Growth and yield of some genotypes of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in response to begomovirus resistance

Capsicum annuum is the widely cultivated and consumed species in the world. Planting virus-resistant chili varieties is one of the reliable disease control strategies to overcome viral attacks. Local high-yielding varieties can be used as a source of germplasm in the assembly of chili peppers resistant to Begomovirus. This study is aimed to determine the growth and yield some chili pepper in response to Begomovirus resistance. This research was carried out at the Saree Agricultural Extension Training Center and Horticulture Laboratory at Syiah Kuala University. This research was designed using a non-factorial Randomized Block Design. Planting materials used were four chili pepper, namely as genotype of Perintis, Lolay, Karo and Kencana as a variety of comparison. The results showed that genotype Perintis and Lolay have better in plant height, plant stem diameter, the faster flowering time, the best of fruit weight per plant and weight per fruit. The faster harvest times and the number of fruits per plant are found in genotype Perintis. Genotype Perintis has slowly attached by Begomovirus, but at the age 135 days after transplanting, all of the plants (Perintis, Lolay, Karo, Kencana) were attacked by Begomovirus.


Introduction
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a species that is widely cultivated and consumed in the world, its rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.The accumulates pungent capsaicinoids in its fruits make Capsicum become the important spices [1].Pepper used as a fresh or dried spice.There are five species of domesticated Capsicum that have been identified to date as C. annuum L., C. baccatum., C. pubescens Ruiz et Pav., C. frutesces L., and C. chinese Jacq.[2].Many of the most-common chili peppers are cultivars of Capsicum annuum.
Based on FAO STAT (2020), Mexico, China, Turkey, Indonesia, and Spain, produce about 75% world fresh pepper market.Indonesia produces 2.7 million tons total of fresh pepper fruit as domestic market [3].In Indonesia, pepper is a very important vegetable commodity because it has high economic value and as an essential spice in Indonesia cuisine.One of the obstacles to fluctuations in pepper productivity is pest and disease that attack plants from seeding to harvest stage [4].
Pepper yellow leaf curl disease (PepYLCD) has a serious impact on pepper production in Indonesia [5,6].Referring to the virus taxonomy in the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) released in 2021, PepYLCD is caused by a virus in the genus Begomovirus belonging to the Geminiviridae family, and the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a vector for plant-to-plant transmission.[7] discovered a new Begomovirus species in Aceh in accordance with the guidelines for demarcation criteria for begomovirus species, and proposed the name 'pepper yellow leaf curl Aceh virus' (PepYLCAV) for this virus.Begomovirus has become a serious obstacle in the cultivation of various types of vegetable crops throughout the world, including Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae [8].The diseases caused by Begomovirus have been contributed to the loss of production of Solanaceous crops such as eggplant, tomatoes, peppers, and tomatoes [5].
Planting virus-resistant chili varieties is one of the reliable disease control strategies to overcome viral attacks.To date, plant resistance to infection of Begomovirus is less advanced in peppers than in tomatoes, and not yet in cultivars of pepper that are resistant or tolerant to Begomovirus infection [5].
Local high-yielding varieties can be used as a source of germplasm in the assembly of chili peppers resistant to Begomovirus.Local varieties are varieties that have existed and been cultivated for generations by farmers, and belong to the community and are controlled by the state.Farmers prefer chili peppers derived from local high-yielding varieties; this is due to good adaptability to local environmental conditions so as to provide high productivity with good fruit quality.Superior varieties are breeding strains that have special advantages such as good product quality, high yield potential, resistance to disease, resistance to pests, tolerance to environmental stress or other properties and have been released by the government.
In this study we evaluated the growth and yield four genotype chili pepper as Perintis, Karo, Lolay, and Kencana from Begomovirus attack.Genotype Perintis is a local chili pepper from Aceh Province/ Pidie District area, genotype Karo comes from the Karo area/West Sumatra, and genotype Lolay comes from the Lampung Province area.Variety Kencana is one of the superior varieties of chili.

Experimental place and time
This research was carried out at the Saree Agricultural Extension Training Center, District of Aceh Besar at 458 meters an altitude above level of sea.Yield analysis was carried out at the Horticulture Laboratory, Department of Agrotechnology, Agricultural Faculty, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh.

Research methods and plants materials
This research employed Randomized Block Design Non-Factorial.The materials used were four chili pepper, namely as genotype of Perintis, Lolay, Karo and Kencana as a comparison variety.This research has six replications.There were 24 experimental units with 20 plants for each experiment resulted in 480 experimental plants in total.

Cultivation
The beds size as 87 m x 1 m with six beds, with a distance of 1 m between beds, each plant have a distance 50 cm x 40 cm, depth of drainage 30 cm.The beds then were covered with black and silver mulch plastic films.The fertilizer used consists of manure as 10 tons ha -1 given during the land tillage, basic fertilizer (SP36, ZA, Phonska and KC) each given 50 Kg ha -1 and additional fertilizer used boron as 2 Kg ha -1 and NPK as 50 Kg ha -1 .Disease and pest control using insecticide and Abamectin/ Mancozeb from 15 days after planting (DAT) until 105 DAT, interval 10 days with concentration 2 cc L -1 .

