Potential and utilization of sorghum in dry land as animal feed

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monch) is a cereal crop that is drought tolerant and can be produced worldwide. Sorghum plants can be developed in Indonesia as animal feed. This is due to agroecological conditions that can tolerate land conditions in Indonesia. This article aims to review the potential and utilization of sorghum as a source of animal feed that can be developed on dry land. The article method uses descriptive by reviewing the results of research on sorghum. Harvest can be done at the age of 85 to 90 days because sorghum has high nutritional value and is a substitute for other feed sources, because it has a high chemical composition, vitamin, mineral, and energy content. The nutritional content of crude protein sorghum is 10,4, fat 1,5 and ash 6,8%. In fresh conditions, the leaves and stems of sorghum do not last long, so it needs processing in the form of silage to extend its shelf life so that it can be used in the dry season. Giving feed derived from leaves, straw, by-products of sorghum shows a positive response in livestock. This study concludes that orgum has the potential to be developed as a source of animal feed because it has a fairly good nutritional content and has the potential to be developed on dry land.


Introduction
Sorghum (Shorgum bichlor) is a multipurpose cereal crop that can be developed in Indonesia as animal feed, biofuel and food.There are several varieties planted in Indonesia.The Numbu and Kawali varieties are adaptive on dry land and produce higher; for the Keller and Wray varieties they have the potential to be used as animal feed because their vegetative growth is longer and contains nutrients suitable for forage The government is currently intensively developing sorghum as a national food ingredient.In fact, sorghum is a plant that originates from East Africa.What is sorghum and why does it need to be massgrown in Indonesia?It can be said that sorghum is the crop that is so far the most suitable to replace wheat, which until now has not been able to be cultivated en masse in Indonesia.In contrast, sorghum is a grain that can be easily grown in tropical countries [3].
Sorghum can adapt to low-quality soils [4].This plant is tolerant of dry land.Sorghum is a droughtresistant crop that has a hormone balance, so it can avoid negative effects on grain under stress conditions [5]; it can be developed on dry land with low fertility levels by adapting to different gene expressions in roots and leaves against drought stress [6].Sorghum grain has a higher protein content than corn, while the carbohydrate and fat content of sorghum is lower than [7].The digestible amino acid profile of sorghum is also similar to that of corn.[8].
In several countries, sorghum has been widely used as a substitute for corn feed, such as in America and Asia [9].[10] reported that the use of sorghum for human consumption is relatively lower than corn, so it has the potential to be used as an alternative energy source.
The characteristics of sorghum for animal feed have a relatively short growth cycle; seeds can be sown as a second crop after the main crop with a yield potential of up to 13 tons ha-1 year-1 [11].Dry land can be used for sorghum cultivation because it has high adaptability and can be used for livestock development [12].The dry land area in Indonesia is around 144.47 million ha or 76.20% of the land area [13].This paper will review the potential and utilization of sorghum in dry land as a source of animal feed and will be used as a reference for further research.

Materials and methods
The article method uses descriptive by reviewing the results of research on sorghum.According to [14] descriptive research aimed at describe or describe existing phenomena, both phenomena that are natural or human engineered.Data collection and tracking was carried out from July to September 2023.

Results and discussion
In the discussion, the points related to the paper will be discussed.From the references obtained, the paper will discuss the potential for sorghum development, the nutritional value of sorghum plants as well as its utilization and response in livestock.

