghum logistic model is Rp29.115.103.800 or equal to Rp926.708 /ton. Furthermore, the partial substitution of sorghum flour for wheat flour results in an 9,81% rise in production costs


Introduction
Wheat is one of the most produced and consumed in all around the world, leading the market alongside the rice and corn in terms of production and sales.In addition to rice, the current diet trend in Indonesia suggests noodles made from wheat as the alternative to rice.This condition leads Indonesia to import the wheat as much as 11.5 million tonnes per year [1].In fact, Indonesia has become the world's second largest wheat importer and ranks among East Asia's largest staple food importers, mainly for wheat.Besides, Indonesia depends on imports due to domestic production of grains is close to zero (the climate does not fit the cultivation).[1] Both Ukraine and Russia are the main producers and exporters of wheat.On February 24, 2022, there have been a conflict between Russia and Ukraine that give impact on the precarious food security 1298 (2024) 012017 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1298/1/012017 2 situation [1].Indonesia imports wheat from Ukraine which is utilized primary component in creating bread and noodles in a quick.Ukraine is Indonesia's largest supplier of wheat, about 30% of wheat imports from Ukraine.
According to the president, Indonesia needs food diversification and alternative food to face the food crises mainly for Wheat.In recent days, the use of sorghum can be utilized as the substitute of the wheat flour since sorghum is in the same family as wheat and has similar characteristics to wheat [3].As a food material, sorghum has a high nutritional content because of its rich macronutrients and micronutrients, including mineral and water [3].Sorghum is also gluten free, therefore it is safe for people who have gluten allergies.In terms of its cultivation and production, sorghum plants were cultivated without tillage farming system, no irrigation system (water required only 1 3  ⁄ of cane's and ⁄ of corn) and used only limited fertilizer.All the parts of the sorghum are economically utilized, such as stalks and leaves used for livestock feed.The average production of the sorghum seeds is between 8 and 9 ton/ha [1].
Based on data of The Ministry of Agriculture, the area of the production of Sorghum in Indonesia spreads out to the six main provinces.There are East Nusa Tenggara that has around 3.400 hectares, West Java that has about 488 hectares, West Kalimantan 305 hectares, East Java 200 hectares, West Java 120 hectares and West Nusa Tenggara starts with 100 hectares.Therefore, the total cultivation area of Sorghum is more than 4.355 and the total production is 15.243 tons with the average production of 3,63 ton per hectare in 2022.Start in 2023, Government will expand the cultivation area in West Nusa Tenggara and set the area around 154.000 hectares in 2024.With the sorghum development and supply in Indonesia, the government expects to reduce wheat import by 11 (eleven) million tons in 2024 [4].
Nevertheless, Postharvest handling processes is quite challenging in term of the processing itself and the equipment.At the primary production level, sorghum processing has numerous steps such as threshing, polishing and grinding which all those processes are more complicated than rice and grain.All the steps are hard to handle due to the limited number of tools that do not meet the needs.However, there is a time constraint to storage the Sorghum, Sorghum seeds are easily damaged in storage for more than 3 months (due to pets, bugs, etc.), the ideal duration is 1 to 3 months.Storage of the silo model at cold temperatures can prevent the incident of damage during the sorghum storage time.As sorghum requires time consideration during the storage and the distribution time such that it can be used in an optimum quality by the factories, supply and logistics model of Sorghum is required to be built.Moreover, the distribution of sorghum is cross-island, so that the sea transportation model is urgently needed.

Methodology
The research methodology will be conducted as:

Problem Identification
The current issue related to the sorghum will be identified.The wheat import activity will be hampered due the impact on Russia and Ukraine conflict which lead to decreasing number of wheats in Indonesia.In addition, it is found that there is a substation of wheat, sorghum, that expedite to the scenario analysis of sorghum distribution.

The Data Collection and Process
Primary and secondary process of data collection will be conducted.Numerous data required are cultivating area, number of productions, ships/mode specifications, etc.

The Data Analysis
Data analyses are divided into supply-demand analysis, Scenario analysis, optimization, and scheduling.

