Bioindustry Development of Environment Friendly Organic Granular Fertilizer at Farming Groups in West Kalimantan Indonesia

Management of organic fertilizers from cattle waste can increase economic growth in rural areas that are environmentally friendly and sustainable (a green economy). This study aims to obtain granular organic fertilizer products on the Farmer Group scale (home industry), which can increase added value and income of farmers to be environmentally friendly and sustainable. The management of this granular organic fertilizer utilizes site-specific (in-situ) technological innovations and the use of local resources that can restore sustainability. The analytical methods used are comparative analysis, namely comparing bulk fertilizer and granule fertilizer on efficiency and effectiveness, analysis of organic fertilizer from cattle waste using experimental design and institutional engineering. To achieve this goal, the research uses a rural agro-industry approach based on local agricultural resources and applies appropriate technological innovations. The results showed that the management of granular organic fertilizer from cattle waste can improve product quality and efficiency in the use of organic fertilizers. The management of this granular organic fertilizer is carried out using social engineering and strengthening of farmer group agribusiness institutions in rural areas that are environmentally friendly so that they can be sustainable. The utility of granular organic fertilizer is more efficient because it does not dissolve easily and is not carried away by water flows when done in irrigated agriculture or wetlands.


Introduction
One of the production factors of agricultural crop cultivation is fertilization.The availability of fertilizer is a requirement to increase the production of crops.The use of fertilizers to increase rice productivity is felt in Indonesia, especially in 2018, where the Indonesian government allocated subsidized fertilizers reaching 9.29 million tonnes at a cost of up to 31.20 trillion, which increased national rice productivity by 5.20 t ha-1 [1].The Indonesian Canter for Agricultural Socio-Economic and Policy Studies (ICASEPS) reports that an increase in fertilizer subsidies of 14.18% per year can increase national rice productivity by 1.31% every year [2] [3].The results showed that increasing the dose of NPK fertilization could increase rice yields by 3%, while increasing N fertilizer doses could increase rice yields by 6% [4].Meanwhile, the application of organic fertilizer to rice plants at a dose of 20 t ha -1 accompanied by 300 kg ha -1 of urea can increase the grain dry weight yield by 64.75% [5].Therefore, it is very important to apply fertilizer to plants to increase their productivity.This is done in line with the increasing population, which continues to grow from year to year.1297 (2024) 012074 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1297/1/012074 2 Over the last 50 years, the global population has more than doubled.Efforts to increase the area of land to increase the production and productivity of food crops (extensification) and increase yields per unit area of land (intensification) have been carried out in several countries.At the global level, more than half of the total calorie intake in many countries, cereal production, which mostly uses arable land, including in Indonesia.These extensification and intensification efforts were achieved through the use of mechanization technology, superior seeds, fertilization, pesticides, and herbicides, as well as irrigation, which can increase yields (Figure 1) [6].In Figure 1, there are four variables: total cereal production, average cereal yield, land area used for cereal production, and population.It is measured as an index relative to its respective value from 1961 to 2021.Land use at the global level for Cerealia is relatively stagnant; in Indonesia, there has been a slight increase in land use through extensification programs and a significant increase in production through intensification.
The population of Indonesia in 2022 was 275.77 million people, up 2.87% over the last three years (2019-2022).Meanwhile, rice production reached 55.67 million tons, up 1.96% [7].In 2021, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) will reward Indonesia in the form of a Resilient Food Agriculture System and Rice Self-Sufficiency for 2019-2021 through a program of extensification and intensification of the use of innovative rice technology.
The increase in global agricultural production and productivity since 1961 is known as the Green Revolution.The Green Revolution, also known as the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields and agricultural production.The green revolution is modernization in agriculture [8].In Indonesia, the green revolution is a government effort to increase economic development and food security.The program implemented since the New Order regime (1996)(1997)(1998) has shifted traditional agriculture to modern agriculture [9].
