Sustainable urban farming development in banda aceh city

Urban farming which is known as a strategy to utilize urban areas for agriculture has turned into a trend among urbanites who prioritize a healthy lifestyle. It aims to utilize limited land in urban areas to produce food using modern techniques. This study aims to analyze the level of competence and farmers motivation of urban farming who utilize their land and identify challenges and obstacles in development of urban farming in Banda Aceh City. The types of data used are primary and secondary data. The data collection method was conducted using a questionnaire then the data will be processed and analyzed using descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the study it was known that the level of competence of urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City reached an average score of 81.6%, which is in the high category, the high level of intrinsic motivation of farmers reached 84.7%. Extrinsic motivation of farmers is in the medium category, with a percentage value of 73%. Despite urban farming in Banda Aceh City encountering various challenges and obstacles, the farmers remain strong and persistent in overcoming all the difficulties that arise during the development process.


Introduction
Indonesia is a country that relies extensively on the agricultural sector owing to its rich natural resources and potential in this field.Most of Indonesia's population depends on the agricultural sector [1].Urban farming, which is known as a strategy to utilize urban areas for agriculture, has turned into a trend among urban people who prioritize a healthy lifestyle [2].Urban farming has become a solution used in developed countries to fulfill food needs.Urban farming products offer organic and fresh produce, improving the quality of these products [3].
Urban farming is defined as agricultural activities in cities and suburbs by utilizing human and material resources, products and services for urban areas to produce, process and distribute various food and non-food products [4].Urban farming is characterized by agricultural activities carried out in urban areas on small land.The urban farming production system will record the underutilized and unmaximized potential of urban land to optimize its use [5].
The main problem facing the agricultural sector is relatively low productivity.Increasing productivity in the agricultural sector can be done by improving farmers' competencies, including developing their skills in managing agriculture.One agricultural sector that requires increased productivity is urban farming [6].Nowdays in Banda Aceh, there are several challenges and obstacles faced by farmers in the production and marketing of urban farming products.
The current challenge in it is the low competence of farmers as the main actors, extension workers and farmer groups [7].Training and counseling is one of the efforts that can be done to improve the competence of farmers [8].In urban farming, the success and sustainability of the business is largely determined by the competence of farmers in managing their business (9).The current condition of urban farming businesses is that they have not fully implemented new technology, and have not carried out proper business management [10].
Specifically, the conditions of sustainable urban farmers in Banda Aceh are the production is still on a home scale and is not continuous, causing the absence of stock and prices to fluctuate; the limited ability of farmers in terms of input, production, product processing and product marketing subsystems; the absence of an urban farming farmer organization has resulted in the absence of a place or forum to learn and build cooperation among farmers [11].
The suboptimal extension activities that are currently carried out cause the above problems.Agricultural extension currently focuses on food crops.As a result, farmers who cultivate horticulture, plantations, fisheries and livestock are still very limited in their competence in developing their farms [12].
Therefore, the competence of urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City who utilize the yard needs to be developed by means of agricultural extension.The difficulty of farmers in accessing extension programs leads to the low competence possessed by farmers at this time.
Thus, training/guidance is needed on the technology of cultivating plants on limited land that are heterogeneous and have high selling value [13].This includes hydroponic cultivation that is efficient, effective and productive.As well as training on marketing the crops cultivated to get maximum results [14].Seeing the large role of urban agriculture which is not only limited to overcoming food sufficiency, but also has the potential as a forum for agribusiness development in an innovative and integrative way to optimize access, quantity and quality of food for the people of Banda Aceh city.

Place and time of research
This research was conducted in 9 districts in Banda Aceh City.This research was carried out in August 2023.The research location was determined by purposive sampling with the consideration that the city of Banda Aceh was chosen intentionally, due to the fact that it is one of the cities where people carry out urban farming.

Object and scope of research
The object of this research is urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City.Meanwhile, the scope of this research is limited to the level of competency, motivation as well as challenges and obstacles for urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City.

