Aspect of feeding management for Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Universitas Sumatera Utara park

This study aims to determine the management of animals in sambar deer captivity in terms of the aspect of feeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the management of sambar deer in terms of feeding techniques. This research was carried out in August - September 2022 using the observation method at the University of North Sumatra Park. The research data were obtained from the results of interviews with the animal keeper, data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Data were calculations carried out regarding feed consumption and feed preferences for Sambar deer. The results showed that the management of the hopeful sambar deer in terms of the aspect of feeding at the North Sumatra University Park could be categorized as good in terms of the type and amount of feed that was sufficient to meet the basic needs of the animals. The average feed consumption reaches 4.8 kg/day/head. The most preferred type of feed is carrots (Daucus carota L) with a preference level of 21%. Further research is needed regarding the feeding of sambar deer according to the needs of their physiological status.


Introduction
Hope animals are wild animals that have the potential to be developed through cultivation efforts for the purpose of expanding their use [1].One of the hopes of animals that can be developed in Indonesia is deer.Through the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture no.404/Kpts/OT.201/6/2002deer are declared as one of the animals that have the potential to be developed as livestock.In Indonesia, the use of deer can only be done as a result of capture and must receive in-depth scientific consideration from the Biology Center-Indonesian Institute of Sciences.
Deer are a ruminant animal belonging to the order Artiodactyla, family Cervidae with 16 genera, 38 species and 189 subspecies with a native distribution in Europe and Asia [2].Tropical deer native to Indonesia that have the potential to be cultivated are sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) with their original distribution area in East Kalimantan Province, while their distribution area is on Kalimantan Island and Sumatra Island [3].Currently, because of its status as a protected animal, captive breeding is an effort to optimize the use of sambar deer while ensuring the preservation of the animal from the threat of extinction.In management, one of the most important aspects is feeding.Successful animal rearing is supported by quality food that suits the animal's needs.The aim of carrying out this research is to determine the management of animals in captive sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) from the aspect of feeding.

Observed Parameters
Feed management variables which include menu, type, quantity, frequency of feeding and living needs of sambar deer, analysis was carried out to see management based on the most efficient type of feed.Data on the amount of feed provided will be used to calculate the amount consumed per type of feed [4]: Feed consumption = Refeed wight (kg) -Remaining feed (kg) Observation data related to feeding will be used to determine palatability [5]: ℎ       × 100

Data Analysis
The data obtained will then be processed using the Microsoft Excel ver program.2021 by displaying average data presented using descriptive analysis methods.

Types of Feed
The types of feed provided in the North Sumatra University Park are forage, fruit and vegetables.The types of forage provided include reed grass (Saccharum spontaneum), cassava leaves (Manihot utilissima), thatch (Imperata cylindrica), jotang (Spilanthes paniculata), kolonjono grass (Cynodon dactylon) and needle grass (Andropogon aciculatus).Additional feed in the form of vegetables and fruit given is banana (Musa paradisiaca), carrot (Daucus carota L), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), chayote (Sechium edule), pak choy (Brassica chinensis L), white mustard (Brassica rapa), broccoli (Brassica oleracea L), kale (Ipomoea aquatica), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), corn husks (Zea mays), jackfruit husks (Artocarpus heterophyllus), chayote leaves and broccoli leaves.Apart from that, every day they are also given sweet potato dregs without any mixture.The large number of types of food that can be consumed by sambar deer shows the flexibility of sambar deer in choosing food.Based on the type of food they eat, deer are classified as intermediate feeders, namely animals that eat a mixture of grass, bushes, leaves, fruit and various parts of plants ranging from shoots, young leaves, old leaves and young stems [6].However, it would be better if there is a feeding pattern with a certain type of feed because the sudden introduction of a new substance can have a negative impact on the deer's health.Deer have the problem of an inability of the digestive tract to cope with drastic unexpected changes in diet [7].

