The use of fermented feed containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and azolla sp on egg production and egg clutch in hybrid chickens

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of fermented feed containing black soldier fly and azolla meal on egg production and egg clutch. The research material used 20 female hybrid chickens and local feed ingredients. The research method was conducted experimentally using a Complete Randomized (RAL) with five (5) treatments and four (4) replications respectively. The feed treatments were P0 (100% feed control), P1 (90% basal feed + 5% black soldier fly + 5% azolla), P2 (85% basal feed + 5% black soldier fly + 10% azolla), P3 (85% basal feed + 10% black soldier fly + 5% azolla), P4 (80% basal feed + 10% black soldier fly + 10% azolla). The observed parameters included egg production, egg clutch, eggshell color, and thickness. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study found no significant effect on egg production, egg clutch, shell color, and thickness when feeding fermented black soldier fly and azolla at different levels. It was concluded that fermented feed containing 5-10% black soldier fly and 5-10% azolla did not negatively affect egg production and egg clutch in hybrid chickens.


Introduction
Hybrid chickens are the result of crossing two different species with human intervention.In this research, the hybrid chicken referred to a cross between a male local chicken and a female Brahma chicken.The purpose of developing hybrid chickens is to increase the productivity of local chickens by utilizing and developing genetic resources through crossing.The main problems in raising hybrid chickens are low egg production of hybrid chickens, low protein local feed, and local feed raw materials containing high crude fiber and low digestibility.In addition to genetics, factors that support poultry growth are nutrients.Protein and amino acids are nutrients needed for growth, maintenance, and egg production.Protein and amino acids are also the most important elements as determinants of growth in early-phase hybrid chickens [1].In relation to the development of hybrid chickens at the community level, efficient and low-cost feed is needed to increase profits.Processed feed ingredients such as black soldier fly and azolla can replace commercial rations.
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has potential as a hybrid chicken feed.Black soldier fly larvae have a soft texture and can digest substances that cannot be digested by removing natural enzymes from the body to facilitate digestion, making them useful for animal feed.The black soldier fly larvae contain IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1297/1/012043 2 40-50% protein and 29-32% fat.[2].Black soldier fly is a highly nutritious alternative to poultry feed, containing high levels of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals.The nutritional composition of the black soldier fly is 36.60%crude protein, 27.36% crude fat, 12.17% ash, 7% crude fiber, 0.94% phosphorus, 3.85% calcium, with dry matter constituting 95.64% and gross energy at 5610 kcal/kg.[3].To improve animal nutrition, feed ingredients such as azolla can be used in combination with black soldier fly.
Azolla sp is a water fern commonly found in rice fields, due to the lack of information about the benefits of azolla some regions still consider azolla as a weed plant and discard it [1].The high protein content of the feed is beneficial for livestock and can help farmers save on feed costs.The crude protein content of azolla ranges from 23-30%, making it a potential source of animal feed.Like other forage, azolla has limitations as a poultry feed due to its high crude fiber content.Fermentation can enhance the nutritional value of feed by reducing crude fiber.Information on using black soldier fly and azolla in fermented feed to enhance egg production in hybrid chickens requires further study.The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the use of fermented feed containing black soldier fly and azolla on egg production and egg clutch in hybrid chickens.Black soldier fly larvae are cultivated for 14 days and then processed, while azolla is dried for 3-5 days and milled into flour.The equipment used in this research included feed and drink containers, heating lamps, scales, disinfectant sprayers, trash mats, newspaper, trays, cleaning rags, stationery, cameras, knives, scissors, rope, and paperboard.

Research variabel
The variables of the study consist of egg production and egg clutch of hybrid chickens, including egg production, egg clutch, eggshell thickness, and eggshell color.

Data analysis
The data obtained in this study were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).If the data analyzed shows significant differences, the analysis is continued using the Duncan test.

Egg production
Hen Day Production (HDP) is a method of calculating the number of eggs produced by a group of birds at a certain age by counting daily eggs.The average HDP of hybrid chickens fed organic feed supplemented with black soldier fly and azolla is presented in Table 2.The results of analysis of variance in egg production showed that the use of black soldier fly flour and azolla flour in fermented feed had no significant effect on egg production.In P0 (100% commercial feed), egg production was higher at 40.75% compared to fermented feed (90% + black soldier fly 5% + azolla 5% (P1) which had an average of 35.25%.Local chicken egg production has an average rate of 41.3%, which can increase up to 55% during peak production when an intensive rearing system is implemented.Egg production is influenced by several factors, including the quality of fledgling, age, the health of adult animals, cage conditions, lighting, environmental temperature, feed, protein, phosphorus, medication, and nutrients in feed, especially amino acids and linoleic fatty acids.
Chickens that are fed with commercial feed at 100% have the highest egg production value and are significantly different from chickens fed fermented feed 90% + black soldier fly 5% + azolla 5% (P1) and chickens fed fermented feed 85% + black soldier fly 5% + azolla 10% (P2), fermented feed 85% + black soldier fly 10% + azolla 5% (P3), fermented feed 80% + black soldier fly 10% + azolla 10% (P4).Feed provided with good quality and quantity will increase egg production and quality because it can meet the nutritional needs of chickens based on the rearing system and genetics [2].

