Agronomic character and productivity of improved Acehnese rice lines under upland cultivation system

The improvement of Sigupai has been conducted by inserting Sd-1 gene into its progenies resulting in a shorter lifespan and higher productivity. Through this improvement process, a number of new lines have been produced. However, the adaptataion ability of these lines when cultivated under an upland cultivation system is unclear. The purpose of this research is to determine the agronomic character and productivity of these improved lines under upland cultivation system. The research was conducted at Experimental Garden and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala from March to July 2023. The experimental design used in the research was a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 7 new improved lines, T5.3.12.1.3.12; T5.3.12.1.5.2; T9.1.7.6.9.12; T9.6.1.6.12.1; T9.8.8.3.5.9; T29.2.11.10.7.2; T29.8.5.2.12.12 with 3 replications. The parameters observed were plant height, number of tillers, panicle length, flowering time, harvest time, the weight of filled grains per hill, the weight of 1000 grains, and estimated production per hectare. Research results showed that the lines had significant differences on plant height at 4,6, and 8 week after transplanting (WAT) and at harvesting time, the number of tillers at 4,6, and 8 WAT and weight of 1000 grains. The lines T5.3.12.1.3.12 and T5.3.12.1.5.2 were prospective for upland cultivation with a plant height <110 cm, harvesting time <125 day after sowing (DAS), and estimated production 5.28- 6.03 tons ha−1.


Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a type of staple crop that plays an important role in meeting food needs in Indonesia.As the population increases, the need for rice continues to increase from year to year and is in line with population growth.The government continues to make various efforts to overcome the problem of rice demand.The productivity of local varieties is indeed low compared to modern varieties, but local varieties also play a very important role in supporting national food security [1][2] [3].Sigupai is one of indigenous rice that has been continuesly decreasing in cultivation area because of it has long life span and lower productivity compared to modern rice varieties, although this race variety involved as aromatic rice and has superior cooking quality [4].Sigupai is Southwest Aceh district icon which is known as the "Negeri Breuh Sigupai".
The other superior characteristic of Sigupai rice are easier for maintain with the market price is higher compare to non aromatic rice [5] Sigupai usually cultivated by the farmers as upland cultivated rice under limited water resources.Upland is a resource that has enormous potential for the sustainability of national agricultural development, especially by using dryland for rice farming.The development of upland for rice farming is a strategic choice to support the achievement of the national food security program in the future.The upland rice farming system must be carried out intensively to achieve high productivity [6][7][8] .
This research uses the rice newly improved lines obtained from crossing the Sigupai and Yinzhan (introduces variety carried sd-1 gene) with backcross procedure until the production of BC4F2 progenies.The selected progenies were develop as the new lines with their productivity more than 6 ton ha-1 with shorter lifespan (< 135 days).However the information about their adaptation under upland cultivation system is very important to clarify through this research.

Seed preparation and sowing.
The seeds from seven lines of improved rice were soaked for 24 hours for the imbibition, and germinated on straw paper for two days.The germinated seeds were then sown on the sowing media consisting of soil and cow manure mixed with a ratio of 2:1.The seedlings then were transplanted after 18 days.

Seedling Transplantation procedure.
The seedling of each line were then transplanted in prepared land with the size of 1.5 m x 0,9 m for each plot.The experiment was arranged in a randomized completed block design with three replications.The seedling establishment was carried out by transplanting the seedling with plant spacing of 20 cm × 20 cm.For each plot consists of 28 seedling grown after harvesting.One day before transplanting the land were applied with organic fertilizer 8,96 kg plot -1 (10 tons ha -1 ).In each planting hole were planted with one seedling.Basic fertilizer was also applied one days before planting by using NPK and Urea 5.04 g plot -1 (450 kg ha -1 ) and 2.12 g plot -1 (200 kg ha -1 ) respectively.Additional fertilizer was applied at 15, 30, and 50 days after planting (DAP) using only Urea 2.12 g plot -1 .

