Quality of Nutmeg (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) South Aceh Based on Geographical Conditions

The results of this study found that the quality of nutmeg in South Aceh, namely climate type A with a very wet category, such as Alluvial, Brown Podzolic, Regusol, Grumosol, Organosol, Renzina, Litosol, Rock Outcrops, Podzolic, Rocks, Latosol and Red Yellow Podzolic. The chemical content of the soil, namely pH, N, P, K, C and CEC after analysis meets the criteria in determining quality nutmeg and soil texture that supports producing quality nutmeg oil processing, the dominant temperature is 26°C with dominant land slope <8% indicating South Aceh nutmeg plantations including a flat surface and the highest elevation is occupied by Meukek District with a height of 51 meters above sea level while the lowest is located in West Labuhan Haji District with an altitude of (-9) meters above sea level. The chemical content of nutmeg contains Myristicin with the highest levels being in North Kluet District, namely 41.08%, the lowest is in Tapak Tuan District, namely 16.66%, the highest chemical content of α-pinene is in Labuhan Haji Barat District, namely 7.85%. the lowest was in Tapak Tuan, namely 0.62%, the highest β-pinene was in Pasie Raja District, namely 14.24%, the lowest was in Meukek District, namely 0.56%.


Introduction
Nutmeg of high quality must be rich in oil, intact, unbroken and without stems and must not contain nutmeg which is woody and brittle [1].The quality of nutmeg is grouped homogeneously, which is in accordance with the specific characteristics of nutmeg such as shape, weight, degree of damage, and contamination [2].The quality of nutmeg extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt) consists of a thick, dark brown color and a distinctive aroma of nutmeg.While the chemical properties of nutmeg contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins [3].The chemical content of nutmeg will produce nutmeg oil whose quality can be measured using the parameters Myristicin, α-pinene and β-pinene [4].In addition to the physical and chemical properties of nutmeg, the geographical conditions of nutmeg plantations can also affect the quality of the nutmeg which will affect the quality of the nutmeg oil produced.Therefore, to find out the geographical condition of nutmeg plantations in South Aceh Regency, an application known as the Geographic Information System can be used.
The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in this study to map nutmeg plantation areas based on geographical conditions to produce good nutmeg.GIS or mapping can facilitate information on the location of nutmeg plantation areas so that it is necessary to conduct a review to improve the quality of nutmeg based on geographical conditions.nutmeg productivity.Based on the problems above, it can be concluded that quality nutmeg can be seen from the physical and chemical properties of nutmeg which will produce quality nutmeg oil according to SNI No. 06-2388-1988 and ISO No. 3215 of 2002 using the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy) method with Myristisin, α-pinene and β-pinene parameters as well as the geographical conditions of nutmeg plantations related to climate, soil type, altitude, temperature and land slope using GIS as the form of application in facilitating information on mapping the nutmeg plantation area of South Aceh Regency based on geographical conditions.

Material
The materials used were soil samples and nutmeg samples.Sampling of soil and samples of nutmeg using the Global Positioning System (GPS) as a tool in determining the coordinates of the research location.GPS is used in 10 sub-districts of South Aceh Regency, sampling is taken using different coordinates and altitudes.

Method 2.2.1. Research procedure
The procedure used in this study begins with primary and secondary data collection, sampling, laboratory testing, and data analysis.The data analyzed included geographical conditions, quality parameters of nutmeg, nutmeg extract, centrifuge (separation), GC-MS method, and Geographic Information System (GIS).

Data collection
The primary data obtained consisted of soil physical (texture) and chemical data, nutmeg chemical data (Myristisin, α-pinene and β-pinene), altitude, temperature and temperature of the study site.The secondary data used consists of Climatology Data (Rainfall) BMKG South Aceh District (2017 -2021), Land Slope of South Aceh District, Administration Map, Soil Type Map and Topographic Map of South Aceh District.