The green revolution is the modernization of agriculture.Farmers are changing their habit of fertilizing their plants with organic fertilizers and switching to artificial fertilizers or chemical fertilizers from manufacturers because they are easier to use, cheaper and easier to obtain, and more responsive to plants.However, as time goes by, the problem of dependence on chemical fertilizers on the market is starting to become scarce, and expensive, and the circulation of chemical fertilizers whose quality is below the standard set by the government.Besides that, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers can hurt the environment and the development of agricultural production, including hardened soil losing its porosity so that water and air circulation are reduced, increasing acid levels in the soil where hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid in the soil dissolve the crumbs of soil rich in minerals.Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can trigger water pollution, disrupt the ecosystem in it, and cause eutrophication (water pollution by fertilizer nutrients, such as nitrate, phosphate, and potassium), which triggers algae blooms.Excessive nitrogen can be absorbed by plants or animals and then consumed by humans, which can cause various health problems [10].This condition can already be felt in rice yields in Indonesia, which have begun to shrink from 59.20 million tonnes of paddy in 2018 to 55.67 million tonnes of paddy in 2022 (Figure 2) [11]   Awareness of the importance of maintaining soil quality is needed to change the perspective of farmers and other stakeholders in agriculture.Organic fertilizers have proven to be very beneficial for increasing agricultural production, both in quality and quantity.Organic fertilizers can also reduce environmental pollution and sustainably improve land quality.In the long term, the use of organic fertilizers can increase land productivity and prevent land degradation.Various research results indicate that most of the intensive agricultural land has decreased in productivity and has experienced land degradation.Data from soil research conducted by the Soil Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia (2019) shows that 66% of paddy soil is included in the low carbon category with an organic C content of 4%.Meanwhile, to obtain optimal productivity, about 2.5% organic carbon is needed.
The results of other studies show that 79% of rice fields in Indonesia have exceptionally low organic matter.Therefore, it is necessary to restore soil conditions by adding a minimum of two tons of organic fertilizer per hectare per season.Aside from being an addition to soil organic matter content, organic fertilizer is especially useful for the growth and development of microbes and fauna in the soil.The current challenge is how to apply agriculture that is highly productive but still easy, cheap, and environmentally friendly.To answer this, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia decided to use fertilizers in an integrated manner, namely by combining organic and inorganic fertilizers.This can be seen in the Ministry of Agriculture's policy regarding the provision of fertilizer subsidies for farmers.
In 2022, Indonesia's Ministry of Agriculture has set an allocation for subsidized fertilizer: 4,232,704 tons of urea, 541,201 tons of SP-36, 823,475 tons of ZA, 2,470,445 tons of NPK, 11,469 tons of special formula NPK, and 1,038,763 tons organic granules, and liquid organic.This policy has not met all the national fertilizer needs, so the shortage of organic and inorganic fertilizers must be met by non-subsidized fertilizers.Therefore, the Indonesian government encourages farmers to use organic fertilizers and reduce inorganic fertilizers.
The sources of materials for organic fertilizers are very diverse, with physical characteristics and chemical content that are also very diverse, so the effect of using organic fertilizers on land and plants will vary.This study used organic fertilizer in the form of cow manure.This type of fertilizer is effective for fertilizing soil and plants.Manure contains many macronutrients, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium.In addition, this fertilizer is also rich in microelements such as magnesium, sulfur, calcium, iron, sodium, molybdenum, and copper.
This study aims to obtain granular organic fertilizer products from cow manure at the Farmer Groups scale (home industry), which can increase added value and environmentally friendly farmers' income.The management of this granular organic fertilizer utilizes site-specific (in-situ) technological innovations and the use of local resources that can restore sustainability.Besides that, with the recommended dose (2 -20 tons/ha) of organic manure in bulk form for crops, the manufacture of granular organic fertilizer can be more effective and efficient.