Supply Analysis.
The analysis is undertaken to obtain the amount of sorghum production in term of locations and area.There are 18 (eighteen) supply side area in the West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT).There is the formulation to find the amount of sorghum production: • Scenario 1 (port to port operated undertake the time charter) In this scenario 1, there are 5 (five) routes in where container ships carry cargo (sorghum) from five origins to a destination, Tanjung Perak.Each route will be served by a ship that has different specifications depend on the supply of the origin.A time charter as a type of vessel charter categories in this scenario.
• Scenario 2 (port to port undertake the voyage charter) In this scenario 2, there are 5 (five) routes where container ships carry cargo (sorghum) from five origins to a destination, Tanjung Perak.Each route will be served by a ship that has different specifications depending on the supply of the origin.A voyage charter as a type of vessel charter categories in this scenario.
• Scenario 3 (Multi port undertake the time charter) In this scenario, there will be 325 route permutation in which each port must be visited once in a one or more route.Each route will be served by a ship that has different specifications depending on the supply of the origin.A time charter as a type of vessel charter categories in this scenario.
• Scenario 4 (Multi port undertake the voyage charter) In this scenario, there will be 325 route permutation in which each port must be visited once in a one or more route.Each route will be served by a ship that has different specifications depending on the supply of the origin.A time charter as a type of vessel charter categories in this scenario.
• Scenario 5 (Hub and spoke undertake the time charter) In this scenario, there will be 2 types of routes, a route from origin to hub and a route from hub to destination.Each route will be served by a ship that has different specifications depending on the supply of the origin.A time charter as a type of vessel charter categories in this scenario.
• Scenario 6 (Hub and spoke undertake the voyage charter) In this scenario, there will be 2 types of routes, a route from origin to hub and a route from hub to destination.Each route will be served by a ship that has different specifications depending on the supply of the origin.A voyage charter as a type of vessel charter categories in this scenario.
• Scenario 7 (Port to Port undertake Container Liners) In this scenario, sorghum will be shipped by container ship.Unit cost obtained by existing data in West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara.Cost components calculated are ocean freight and cargo handing cost an 2.3.4.Operational Shipping Analysis.Total shipping cost will be calculated.In the time charter, the cost components are voyage cost, cargo handling cos., and time charter rate.Besides, in the voyage charter, the cost components are voyage charter rate and cargo handling cost.Ship operational consist of sea time, port time (the duration ship in the port area including the cargo handling time), roundtrip, frequency and the amount of cargo carried which will impact the load factor of each ship on each route.The formulation to calculate the total cost in terms of Voyage Charter given: ) .( define, TC = Total Transportation Cost (Rp/year) TCHijk = Time charter hire rate of ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k Xijk = Decision Variables of ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k Yijk = Binary Decision of Charter Scheme for ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k 2.3.5.Optimization.Optimization run to obtain the optimum number of ships, operational planning, charter type that all leads to minimizing the total transportation cost as the objective function.There are constraints that must be satisfy: • The amount of demand fulfilled.The objective function on each charter scenario ( 3) and ( 4) minimizes the total transportation cost as the multiply of ship type and number of ships chosen along the route.Constraints (5) set the number of total cargos carried must satisfy the total number of demands.As seen from constraints (6), the total number of origins port visited must be less than the number of origin ports available, and constraints (7) tell us about the ship compatibility.

Scheduling.
Trucking and warehouse planning is conducted.Scheduling aims to regulate stock flow at the destination warehouse to meet demand in real time every day for a period of one year.In scheduling planning, it is necessary to plan land transportation in the form of trucking which is integrated with supply points and demand points.Land transportation in the form of trucks serves to carry cargo from the original warehouse to the loading port, as well as the unloading port to the factory warehouse.There are two scenarios regarding the scheduling to compare the total cost: • Scenario 1 (warehouse at each island) There are warehouses on each island (Figure 1), so that each rice field must send its entire load to the warehouse.The trucking used will adjust the needs of the cargo to be carried with the specified delivery duration.Trucking costs consist of rent, salaries, and fuel costs.The warehouse area is the maximum of warehouse capacity with a margin of 5%.Warehouse costs are calculated based on the area of the warehouse requirements.Stacking costs will arise as the result of sorghum being carried from the unloading port to the warehouse, where deliveries are made periodically according to the specified delivery duration.
• Scenario 2 (Warehouse at each rice field) There are warehouses in each rice field, so that each rice field only sends sorghum to the loading port according to the optimization results obtained from sorghum which must be carried to each island.The trucking used will adjust the needs of the cargo to be carried with the specified delivery duration.Trucking costs consist of rent, salaries, and fuel costs.Warehouse area is the maximum of warehouse capacity with a margin of 5%.Warehouse costs are calculated based on the area of the warehouse requirements.Stacking costs will arise as a result of sorghum being carried from the unloading port to the factory warehouse and loading port while waiting for all the sorghum from the rice fields to be sent in its entirety.

Sensitivity Analysis.
A sensitivity analysis is conducted on the duration of trucking delivery at the point of origin and destination based on the selected scenario in the scheduling model.In addition, there are 2 variables whose values will be changed within a certain range, namely the duration of truck delivery at the point of origin and point of destination.

