Morpho-agronomic performance M5 mutant generation of aceh rice (Oryza sativa L.) of different organic fertilizer treatment

The use of organic fertilizers is one of the efforts made to increase the levels of organic matter in the soil, especially paddy soil. This study aims to determine the effect of organic fertilizer of different treatments on the morpho-agronomic performance of the M5 mutant generation of Aceh rice (Oryza sativa L ). This research was conducted in ARRI, Aceh Rice Research Institute Banda Aceh, from April to July 2023. In this study, the experimental design used was a split-plot design with three replications where the subplots were nested in the main plot. The factors studied included the dose of organic fertilizer, which consisted of three levels: 0 ton ha-1, 5 ton ha-1, and 10 ton ha-1. The rice lines consisted of 5 groups: Mustajab Varieties, UM 14, UM 69, UM 8, and UM 89. The research results show that best of organic fertilizer was found with doses 10 tonnes ha-1 provides a significant effecton the number of tillers in harvest time 12,34 tillers. The best line/variety was found in the UM-89 treatment line with number of panicles 9,79 which was significantly different from the Mustajab variety which had a 7,88 panicles.


Introduction
The current state of agricultural land in Indonesia shows a low proportion of organic matter in both paddy fields and drylands.Lands with low levels of organic nitrogen and organic carbon can adversely affect soil fertility and agricultural productivity, leading to nutrient deficiencies and reduced crop yields [1].According to a report by the National Bureau of Statistics, the rice planted area in 2021 is expected to reach about 10.41 million hectares, a decrease of 245.47 million hectares (2.30%) from the rice harvested area of 10.66 million hectares in 2020.Rice production in 2021 will be 54.42 million tons GKG, a decrease of 233.91 million tons (equivalent to 0.43%) compared to 54.65 million tons GKG in 2020.Indirectly, the production of table rice also decreased by about 0.45% from 31.4 million tons to 31.3 million tons in 2021 [2].One approach to increasing rice growth and production is the use of organic fertilizers.The use of organic fertilizers leads to better plant growth and yields and can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.The use of organic fertilizers (10 tons/ha) and inorganic fertilizers (200kg urea/ha + 100kg SP-36/ha + 100kg KCl/ha) on rice increases the efficiency of agriculture and crop production [3].
Therefore efforts that can be made are by adding organic matter to be able to improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil so that increased rice production can be attempted.According to the results of a soil analysis conducted on the soil at the Aceh Rice Research Institute (ARRI) (table 1).In addition to land quality factors, cultivar use is also one of the factors that can be used to increase rice production.Mutation by gamma-irradiation treatment is one of the efforts to assemble local rice lines into new cultivars, some of which have better traits than their parents [4].The results of 250 Gy gamma irradiation in rice of the third-generation ABDYA-Sigupai mutant line showed that it may exhibit an earlier flowering age than the parent [5].Another success was found in the Pandan Putri variety, an example of the success of traditional rice variety breeding by mutation breeding.This variety is an improvement from Pandan Wangi, one of the local rice varieties, by irradiating the seeds with gamma rays at 0.2 kGy.This variety can show its flowering age 45 days earlier, but with the appearance and taste of rice, it is no different from its parent variety [6].Until now, there has been no further research regarding the effect of organic fertilizer on the Morpho-Agronomic performance of mutant generation (M5) of Aceh rice.Therefore, the authors are interested in seeing the effect of organic fertilizer on the Morpho-Agronomic performance of the generation mutant (M5) of aceh rice.

Carrying out research and preparing rice seeds
This research was conducted at the Aceh Rice Research Institue (ARRI) Kopelma Darussalam, Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh Citygeographically located at position 50.57'1.63"N-950.09E, at an altitude of 13 meters above sea level from April to August 2023.The sample material used is rice seed from the Aceh Rice Research Institute, the Aceh Rice Research Institute (ARRI) East Sector of Banda Aceh.This seed is the 5th generation Sigupai variety resulting from gamma-ray radiation at a dose of 250 gy at the Isotope and Radiation Technology Center which is one of the Nuclear Energy Bandan Facilities.This study used 4 Sigupai M5 mutant lines consisting of line 14, line 69, line 8 and line 89 and the Mustajab variety as a comparison.The organic fertilizer used is Petroganik fertilizer produced by Petrokimia Gresik.Petroorganic fertilizers contain organic C content = 12.5%, C/N ratio = 10-25, pH = 4-8, and water content = 4-12%.
Land preparation was carried out by cultivating paddy soil using a hoe and making drainage channels with a width of 30 cm, and making plots measuring 125 cm X 125 cm, spacing between plots of 30 cm, spacing between replicates of 40 cm and making channels other than the plot, also making channels apart from within the plot, a channel was also made around the plot with a size of 30 cm.Provision of organic fertilizer is done at the time of tillage.Fertilizer doses were given according to the experiments carried out consisting of P0, P1 and P2.