Laboratory Testing
Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the physical properties (soil texture) and soil chemical content (pH, N, P, K, C and CEC) of the nutmeg plantations in South Aceh District and to test the chemical content of nutmeg using the GC-MS method as a measuring tool in determining The quality of nutmeg in South Aceh Regency using the parameters Myristicin, α-pinene and β-pinene is in accordance with International Standard Oil of Nutmeg (ISO) No. 3215 of 2002.Laboratory analysis also serves as an accurate end result in determining the quality of nutmeg in South Aceh District based on geographical conditions.

Geographic Condition Analysis
a. Schmidt Ferguson method of climate classification [5] The equation used to determine the value of Q can be seen in equation Source: General Climatology [5] b.Soil Physical (Texture) and Chemical Characteristics (pH, N, P, K, C and CEC) Analyzing the type and chemistry of nutmeg soil can be reviewed based on soil pH in the value range of 5.5 -7.0, soil texture in the form of sand to clay, light or loose soil characteristics, soil types namely andosol, alluvial and volcanic soils and soil chemical properties such as N-Total, P -Available, K-Available, C-Organic and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) obtained through laboratory testing.

c. Venue Altitude
The conditions for growing nutmeg, the height required for planting nutmeg is at an altitude of 0-700 meters.The height of the place can be measured using GPS [6].

Nutmeg Quality Parameter Analysis (Myristisin, α-pinene and β-pinene)
Analyzing the quality of nutmeg oil can be done through laboratory testing including its parameters or components, namely Myristicin, α-pinene and β-pinene.Analysis of Myristicin, α-pinene and β-pinene using the GC-MS method.Refractive Index Test at 20°C.Based on SNI 06-2388-1991; Solubility Test in Ethanol 90% (SNI 06-2388-1991) [8].These three parameters were tested at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Syiah Kuala.

Nutmeg Fruit Extract Analysis
Analyzing nutmeg extract can be done through the stages of nutmeg maturity in laboratory tests using methanol.Sampling was carried out in several stages of work, namely the nutmeg peel was used for about 1 kilogram and then cleaned with tap water and distilled water to remove impurities, then followed by oven drying for 1 night and ground using a laboratory blender to obtain fine powder.Furthermore, nutmeg peel powder was macerated with methanol for 24 hours [9].

Centrifuge (Separation) Analysis
Analyzing the nutmeg extract was then carried out by separating the n-hexane extract from the fruit sample.Before drying, the nutmeg samples were subjected to a phytochemical test.The tests include tests for terpenoids, steroids, phenols and saponins.

GC-MS Method Analysis
Analysis of the GC-MS method with the essential oil contained from the most active part of the plant is then isolated and its structure determined based on the analysis of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) data.

Geographic Information System (GIS) Analysis
Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis is carried out by analyzing data spatially, the data obtained is then analyzed using the QGIS application which is able to map data spatially.The results of the analysis obtained obtained information in the form of a nutmeg plantation area in South Aceh Regency with coordinate points and obtained the results of geographical conditions in terms of soil type and land slope.

South Aceh District Description
The following is the Administrative Map of South Aceh Regency, which can be seen in Figure 1.Based on Figure 1, it can be seen that there are 18 Districts in South Aceh District, then the next step is to know the type of soil in South Aceh district to support geographical conditions that will be related to the nutmeg plantation area of South Aceh Regency.Soil types in South Aceh District affect land use, most of which are intended for plantations.Table 2 explains that to obtain the type of climate in an area, it can be calculated using the formula Q = average number of dry months/average number of wet months; with the average number of dry months, humid months and wet months in each different nutmeg plantation districts.Central Kluet District received the highest Q score and Labuhan Haji Barat District obtained the lowest Q value.