Research scope
This study used a social farmer institutional approach by applying appropriate technology to the "Kersa Usaha" Farmer Group, which involved 25 farmers as cooperator farmers in 2019 in Rasau Jaya Dua Village, Rasau Jaya District, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia The scope of the research includes coordination with stakeholders, especially the Food Security and Agriculture Office of Kubu Raya Regency, the Agricultural Extension Center, Rasau Jaya District, and the United of Farmer Groups' Management of Rasau Jaya Dua Village.Coordination is carried out to maintain the sustainability of the applied farming system, especially among the stakeholders who continuously assist the farmers.
This research began with a preliminary survey through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) activities, followed by guidance and training on the management of granular organic fertilizers for farmers.Farmer organization engineering is also carried out, especially in the agricultural equipment and machinery service unit ("UPJA").Thus, the utilization of agricultural tools and machinery by farmers can be carried out effectively and efficiently.Implementing the management technology of organic cattle manure in granular products.

Research methode
PRA research method is to increase the participation of farmers who are intentionally involved in this research activity so that they can actively participate and analyze their own existing conditions as well as improvement efforts, plan, and implement their determination in groups to increase land productivity, which is beneficial for increasing farmers' income [14].In PRA, farmers play an active role in mapping social problems and their causes, creating roadmaps for solving problems, and then turning them into programs, budget support, and implementation based on group cooperation, selfreliance, and independence [15].
PRA is a participatory method and a combination of bottom-up and top-down for the strengthening of institutions at the farmer/farmer group level as well as the analysis of the feasibility of managing granular organic fertilizers and market opportunities from the products of the granular organic fertilizer in the study location.To determine the quality of granular organic fertilizer, a nutrient content analysis was carried out.

Farmers guidance and training
Prior to conducting research in the field, 25 cooperating farmers and all members of the farmer group were provided with knowledge of granular organic fertilizer management technology.This guidance and training were carried out in direct practice in the farmer group, especially in managing financial administration, preparing materials and tools, operating machines, and marketing results.

Farmer Organization Engineering
Farmer organization engineering is carried out to maintain the sustainability of granular organic fertilizer management at the farmer groups.This farmer organization engineering is carried out by activating farmer group member meetings, especially to maintain the quality of fertilizers, enhance the knowledge of granular organic fertilizer management, sustain the practice of farmers' guidance and training, maintain the availability of organic fertilizer raw materials whenever needed, and utilize agricultural tools and machines in the "UPJA" unit group that run effectively, efficiently, and sustainably.

Farmer Groups Condition
Based on the results of the identification of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) activities that were carried out prior to the application of granular organic fertilizer management (existing conditions).In the village of Rasau Jaya Dua, there is a combined farmer group called 'Sri Rejeki', consisting of 31 farmer groups with an average of 25 members per farmer group, so there are approximately 558 farmers.There is 1 livestock farming group, namely "Kersa Usaha" and the rest are corn, rice, and horticulture farmer groups.The number of cattle in the "Karya Usaha" farmer group is 48.Cattle feed is obtained from cutting grass in the forest and from corn waste that has been fermented into silage.Cattle waste has been put to good use as organic fertilizer in bulk form for the cultivation of corn and vegetable crops.Farmers' income from cultivating corn, vegetables, and cattle per month averages IDR 4,760,000.This income is used to meet the daily living needs of farm households.
The use of bulk organic fertilizer has been carried out by farmers in the "Kersa Usaha" farmer group, but only for their own needs and has not been commercialized.Organic fertilizers are obtained from the cow sheds of each farmer; about 15 kg of cow dung per head is obtained in a day.Each farmer has 2-3 cows, an average of 35 kg of cow dung a day, and 1000 kg a month.The utilization of cow dung as an organic fertilizer has not been managed as a group; it is still managed individually.Cow dung is usually piled up behind the barn and used as bulk fertilizer in land preparation for corn crops.Utilization of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in an integrated manner is the best approach because it affects the stability of production and improves soil fertility status [16].