Agronomic and variance character analysis
Agronomic data from each line were collected from the experimental field.Variables analyzed include plant height at ages 4, 6, and 8 weeks after transplanting (WAT) as well as at harvesting time, number of tillers 4, 6, and 8 WAT as well as at time of harvesting, flowering time, harvest time, panicle length, the weight of filled grain per hill, the weight of 1000 seeds and estimated production per hectare.
The recapitulation of variance analysis (F test) by rice lines treatment under upland cultivation system is shown in Table 1.Based on the results of analysis of variance, it shows that Sigupai and Yinzhan rice plants have a very significant on plant height at 4, 6, and 8 WAP and harvesting time, as well as the number of tillers at 4, 6, and 8 WAP, and have a significant on the weight of 1000 grains.has not significant on the number of tillers at harvesing time, panicle length, flowering time, harvest time, the weight of filled grains per hill, and estimated production per hectare.

Agronomic performance of rice lines under upland cultivation system.
3.2.1.Plant height.The average height of rice plants resulting from the treatment of rice lines resulting from the Sigupai and Yinzhan cross can be seen in Table 2.  2, it can be explained that the T29.2.11.10.7.2 line is a line with taller plants starting from 3 WAT until harvest.The plant height of this line reaches 125.56 cm at harvest, while the T5.3.12.1.5.2 line is a line with a lower plant height and its height is only 96.44 cm at harvest.

Number of tillers.
The average number of tillers resulting from the treatment of rice lines resulting from the Sigupai and Yinzhan cross can be seen in Table 3.Based on Table 3, it can be seen that the average number of tillers of the rice lines tested ranged from 6.33 to 12.33 tillers at 8 WAT.The number of productive tillers was greater in the T29.8.5.2.12.12 line with an average of 9.33, while the T9.6.1.612.1 line was the line with the smaller number productive tillers, namely 6.33.

Panicle length, flowering time, and harvest time.
The average panicle length, flowering time, and harvest time resulting from the treatment of rice lines resulting from the Sigupai and Yinzhan cross can be seen in Table 4. Based on Table 4, it can be explained that the T9.8.8.3.5.9 line is a line with a panicle length that tends to be longer, namely 21.56 cm, and is not statistically significantly different from other lines.The flowering time and harvest time of rice plants tend to be faster in the T29.2.11.10.7.2 line, namely 80.33 days after sowing (DAS) and 110.33 DAS, while the line tends to have a longer flowering time, and harvest time, namely T5.3.12 .1.5.2, 86.00 DAS and 116.00 DAS.1297 (2024) 012049 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1297/1/0120495 3.2.4.Weight of filled grains per hill, weight of 1000 grains and estimated production per hectare.The average weight of filled grains per hill, weight of 1000 grains, and estimated production per hectare due to treatment of rice lines resulting from the Sigupai and Yinzhan cross can be seen in Table 5.Based on Table 5, the weight of filled grains per hill of rice plants tends to be higher in the T29.8.5.2.12.12 line, namely 57.52 grams, while the T9.6.1.6.12.1 line tends to be lower, namely 12.35 grams.The weight of 1000 grains seeds was higher, namely the T5.3.12.1.3.12 line, namely 23.60 grams, while the weight of 1000 grain seeds was lower, namely the T9.6.1.6.12.1 line with 18.42 grams, and the estimated production per hectare tended to be higher.higher was found in the T5.3.12.1.3.12 line, namely 6.03 tons, while the estimated production per hectare tended to be lower, namely the T9.8.8.3.5.9 line with 2.12 tons.

Coeficient Variance Analysis.
Variance analysis includes the Phenotypic Coefficient of Variance (PCV), Genotypic Coefficient of Variance (GCV), and heritability values can be seen in Table 6.Based on Table 6, the PCV and GCV values tend to be higher in the character of the weight of filled grains per hill with a PCV value of 112 and The GCV value was 391.3, while the heritability value tended to be higher for the plant height character at 8 WAT with a value of 0.48.The high criteria for genetic indicates that the character is not yet uniform and has the opportunity to be replanted.The higher value of genetic variance, the greater the chance of successful selection of superior varieties.

Table 1 .
Recapitulation of variance analysis for growth and yields variables of rice lines under upland cultivation system.

Table 2 .
Plant height of each rice lines under upland cultivation system.
Description: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column not significantly different at the 4 Based on Table

Table 3 .
Number of tillers of each rice lines under upland cultivation system.
Description: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column not significantly different at the 5% level (HSD0.05Test)

Table 4 .
Panicle length, flowering time, and harvest time of each rice lines under upland cultivation system.

Table 5 .
Average weight of filled grains per hill, weight of 1000 grains and estimated production per hectare of each rice lines under upland cultivation system.

Table 6 .
Coefficient of variance of each rice lines under upland cultivation system