Sample population
The population in this study were urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City.Banda Aceh City consists of 9 sub-districts which are divided into 90 villages.The determination of the sample is done randomly by 20% of the population of 268,148.The number of samples taken was 18 villages in Banda Aceh City.From the number of sub-districts, villages were randomly selected as samples with the criteria that the village had the highest number of urban farming farmers.From the number of sub-districts, 2 villages each will be selected as samples with the criteria that the village has the largest number of urban farming farmers.The research sample was obtained using snowball sampling method.This method begins with some people or problems, after which it extends to the next respondent or the next unit of illustration.And so on, this sampling process runs until sufficient data is obtained and the number of illustrations is sufficient and accurate to be analyzed in order to draw research conclusions.

Methods and data collection
The data used in this research are primary and secondary data.Primary data was obtained by conducting direct interviews with urban farming farmers FGDs (Focus Group Discussions) using questionnaires.
Secondary data was obtained through literature studies such as references from books, journals and other references needed in this research.

Concept and limitations of variables 2.5.1. Competency level.
The level of competence of urban farming farmers can be measured from (1) farm planning in the field of urban farming, (2) utilization of production factors can be measured by how much production is produced, (3) applying vegetable cultivation in the form of counseling to urban farming farmers, (4) marketing results can be measured by the sales sector and (5) business partnerships in the form of farmer cooperation with business partners.To describe the level of competence, motivation, and constraints of urban farming farmers, the material was understood by making a questionnaire and applying it to urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City.In preparing the questionnaire, the variables are decomposed into indicators and then the indicators are decomposed into questions or statements.The measurement scale used to measure indicators of questions or statements on the independent and dependent variables is to use a Likert scale.

Farmer motivation.
The motivation of urban farming farmers in farming can be measured by intrinsic and extrinsic motives.The measurement is measured with intervals of 1-5 low categories, so it can be said to be incompetent, while intervals of 6-10 medium categories can be said to be sufficient.Production results are of better quality

Data analysis method
The data that has been obtained will be processed and analyzed using descriptive analysis.Qualitative data analysis is a research approach that aims to understand the phenomena experienced by research subjects, such as motivation and other aspects, as a whole.This approach describes the phenomenon in the form of words and language, in a certain natural context, using various natural research methods.To describe the characteristics of farmers' knowledge, skills and motivation, a questionnaire was developed and applied to 18 respondent farmers in Banda Aceh city.Descriptive analysis is a method by explaining the data obtained using words and tabulation, which uses Likert scale analysis.In the Likert Scale the researcher can determine the score of the respondent's answer according to the weight that has been determined in the Likert Scale.In this study, the highest and lowest scores were determined [15].To describe the level of competence, motivation, and constraints of urban farming farmers, an understanding of the material was carried out by making a questionnaire and applying it to urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City.In compiling the questionnaire, the variables are decomposed into indicators and then the indicators are decomposed into questions or statements.The measurement scale used to measure indicators of questions or statements on the independent and dependent variables is to use a Likert scale.The range of motivations used as a reference in this study was determined based on a combination of several previous studies.In this study, several aspects were selected to determine farmers' motivation for urban farming.The level of motivation was then analyzed with descriptive analysis.The various motivations also used a Likert scale in their measurement.The level of competence was analyzed with a qualitative descriptive analysis data approach.Table 2 above describes the competency scale of urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City.In the table it can be seen that the interval 1-5 is a low category, so it can be said to be incompetent.Interval 6-10 medium category then it can be said to be sufficient.And intervals 11-15 high categories can be said to be competent.

Results of respondent analysis based on education.
The results of this analysis show that the majority of urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City have a Bachelor's degree.In accordance with the results of studies [16], education has an important role in determining the success of farmers in managing their agricultural business because it can influence their thinking patterns and reasoning abilities, so that the longer someone has been in education, the higher their level of rationality.Overall, farmers who have higher education tend to have better thinking skills, which allows them to make more rational decisions in managing their agricultural businesses.