Data Observation
The parameters that observed are the plant height and stem diameter at the age 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 DAT, flowering time, harvest time, the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight per plant, weight per fruit, and the percentage of Begomovirus attacks on some genotypes of chili pepper.

The begomovirus resistance effect on some chili pepper plants growth
This research showed the height and stem diameter of plant at the age of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 DAT significantly different in some pepper plants as Begomovirus resistance effect.Genotype Perintis and Lolay have better growth compared to genotype Karo and varieties of Kencana in plant height and plant stem diameter (Table 1).The plants height of genotype Perintis is 105,39 cm and Lolay is 94.61 cm compared to the plant height of varieties of Kencana is 67.72 cm at the age 75 DAT.Kencana variety has a lower plant height than Perintis and Lolay genotypes.[9] stated that plant height greatly affects crop production, the higher of the plant make more the number of primary and tertiary branches that allow plants to produce more fruit.Plant height also has a real correlation with fruit weight, tall plants will get a more optimal supply of sunlight so that it will increase plant productivity [10].
Moreover, the plant stem diameter of Perintis genotype is as large as 1.19 cm and Lolay is 1.02 cm compared to the plant stem diameter of varieties of Kencana as large as 0.76 cm at the age 75 DAT.The plant stem diameter of the Kencana variety is smaller than that of Perintis and Lolay.The stem is useful as a growth support and as a distribution of nutrients for plants.A larger plant stem diameter will be able to produce higher than a narrow plant stem diameter [11].  1 showed that the faster flowering times were found in genotype Perintis and Lolay at 45 days after transplanting, while in variety Kencana at 50 DAT.The faster harvest times for chili peppers are found in genotype Perintis as 90 DAT, while in variety Kencana at 95 DAT.Flowering time and harvest time are very important for the selection of a plant genotype.Stated that the difference in age at the time of flowering and harvesting is caused by genetic factors of each variety.Each variety has different abilities in the process of flowering and fruit ripening.

The effect of begomovirus resistance on the yield of some chili pepper plants
This study showed that the fruits number per plant, weight of fruit per plant, weight per fruit significantly different in some chili pepper plants as Begomovirus resistance effect.Table 2 showed that the best of the fruits number per plant was found in genotype Perintis which have the value of 124.2 fruits, in real contrast to variety Kencana (22.08 fruits), genotype Karo (40 fruits), and Lolay (94.28 fruits).The best of fruit weight per plant and weight per fruit were found in genotype Perintis is 537.77fruits and Lolay is 416.75 fruits, while the variety of Kencana produced only 111.14 fruits.Lower fruit production is found in the genotype Karo which is not significantly different from variety Kencana.Both varieties are considered vulnerable and cannot produce high when infected with the symptoms of Begomovirus.state that yellow leaf curl can cause great losses for farmers because if infected plants in very young age, the plants are stunted, resulting in a decrease in chili peppers production far from optimal chili production.
The results of this research are in line with the study of Koeda team that Perintis have resistance genes and are able to produce well.[12] had been identified that C. annuum cultivar Perintis (BaPep-5) is a recessive resistance gene pepy-1 in peppers in controlled conditions of laboratory, this gene was effective against the bipartite begomoviruses PepYLCAV and PepYLCAV.Moreover, [13] showed that Perintis (BaPep-5) significantly higher fruit productivity compared to six other commonly cultivated pepper cultivars included Kencana (BaPep-4), and Perintis (BaPep-5) had the lowest PepYLCD incidence.State that the estimation of yield variables character character can be used as a consideration for efficient selection.

Percentage of resistance of some genotypes of chili plants to begomovirus attack
Infections in plants caused by Begomovirus showed varying symptoms depending on the age of the plant when infected, cultivar, virus strain, vector activity, humidity, temperature and topography [14].Table 3 showed that at the age 30 DAT genotype Perintis and variety Kencana had already been attacked with Begomovirus, but the genotype Karo and Lolay had not been affected.Then Begomovirus attacks increase with increasing age of plants, and at the age of 105 DAT variety Kencana have been attacked 100%, but genotype Perintis has slowly attached by Begomovirus.All of the plants were attacked by Begomovirus at the age 135 DAT.[8] stated that the incidence of disease increased gradually to almost 100% at 135 DAT on all pepper cultivars except Perintis (BaPep-5), which was 80%.

Table 1 .
The height and stem diameter of plant at the age 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 DAT, flowering time and harvest time of some chili pepper plants as Begomovirus resistance effect.Number followed by the same letters on the same row are not significantly different as determined by BNT Test at 5% probability level

Table 2 .
The fruits number per plant, fruit weight per plant, weight per fruit of some chili pepper plants as Begomovirus resistance effect.Figures followed by the same letters in the same line do not different significantly as determined by BNT test at 5% probability level

Table 3 .
Percentage of Begomovirus attacks of some chili pepper plants.Genotype Perintis and Lolay have better in plant height, the faster flowering time, the best of fruit weight per plant, and weight per fruit.Moreover, genotype Perintis had better in plants stem diameter, the faster harvest times, the fruits number per plant.Genotype Perintis has slowly attached by Begomovirus, and at the age 135 DAT were 100% attached.