Egg clucth
Chickens can lay eggs continuously without stopping until one day chickens stop laying eggs a day or more.This is called a clutch.After one clutch is completed, the chicken stops laying eggs for a day or so, then the chicken lays eggs for the next clutch.At peak production, this clutch is long, and then the clutch life will shorten.The process of clutch length is often associated with light and age.The average number of eggs in one clutch at the peak of production can reach 12-14 eggs.This means that chickens lay eggs continuously for 12 days before pausing for 1-2 days.After peak production, the number of eggs in one clutch will decrease.
Egg pause is the time lag of laying eggs or the time of not laying eggs for 3 days or more.At the time of pause day, the mature follicle is held in the ovary longer, will be ovulated at the time of the next light period and a new sequence will begin.Chickens lay 3-4 eggs in one sequence, while in observation The results showed that the use of black soldier flies and azolla flour in fermented feed had no significant effect on egg clutch and egg pause.In Table 2, the laying period and egg interval for hybrid chickens are shown to be an average of 3 days per week.

Eggshell color
The results showed that the use of black soldier fly and azolla flour in fermented feed had no real effect on the color of chicken eggshells.The color of hybrid chicken eggs in P0 was mainly cream, accounting for 71% (115) of the total eggs, followed by brown at 20% (33), and white at 9% (15).In P1, the dominant egg color was cream with 74% (105) of the total eggs, followed by white at 15% (21), and brown at 11% (16).In P2, the predominant egg color was cream with 51% (42) of the total eggs, followed by brown at 35% (42), and white at 14% (17).In P3, the most common egg colors were cream and white, accounting for 39% (50) of the total eggs, respectively, and brown at 21% (27).Meanwhile, in P4, brown eggs are the most common at 58% (73) of the total, followed by cream at 39% (47), and white at 4% (5).
In general, the most common eggshell colors were cream, brown, and white, making up 56%, 28%, and 16% of the total, respectively.This indicates that the color of hybrid chicken eggshells is still diverse.The variation in shell color can be attributed to the age and genetics of the chicken [4] .

Eggshell thickness
The results showed that the use of black soldier fly and azolla in fermented feed had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the thickness of hybrid chicken eggshells.The study found that the average eggshell thickness, which varied from 0.43 to 0.47 mm, was considered normal.Eggs with a thickness ranging from 0.33 mm to 0.44 mm are generally of high quality and have a better success rate for hatching [5].
The eggshell serves as the outermost layer of an egg and protects its contents from harmful bacteria that can cause damage and reduce egg quality [6].The formation of the eggshell involves a constant supply of calcium to the uterus.Calcium carbonate is formed in the eggshell when there is an adequate amount of carbonate in the uterus [7].Usually, larger eggs have thinner shells, which can have relatively large pores, leading to faster deterioration of the eggs due to evaporation and decay of the egg contents [8].
Eggshells are composed of 95% calcium carbonate along with a mixture of magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper [9].The thickness of the eggshell depends on several factors such as the breed of the chicken, the type of feed, the environment, the age of the chicken, and the health of the animal [10].One variable that influences the thickness of the eggshell is the age of the chicken, which gets thinner and the color fades as the chicken ages.The shell is made up of several layers of woven fence or poles that contain many pores and extend inwards.The outermost layer, called the epidermis, is the organic material that covers the surface of the egg.

Conclusions
The research results indicated that using fermented feed containing black soldier fly and azolla with different levels of feeding in the ration did not have a significant effect on egg production, egg clutch, eggshell color, or eggshell thickness of hybrid chicken eggs.Therefore, it could be concluded that the addition of fermented feed with 5-10% black soldier fly and 5-10% azolla did not negatively impact egg production and egg clutch in hybrid chickens.

4 about 8 -
12 eggs are then separated by intervals or pause days.Chickens that lay eggs in long sequences will have a shorter pause day ranging from 40 -44 hours [3].
[1] Daud M, Yaman MA and Usman Y 2022 Utilization of Fermented Azolla Sp as Feed Ingredients on Superior Local Chicken (ALPU) J Pastura 11(2) pp 75-80 [2] Yaman MA, Nasution U, and Daud M 2022 Increase in body weight and protein retention on meat chicken due to the addition of probiotics and digestive enzymes in fermented diet The study used 20 female hybrid chickens obtained from the Livestock Field Laboratory at Syiah Kuala University.The chickens were placed in battery cages.The feed ingredients used in this research were black soldier fly, Azolla sp., rice bran, corn, soybean meal, top mix, coconut oil, commercial feed, and fresh water.