Rice Field of Sorghum
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) is a cereal plant originating from Africa.In Indonesia, sorghum has been cultivated for a long time as a source of food and animal feed.Indonesia itself has similarities in topography and geography with Africa.Tropical countries with temperatures that tend to be hot and high humidity which support sorghum to thrive.However, its development is still very minimal because sorghum is less attractive to local farmers.In the food industry, sorghum is also of less interest because the taste it gives is less familiar to the public.
In the context of developing sorghum, the government is seeking programs that can increase sorghum production in Indonesia, one of which is food diversification.In an effort to reduce dependence on rice as the main source of carbohydrates, the Indonesian government is encouraging agricultural diversification by promoting sorghum.Through these programs, it is hoped that they can increase the sustainability of agricultural systems and provide alternative sources of food and income for farmers.
an alternative food: Sorghum has become an important choice as an alternative in Indonesia.Its good nutritional content, especially fibre, protein and iron, makes it a food with high nutritional value.Sorghum is also a source of carbohydrates which can be processed into flour, wheat or cereals which are used in foods such as bread, biscuits, noodles, and baby food.Following are the characteristics of sorghum: Table 1 Sorghum can be planted and harvested throughout the year regardless of the weather and available water reserves.The sorghum harvest period is once every 3-4 months and can be cultivated up to 2 times.The soil preparation period is about 2 weeks for the next planting.Productivity varies greatly in various locations in Indonesia with an average of 8 tonnes/ha and has the potential to reach 10 tonnes/ha.The density of sorghum is 0.76 ton/m3.It takes 4 times the amount of sorghum grain to produce equivalent grades.One of the sorghum growing locations with the largest land area is in the West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) regions.The supporting factor is the dry climate found in parts of NTB and NTT.However, the harvested sorghum is only consumed by local residents, this is because its mass processing, including irrigation system, addition of fertilizer, pest and disease control, requires adequate technology.Based on data from the Directorate General of Food Crops, the following is the distribution of land that can be used to grow sorghum.following is an illustration of the distribution of rice fields in NTB and NTT along with loading ports on each island:

Factory
Sorghum can be used as a staple for food production.Its characteristics are similar to wheat, making it a multifunctional plant.Sorghum seeds can be ground into sorghum flour which is used in the manufacture of breads, cakes, cereals, and other desserts.Sorghum flour can be used as a substitute for or mixed in with wheat flour in a variety of recipes.The use of wheat can be partially substituted by sorghum flour to produce new variants with different Flavors and nutrients as well.High fiber content and low gluten have the potential to become a staple ingredient in food manufacture.
To be able to create a logistics model for sorghum, this research targets the X dry noodle factory industry, which is one of the most popular brands in the community.The factory is located in an area in East Java, namely Taman District, Sidoarjo Regency.Astronomically, the factory is located at latitude 7°21'31.3"Sand 112°41'12.1"E.Factory access is an arterial road and main road that is connected to inter-provincial routes, so that large road vehicle.
Based on existing data, total dry noodle factory production was 25,696 tonnes/year or 70.4 tonnes/day in 2014.The dry noodle production process uses various adequate technology and human resource assistance.In addition, it involves several steps to produce dry noodles which include the stages of mixing, roll press, forming, steaming, frying, cooling, and packaging.

Supply and Demand
Based on the distribution of sorghum rice fields in the NTB and NTT regions, there is a land area of 3,440 ha.By using this approach, the production value of rice fields is 8 tons/ha.Based on these data, the amount of production for each point can be calculated using equation ( 1) as follows: Based on the table above, harvesting is done in 3 months once as many as 3 times in one year.The total sorghum harvest at one time is 27,520 tons.
The demand is obtained by projecting existing production data on the growth rate of noodle consumption in Indonesia in the last 5 years.The following data consumption of noodles: 14.260The noodle consumption growth was 3.31%.By using the projection, the demand for dry noodles in 2014 was 34,449 tons/year.Referring to equation ( 2), a substitute demand value of 31,418 tons/year is obtained.

Optimization on Operational Shipping
In planning sea transportation, the following is the ship data used:

Scenario 2 (port to port undertake voyage charter).
In scenario 2, the selected vessels are GC2 for the APA and EPE routes, and GC3 for the BPB, CPC and DPD routes.The frequency of each route is obtained sequentially as many as 4, 4, 2, 1, and 4 times the voyage.The load factors obtained for each route were 84.62%, 86.29%, 65.69%, 55.67% and 93.08%.The total cost obtained is IDR 17,549,076,988.

Scenario 3 (multi-port undertake time charter).
In scenario 3, the selected ship was obtained, namely GC1 with the ABCEDPA route with a total distance of 1,349 nm.The frequency of sailing is 30 times.The load factor obtained is 79.39%, so the value of the cargo transported is

Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the duration of truck delivery that provides the minimum cost, both for trucks at the point of origin and destination.The following is a sensitivity analysis table for trucks at the origin: After conducting a sensitivity analysis of the two variables, a decrease in costs arising from scheduling was obtained with a value of IDR 436,572,296 or 3.77% lower.