Plant Cultivation Procedures
Planting was carried out directly in the field by transplanting when the seedlings were 21 days old after sowing where 3 seeds per hole with a spacing of 25 cm X 25 cm, so there were 25 clumps/plot.The plants taken as samples were 9 clumps in 1 plot.The basic fertilizers given included Urea fertilizer 200 kg ha -1 46% N, SP-36 150 kg -1 36% P2O5 and KCl 100 k ha -1 K2O.SP-36 and KCl fertilizers were spread out after planting.Urea was given in 3 phase (1/4 dose 14 days after planting, ½ dose 42 days after planting and ¼ dose 10 days after planting).

Observed Parameters and Data Analysis
Parameters observed consisted of plant height, number of tillers, flowering age, number of panicles, and panicle length.Collected data analyzed use ANOVA (Analyze of variance).The number of consecutive letter groups in the same column did not differ at the 5% level in the DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test).

Inpact of organic fertilizer application on plant growth and yield
The average plant height and number of tillers due to the application of organic fertilizers are shown in table 2. This table shows that the application of organic fertilizers to plant height had a significant effect at 30 days after planting (DAP) and 45 DAP but had no significant effect on plant height at the time of planting.harvest.The highest plant height at 30 DAP and 45 DAP was obtained in the treatment10 tonnes ha -1 with an average plant height of 90.16 cm and 108.92 cm but had no significant effect on plant height at harvest.This is because genetic factors also determine the growth of plants.
Table 2.Average plant height and number of tillers to the application of organic fertilizer at different doses.

Plant Height (cm) Number of Tiller
The number of consecutive letter groups in the same column did not differ at the 5% level in the DMRT test.
Some experts say that genetic factors are not considered growth variables because they are not measured deterministically.Measurements can only be performed on growth components or plant phenotypic outcomes.Genetic traits are therefore innate to plants because they represent the likelihood that traits will emerge when the external factors that influence them are in optimum condition [7].
Providing organic fertilizer has a real impact on plant height and number of tillers at 30 DAP, 45 DAP, and at harvest.The highest number of tillers in this study was found in the P2 treatment, namely the dose of organic fertilizer10 tons ha-1 with an average number of tillers at harvest reaching 12.34 tillers (Table 2.).The number of consecutive letter groups in the same column did not differ at the 5% level in the DMRT test.
The average age of flowering, period of harvest, number of panicles, and length of panicles with organic fertilizer application are shown in Table 3.This table explains that flowering age, harvest age, and panicle length do not have a significant effect on the application of organic fertilizer but do have a substantial impact on the number of panicles; namely, the highest panicle length was obtained in the P2 treatment with doses of organic fertilizer10 tonnes ha-1.The use of petrogenic organic fertilizers at doses that suit the soil nutrient needs growth and provide higher crop yield potential than other organic fertilizers [8].

Impact of Strains on Growth and Yield of Rice Plants
The average plant height and number of tillers in various lines/varieties of rice plants can be seen in table 4.This table shows that plant height has a real impact on various varieties/lines of rice.The lowest plant height was obtained from the Mustajab variety with a height at harvest of 113.77 cm, significantly different from the UM-14 line, which reached 133.40 cm.Table 4 shows that each line and variety does not have a real impact on on the number of tillers in each growth phase.Varietal and line differences in the development of tillers and tiller shoots may determine the maximum number of tillers in rice plants [9].The number of consecutive letter groups in the same column did not differ at the 5% level in the DMRT test.
The use of local varieties has constraints in the cultivation process, namely vegetative growth that is too high so that it has the potential to cause overturning [10].  5.This table shows that each strain and variety tested did not have a significant effect on the age of flowering and harvesting age, but had a significant effect on the number of panicles and panicle length.The highest number of panicles was obtained from line UM-89 with an average number of panicles reaching 9.86.The highest panicle length was found in the Mustajab variety with a panicle length of 30.61 cm.Use of mutation technology by using Gamma radiation is able to show differences in rice plant morphology such as stem length, number of nodes, number of branches, leaf length and flowering period [11].

Conclusion
The research results show that best of organic fertilizer was found with doses 10 tonnes ha-1 provides a significant effecton the number of tillers in all phases of plant growth and the number of panicles reached reached 12.34 but did not significantly affect plant height, flowering age.Morever The best line/variety was found in the UM-89 treatment line with number of panicles 9,79 which was significantly different from the Mustajab variety which had a 7,88 panicles.

Table 1 .
Results of Analysis of Soil Chemical Properties at the Aceh Rice Research Institute (ARRI).

Table 3 .
The average age of flowering, harvesting age, number of panicles, and length of panicles to the application of organic fertilizer at different doses.

Table 4 .
Average plant height and number of tillers in various lines/varieties.

Table 5 .
The average age of flowering, harvesting age, number of panicles, and panicle length of various plant lines/varieties.number of consecutive letter groups in the same column did not differ at the 5% level in the DMRT test.The average flowering age, harvesting age, number of panicles and panicle lengthPanicles of various plant lines/varieties can be seen in table 5