Sorghum Development Potential
Sorghum is a cereal crop that can be developed in tropical and subtropical countries.Sorghum is developed in countries that have relatively dry climates, such as Africa, Sudan and Nigeria [15] and American states, India, Argentina, Mexico, China and Australia [16].Sorghum has been developed as animal feed in East Java, Bali, Yogyakarta, NTB and NTT [17].
The potential of sorghum can develop because it is adaptable to conditions in Indonesia.Sorghum plants can tolerate alkaline salt conditions so that they can grow in soil with a pH of 5.5-8.5.Sorghum is reported to be able to grow in drought-prone environments, such as in semi-arid tropical areas in Africa and Asia [18].Another advantage of sorghum is that it is able to grow in areas where corn cannot grow [19].The results of studies carried out on dry land at the BMKG experimental garden in Aceh Besar District.The sorghum seeds used were the Kawali variety from the Maros Cereal Research Institute, South Sulawesi.There were 4 dose levels of water hyacinth organic fertilizer applied to sorghum planting land as a treatment in this study.E0, E1, E2 and E3 are land fertilization treatments with fertilization doses of 0 kg/m 2 (without fertilization), 1 kg/m 2 (equivalent to 10 tons/ha), 2 kg/m 2 (equivalent to 20 tons/ha) respectively and 3 kg/m 2 (equivalent to 30 tonnes/ha).The experimental design used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 4 replications giving positive results (Unpublish, 2023).
Agroecological conditions make it easier for sorghum to grow for a long time and with little risk.The obstacle that must be overcome in sorghum plants is that they contain tannins and phytic acid.This can be offset by providing micronutrients and macronutrients to the soil, thereby reducing the value of tannins and phytic acid [20].Through silage processing technology, during the abundant harvest season, forage sorghum can be preserved so that it can be digested by livestock.Sorghum silage is silage whose forage comes from sorghum plants.The quality of silage is determined by the nutritional value of the silage in the material [21]- [22], the temperature development during fermentation and the type of fermentation.
The age of harvest influences production from the development of sorghum plants.The results of Koten's research [23] found that sorghum was harvested at age 90 days capable of producing the highest dry matter, organic matter and crude protein.The best sorghum harvest for forage should be done when the panicle exit from the flag leaf sheath (heading stage) reaches 50% [24].Sorghum is rich in carbohydrates, soluble fiber, and a source of nutraceuticals such as phenols and tannins, which are antioxidants associated with preventing human disease.[25]- [26].

Sorghum Plant Nutritional Value
The disadvantages of sorghum as a substitute for corn are the high tannin content and the difficulty of peeling the seeds, one of the reasons for limiting the use of sorghum, which must go through processing.In addition to sorghum seeds, fresh leaves and stems of sorghum as waste can be used as forage for ruminants.The nutritional composition of sorghum and several other crops can be seen in Table 1.[27] Table 1 shows forage sorghum contains dry matter 33-36%, 6.5-7.8%crude protein, 30-32% crude fiber, 6.5-6.8%ash, 1.5-2.5% ether extracts and nitrogen-free extract in the range of 52-54% located between maize and barley.
The indicators used in sorghum production as livestock forage are plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves.Hybrid sorghum aged 90 days after planting (HST) has plant height of 128 cm to 166 cm, with a stem diameter of 0.84 cm to 1.44 cm, and the number of leaves from 10 to 14 leaves, which will have a positive correlation with fresh biomass production [28].Sorghum variety affects nutrition, number of leaves, stem diameter and plant height [29].
The nutritional content of sorghum is quite high (Table 2).The highest content is found in seeds, leaves, panicles and stems.Sigh et al., 2012.[30] reported that plant shoots and leaves have higher mineral content than stems.. Furthermore, [31] explained that stress in plants affects the mineral content of Na and K in roots, stems and leaves.Sorghum forage is recommended for silage production because it has good nutritional value.

Utilization and Response in Livestock
By-products of leaves and stems of sorghum can be used as forage for livestock.The leaves have 14%-16% part of the stem.Leaves and stems have a high protein content, especially in the leaves [32].Many reported research results show that sorghum is able to produce good response and performance in both ruminants and poultry.Sorghum for feed can be used for two types of livestock, namely the seeds for non-ruminant livestock, while other parts (stems and leaves) can be utilized for ruminants [33]  Substitute corn for sorghum gives the same effect on live weight at 1-7 weeks of age [40] 4 Substitution of corn by sorghum, in broilers with a degree of substitution; R1 (0%) and R2 (100%).
Substitute corn for sorghum gives the same effect on performance (ration consumption, live weight, FCR, mortality) at 21-42 days of age [41] 5 The use of sorghum with levels 0; 25; 75; and 100% as a substitute for corn in broiler chickens There are no significant differences in FCR, internal organ weight and most of the blood parameters. [42]

12
Feeding sorghum baggase to sheep Rams can be given sweet sorghum bagasse which can be mixed with concentrates to become a complete feed and the form of pellets is better than chopped feed [47] 13 Sorghum stalk bagasse in goats Increase production up to 30% [48]

Table 1 .
Comparison of forage sorghum with other cereal forages in terms of quality attributes.

Table 3 .
The use of sorghum in feed and its effect on livestock performance