Sorghum Production Cost
Optimal results for planning sea transportation, land transportation, and warehousing, comparisons can be made regarding the production costs of dry noodle production.However, in this study, comparisons were conducted for the raw materials in terms of the flour used only.Related to production costs for dry noodles which include materials and tools used are not included in the discussion of research problems.
To be able to calculate the cost of production of raw materials in the form of flour, it is necessary to know the existing cost components, including raw material costs, milling costs, and packaging costs.The data used is secondary data, so an approach is used to get costs with the appropriate value.The following is the cost calculated to produce 1 kg of flour.Total Production cost can be carried out according to the demand required by the factory, which is 31,418 tons.However, the flour composition used was 57% which is the amount of flour used as the main ingredient for making dry noodles.The following is a calculation to find out the needs and costs of dry noodle production in existing conditions and when substitution is made using sorghum flour.Based on the results, there is a cost difference in the existing and replacement conditions of IDR 8,091,373,208 or 8.87% more expensive.This is due to the need for sorghum, whose production costs are more expensive and shipping costs are relatively more expensive than wheat because the number of suppliers is still limited.If implemented, the production costs will be more expensive than the existing conditions due to the limited number of cultivation and suppliers are still limited.However, there are more advantages that can be provided by substitution with sorghum when viewed from its nutritional value.The most important nutritional content is that sorghum contains gluten-free, so it is safe for consumption for people with celiac disease who cannot consume gluten which is found in dry noodles in general.

Summary
The conclusion of this research is that the area of sorghum land is 3,440 hectares with a production of 82,560 tonnes per year spread over 18 rice fields in the Provinces of NTB and NTT.Meanwhile, the value of demand for dry noodle factories as a destination for substituting wheat with sorghum is 31,418 tons per year.However, there was an increase in production costs for factory X which produced dry noodles by 9.91%.
In optimizing the selection of fleets, operating routes, and charter schemes, an alternative delivery method was chosen in the form of a port to port operation pattern with a voyage charter scheme, where GC2 ships were selected on the A-P-A and E-P-E routes with 4 times the shipping frequency and GC3 ships on B-P-B, C-P-C routes and D-P-D as much as 4, 2 and 1 times the shipping frequency consecutively.From these calculations, a minimum total sea transportation cost of IDR 17,549,076,988 or a unit cost of IDR 558,571 / ton is obtained.
An alternative renting a warehouse in each selected rice field is a warehouse fee of IDR 4,523,883,680, trucking costs IDR 7,449,939,892, and stacking fees IDR 28,775,536.After conducting a analysis of the duration of truck delivery, a cost reduction of IDR 436,572,296 or 3.77% was obtained.
The final calculation results consisting of sea transportation costs, land transportation costs, and warehousing costs show a value of IDR 29,115,103,800 or a unit cost of IDR 926,708 / ton.There is a cost difference in the existing and replacement conditions of IDR 8,091,373,208 (8.87% higher) due to the small amount of harvested sorghum on each rice field.
Substitution demand (ton) TC = Total Transportation Cost (Rp/year) VCHijk = Voyage charter hire rate of ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k (Rp/year) fijk = Frequency of ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k (times/year) Xijk = Decision Variables of ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k Yijk = Binary Decision of Charter Scheme for ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-kThe formulation to calculate the total cost in terms of Time Charter given: = The amount of cargo carried by ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k (ton/year) Demand = Total demand (Ton/year)• The number of origin ports visited.number of origins port Xijk = Decision Variables of ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k• Bulk carrier does not compatibility in the origin D ∑ ∑   =  of ship-i from the origin port-j dan to the destination port-k

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Distribution of Rice Field and Ports on each Island
1,047 tons / RTD.The total cost obtained is IDR 61,264,155,028.Based on the comparison of scenarios, scenario 2 is obtained, namely port to port with a voyage charter scheme is an option with a minimum cost of IDR 17,549,076,988.Warehouse on each Rice Field Area).In scenario 2, the trucking value is IDR 7,449,939,892 and the total warehouse rental fee is IDR 4,523,883,680.The cost of stacking is IDR 28,775,536, so the total cost for scenario 2 is IDR 12,002,599,108.Based on a comparison of scenarios, scenario 2 was chosen, namely a warehouse in each rice field is an option with a minimum cost of IDR 12,002,599,108.The following is a stock flow diagram in the factory warehouse:

Table 9 .
Flour Production Cost According to Demand