Strengthening of farmer institutions
In this research, social engineering of farmer institutions was carried out by guiding farmer groups in areas including administration management, financial bookkeeping, savings and loan activities, granular organic fertilizer management, and marketing management.Institutional initiation was carried out by forming a working group to assist the combined "Sri Rejeki" farmer group and collaborating with the "Kersa Usaha" farmer group in managing production and marketing the results of the granular organic fertilizer management (Figure 3).The management of bulk organic fertilizer into granular organic fertilizer is carried out in groups.The "Kersa Usaha" group, which consists of 25 farmers, works together to produce granular organic fertilizer from the bulk organic fertilizer of each member.The group leader collects bulk organic fertilizer materials as well as the organic fertilizer management manager.In a day, 48 cows collect 720 kg of cow dung, or 21.5 tons per month.The cow dung is first composted with a decomposer for about 1 month, then processed to make granular organic fertilizer using a granular machine.The granular machines were obtained with the assistance of the West Kalimantan Agricultural Technology Study Center, Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia.The results obtained from coaching and training in Thai farmer groups can reduce the cost of chemical fertilizers, increase farmer income and strengthen farmer groups [17].[18] the use of organic fertilizers is one way to reduce the negative impact of chemical fertilizers on the environment.But the fact shows that most farmers in developing countries prefer to use chemical fertilizers over organic fertilizers.This is because farmers are afraid of decreased production and loss of income if they use organic fertilizers.The results showed that membership in agricultural cooperatives, organic fertilizer subsidies, and agricultural land area played a positive role in influencing farmers' choices in using organic fertilizers.This can be used to update the extension policy on organic fertilizers.Based on this research, government support is needed to foster institutions and infrastructure in the production and marketing of organic fertilizers.

Granular organic fertilizer production process
The organic fertilizer production process begins with chopping bulk organic fertilizer that has been composted using a chopper.Then proceed with filtering and making it granular (Figure 4).Chopping is done by inserting cow manure compost into the chopper machine.The result is that organic fertilizer is still in bulk form and not uniform.Therefore, it is necessary to do sieving to get a uniform organic fertilizer.Then do the mixing with dolomite or other ingredients, depending on the desire and need to add nutrients or other ameliorants.Mixing is done by inserting the sifted organic fertilizer into the mixer machine.
The manufacture of granulated organic fertilizer is carried out after mixing the additional ingredients with the organic fertilizer resulting from sifting.The manufacture of organic fertilizer is carried out by inserting the mixed organic fertilizer into the granule machine.Then, while rotating the cylinder, add a little water by opening the available water faucet so that uniform organic fertilizer granules are formed, which are then air-dried and packaged.
The results of the performance comparison between bulk organic fertilizer machines and granular organic fertilizer machines are shown in Table 1.  1 shows that the production of 20 (twenty) tons of granular fertilizer takes longer than the production of bulk fertilizer, starting from the process of chopping the organic fertilizer ingredients to packaging.Production of granular fertilizer takes approximately 22 (twenty-two) working days, while bulk organic fertilizer requires around 10 (ten) working days.The process of making granular organic fertilizer is carried out once a month and produces 20,000 kg of granular organic fertilizer.According to research, integrated agricultural systems increase agricultural productivity and environmental quality, reduce waste, and increase income by up to 41.55% [19].
The results of the analysis of the nutrient content in granular organic fertilizer are of higher quality because there is an addition of calcium and magnesium.The results of the analysis show that the organic fertilizer met the minimum technical requirements for organic fertilizer based on the regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No: 261/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019as in Table 2 [20].

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Cereal Production, Yields, Land Use and Population, World, and Indonesia.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Organizational Structure of Working Groups on Granular Organic Fertilizer Management.

Table 1 .
Comparison of the Performance of Granular and Bulk Organic Fertilizer Production

Table 2 .
The Results of The Nutrient Analysis of Granular Organic Fertilizers Source: results of analysis at the Laboratory of Chemistry and Soil Fertility, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tanjungpura, Pontianak.Indonesia.