Feeding Frequency
Feeding in the University of North Sumatra Park is carried out once during the day at around 13.00-14.00WIB every day.Based on the results of interviews, the management focuses on the amount of feed given, not the frequency of giving it.Feeding once is considered sufficient because the amount given is appropriate to the number of deer in the cage.In the enclosure there are also several types of forage that can be eaten to support the deer's habitat.Apart from that, there are visitors who provide food in the form of carrots and kale, which is why the manager considers providin g food only once.

Total Feed
The average amount of fresh forage given in the North Sumatra University Park during the 12 days of observation was 161.79 kg/day for 30 deer, equivalent to 5.39 kg/day/head.From the results of calculating feed consumption, it was found that the average feed consumption reached 4.8 kg/day/head.This amount is in accordance with the standard amount of feeding according to Semiadi and Nugraha [2] which states that young sambar deer aged < 2 years consume 2.2-3.8kg of forage a day while older ones consume 4.3 kg of fresh forage./day.Based on observations, eating activities were carried out randomly without any time limits.The difference in feeding activity times in the North Sumatra University Park is thought to be because the amount of food provided is in accordance with the number of deer in the enclosure, so that the deer do not have to compete to get food.A similar thing happened to sambar deer at the Surabaya Zoo as reported by Sita and Aunurohim [7], sambar deer do not have a certain time for feeding activity due to the abundant amount of food and the absence of competitors and concerns about other predators.

Consumption per type of feed
The results of observations at the University of North Sumatra Park for 12 days showed that carrots (Daucus carota L) were the feed with the highest consumption value, namely 114.15 kg with a total of 114.15 kg given in 6 days.Carrots are a good additional food source for the health and welfare of deer because they contain a variety of vitamins and minerals.
The vitamin A content in carrots is good for deer's eyesight, immune system and skin health.According to Hasnawati, et al [8] giving carrots to deer functions to neutralize the possibility of poison in the deer's body and can make the deer's skin shinier.In research conducted by Sita & Aunurohim [8] it was reported that the average value of carrot consumption was 1.37 kg/2 heads/day Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L) has the lowest consumption value, namely 4.09 kg with a total of 5.46 kg per day.Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L) is a vegetable that contains quite high amounts of beta-carotene, namely 623 IU/100 grams [9].The same as carrots, the nutritional content of broccoli is good for the health of sambar deer if used as additional feed.However, so far there has been no research reporting that broccoli is used as additional feed for sambar deer.This is thought to be because its availability is quite limited and it is too competitive with humans.
Providing additional food in the form of vegetables will be good for the health and welfare of deer if done correctly.Managers must ensure the availability of the vegetables provided and the ease of obtaining them.Otherwise, giving additional food in the form of vegetables to sambar deer is not recommended because it can change the deer's natural feeding behavior and can cause the deer to become dependent on additional feeding [8].

Feed Preferences
The level of feed preference ranges from 0.8% -21.0%.The most preferred type of feed is carrots (Daucus carota L) with a preference level of 21%, allegedly because carrots have a sweet taste and are easy to digest.Followed by pak choy (Brassica chinensis L) with a preference level of 20% then cabbage (Brassica oleracea) with 16.5%.According to [8], vegetable waste is good for use as additional feed for deer, but is not recommended as main feed.This opinion is also reinforced by the opinion of Haki, et al [10] who stated that vegetable waste cannot be given directly to livestock and requires processing first before giving it.

Conclusions
Management of the wild animal hope for sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in terms of the aspect of feeding in the North Sumatra University Park can be categorized as good in terms of the type and amount of food provided which is sufficient to meet the animal's basic needs.Average feed consumption reaches 4.8 kg/day/head.The most preferred feed type is carrots (Daucus carota L) with a preference level of 21%.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Graph of the amount given and feed consumption

Feed
Preferences of Sambar Deer in Universitas Sumatera Utara Park 25

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Level of feed preferences for sambar deer

Table 1 .
from the total average feed consumption of 16.53 kg/2 heads/day.This proves that carrots are good for use as additional food for sambar deer.Consumption per type of feed during the 12 days observation period