Results of respondent analysis based on farming experience.
The results of this analysis show that the average farmer is urban farming The city of Banda Aceh has 2-4 years of farming experience.The average experience is classified into the medium category, meaning that urban farming farmers still do not have much experience or strategies in carrying out farming.Farming experience is an important factor that can support a farmer in increasing his productivity and work ability.In accordance with research results, [17] experience in farming for a longer time will result in an increase in the amount of experience and strategies to overcome crop failure.Farming experience has a big impact on the continuity of the business, and with long experience, farmers will become more adept at dealing with obstacles and challenges that may arise during the course of farming.

Results of respondent analysis based on number of dependents.
The results of this analysis show that the average farmer has family dependents ranging from 2-4 people.The number of family dependents is the number of people who are in the management of the house household other than the head of the house ladder.This will affect farmers' production and consumption patterns and result in differences in the income received by the household farmer's ladder.This is in accordance with the results of the study.[18] The more family members there are to support, the higher the incentive to try in the agricultural sector.This motivation is related to efforts to fulfill household needs, especially basic needs such as clothing, food and shelter.Therefore, the greater the number of family members, the greater the demand for meeting these needs.

Results of respondent analysis based on net pot amount.
The results of the analysis show that the number of net pots owned by respondent farmers in Banda Aceh City is considered good for urban farming.From classification data The number of net pots owned by urban farming farmers will show varying income, this is related to the number of plants produced.According to the study results [16], by having a large area of land and planting lots of plants, production results will increase.The greater the income earned, the more farmers' welfare will increase.

Farmer competency levels in urban farming business development
The results of field research show that farmers still have a sufficient level of knowledge regarding the urban farming business they are running.Knowledge is everything that farmers know about the urban farming plant cultivation process.The classification of competency criteria for urban farming farmers can be seen in Table 1.Based on the research results, it can be seen that farmers' skills in preparing and planning farming are classified as competent with an average score of 87.5%.The results are on an interval scale of 80%-100%, meaning that the level of competency of urban farming farmers in terms of preparation and planning of farming is high.Farmers' skills regarding the process of utilizing production factors are classified as competent with an average score of 87.5%.The results are on an interval scale of 80% -100% , meaning that the level of competency of urban farming farmers in terms of utilizing production factors is high.Farmers' skills in implementing vegetable cultivation are classified as incompetent with an average score of <65 %. Results are on an interval scale <65%, meaning that the level of competency of urban farming farmers in terms of implementing vegetable cultivation is low.Farmers' skills in marketing agricultural products are classified as competent with an average score of 91.9%.The results are on an interval scale of 80%-100%, meaning that the level of competency of urban farming farmers in terms of marketing agricultural products is high.Farmers' skills in building farming partnerships are classified as competent with an average score of 83.3%.The results are on an interval scale of 80%-100%, meaning that the level of competency of urban farming farmers in terms of building farming partnerships is high.

Farmers' motivation level in urban farming business development
Farmer motivation is based on the level of motivation in urban farming.The diverse needs of farmers are one of the motivations for farmers to carry out activities that can meet the needs of their families.Farmers' motivation at the urban farming level can also be classified into two types of motivation, namely intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.The level of motivation due to physiological needs is included in the high category; an average of (84.7%) of the 18 respondent farmers.The level of motivation is due to the need for security or increasing income so that farmers are interested in planting urban farming plants because the plants they cultivate can increase farmers' income, including in the high category, with an average value of (80.6%) from 18 respondent farmers.The level of motivation due to social needs is in the high category, with an average value of (86.1) from 18 respondent farmers.
The level of motivation because farmers are motivated by the need for self-actualization is included in the high category with an average value of (87.5%) from 18 respondent farmers.Overall, the level of intrinsic motivation is very supportive in urban farming for farmers in Banda Aceh City.The level of motivation due to agricultural extension is included in the low category; an average of (59.7%) of the 18 respondent farmers.The level of motivation due to invitations and seeing other farmers is included in the medium category; with an average value of (70.8%) from 18 respondent farmers.The level of motivation due to seeing consumer activities and market opportunities is in the high category, with an average value of (90.3%) from 18 respondent farmers.The level of motivation due to seeing good production results is included in the high category with an average value of (93.1%) from 18 respondent farmers.Level of motivation due The impact of the Covid-19 situation is included in the low category with an average value of (51.4%) from 18 farmer respondents.Overall, the level of extrinsic motivation supports urban farming for farmers in Banda Aceh City.