Type of soil
All of these soil types can be categorized for each sub-district in terms of nutmeg plantations in South Aceh District, which can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3 Table 3 explains, soil types in South Aceh district in each sub-district that has nutmeg plantations have various soil types with different coordinate points for sampling, land area (ha) and percentage (%) depending on the data obtained.The type of soil affects the growth of nutmeg which is assessed from soil fertility, soil pH, nutrients and others.The type of soil also depends on the physical properties of the soil, namely texture (sand, clay, silt) and soil chemistry, namely pH, N, P, K, C and CEC.The results of the soil analysis can be seen in Table 4.  4, the results of soil texture and chemistry analysis in nutmeg plantation areas can be classified based on texture classes in the form of dusty clay and dust textures, each of the soil fractions tested has a different percentage in each sub-district, the higher the percentage of dust produced compared to sand and clay.then it produces a texture class in the form of dust, but if the dust percentage is below 80% then the soil can be categorized into the dusty clay texture class.

Venue Altitude
The following is the altitude of the nutmeg plantations under review, which can be seen in Table 5.
Table 5 Table 5 shows that the height of the nutmeg plantation in each sub-district of South Aceh Regency has various altitudes.The results showed that the highest altitude was in Pasie Raja District with an altitude of 264 meters above sea level and the lowest altitude was in North Kluet District with a height of 9 meters above sea level.Pasie Raja District has the highest altitude to produce good quality nutmeg because it is supported by the air temperature which is suitable for nutmeg cultivation.

Temperature
The results of temperature measurements can be seen in Table 6.

Land Slope
The land area on each slope in South Aceh District can be seen in Table 7.

Distribution of Nutmeg Plantation Locations in South Aceh Regency
The results of the geographical conditions of South Aceh nutmeg plantations based on the results of the sampling points are shown in Table 8. percentage value of 14.24%.The geographical conditions of Pasie Raja District (PRJ) in terms of planting are located very close to the mountain, this can be seen from the highest altitude which is at an altitude of 264 meters above sea level, so that it meets other geographical conditions, namely the lowest temperature with a value of 24.69• C with a very wet climate type, the soil chemical content (N, P, K, C, CEC and pH) also meets the soil fertility criteria for planting nutmeg.

Conclusion
The quality of nutmeg in South Aceh Regency has been known after examining the geographical conditions of the plantations and the chemical content in nutmeg, the quality of nutmeg in South Aceh Regency is the best nutmeg producer in Aceh Province.The geographical conditions of nutmeg plantations in South Aceh district in the 10 sub-districts reviewed have various soil types.After analysis, the chemical content of the soil, namely pH, N, P, K, C and CEC, meets the criteria for determining quality nutmeg and soil texture that supports producing quality nutmeg oil processing.very wet category and the temperature is 24•C-26•C and the highest altitude is occupied by Pasie Raja District with an altitude of 264m asl while the lowest is located in North Kluet District with an altitude of 9m asl.The chemical content of South Aceh nutmeg contains Myristicin with the highest content levels being in North Kluet District, namely 41.08%, while the lowest is in Tapak Tuan District, namely 16.66%, the highest chemical content of α-pinene is in Labuhan Haji Barat District, namely 7.85%.the lowest was in Tapak Tuan, namely 0.62%, the highest β-pinene was in Pasie Raja District, namely 14.24%, the lowest was in Meukek District, namely 0.56%.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Administrative Map of South Aceh District

Table 1 .
Climate Classification by Schmidt Ferguson method

Table 2 .
Climate of Nutmeg Plantations in South Aceh District Aceh Nutmeg Plantations 3.2.1.Climate . Soil Types For South Aceh Nutmeg Plantations

Table 4 .
Results of South Aceh Nutmeg Plantation Soil Analysis

.
The height of South Aceh nutmeg plantations

Table 6 .
Temperatures of South Aceh Nutmeg PlantationsBased on Table6, it is known that the temperature of nutmeg plantations in South Aceh Regency has various results because temperatures range from 24℃ -26℃.North Kluet District has the highest temperature of 26.25℃and Pasie Raja District has the lowest temperature of 24.69℃.

.
The slope of the South Aceh Nutmeg Plantation

Table 8 .
Geographical Conditions of Nutmeg Plantations in South Aceh District