Challenges and obstacles in urban farming business development
Based on the interviews that have been conducted, some of the challenges and obstacles in the development of urban farming so far by farmers are: a. Support from the government that is still incomplete, despite the lack of government intervention in empowering the development of urban farming, farmers remain resistant and able to try independently.b.There is no official community that oversees urban farming farmers, especially hydroponic farmers in Banda Aceh City.9 c.There is still a high number of consumer demand but many farmers have not been able to maximize their production or lack of stock.d.There is no existing counseling to provide training to urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City.e.The selling price in the market is unstable, because there is no industry that supports the running of urban farming so the problem of selling prices is still often unstable.f.There is no stock of raw materials in the Banda Aceh City area, so farmers still buy raw materials online outside the area.g.In terms of marketing, there should be socialization to the community about the importance of hydroponic vegetables so that people are aware of the importance of health.h.Many farmers in the field also complain about pests on their cultivated plants, but it can also be overcome by some farmers such as sterilizing installations routinely and eradicating pests with vegetable pesticides.

Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the competency level of urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City reached an average score of 81.6%, which is in the high category.This shows that urban farming farmers in Banda Aceh City have skills in various aspects, such as farm planning, use of production factors, vegetable cultivation, marketing of agricultural products, and building farming partnerships.Farmers' motivation in developing urban farming in Banda Aceh is also very positive, with a high level of intrinsic motivation reaching 84.7%.This intrinsic motivation is driven by the need to achieve self-actualization and farm progress.In addition, social support among farmers also strengthens their motivation to develop better and more sustainable farming.On the other hand, there is also the influence of extrinsic motivation that comes from outside the farmer or the surrounding environment.
The results show that this extrinsic motivation factor is in the medium category, with a percentage value of 73%.This extrinsic motivation is driven by higher quality production and high consumer demand for urban farming plant products, although production is insufficient.Even though urban farming in Banda Aceh City faces various challenges and obstacles, farmers remain strong and persistent in overcoming all the difficulties that arise during the development process.
a. Intrinsic motivation • Physiological Needs; Desire to fulfill family food • Safety Needs; The need to save and conserve • Social Needs; Interact more closely with other farmers Cooperate with other farmers • Self-actualization needs.Desire to want to develop their farms b.Extrinsic motivation • Agricultural extension workers; The existence of agricultural extension workers Training and courses from agricultural extension workers • Other farmer; Invitation from other farmers Many farmers are engaged in urban farming • Consumer; Consumers always purchase urban farming commodities • Production result.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Results of respondent analysis based on education.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Results of respondent analysis based on farming experience.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Results of respondent analysis based on number of dependents.

7 Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Results of respondent analysis based on net pot amount.

Table 1 .
Likert scale measurement of farmer competence.

Table 2 .
Likert scale measurement of farmer motivation.

Table 3 .
Scale of farmer competence.General overview of banda aceh cityThe city of Banda Aceh is the capital of the province of Aceh.As the center of provincial government, Banda Aceh City is the center of economic, political, social and cultural activities.Banda Aceh is also the oldest Islamic city in Southeast Asia, where Banda Aceh was the capital of the Sultanate of Aceh.Astronomically, Banda Aceh City is located between 05016'15''-05036'16" North latitude and 95016'15"-95022'35" East longitude and is in the northern hemisphere.
[16]Results of analysis and discussion of respondent characteristics 3.2.1.Results of respondent analysis based on age.The results of this analysis show that the average age of urban farming farmers is around 31-40.This means that almost all respondents are of productive age to manage urban farming in Banda Aceh City.This result is in accordance with the results of studies that[16]people in the productive age group generally still have good physical condition, especially in relation to field work.Apart from that, farmers in this age category also have the drive to work hard and high motivation to earn income.Figure 1.Results of respondent analysis based on age.

Table 4 .
Classification of competency criteria for urban farming farmers.

Table 5 .
Classification of intrinsic motivation of urban farming farmers.

Table 6 .
Classification of urban farming farmers' extrinsic motivation.