Effectiveness of inoculation types and dosages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of perintis chili variety (Capsisum annum L.) on entisol soil

This research aims to optimize the growth of a variety chili plants, so called perintis, as Aceh’s superior local chili variety, most of which are cultivated on entisol soil types. Entisol soil has low nutrient content and bound P elements which are difficult for plant roots to absorb. In this case, the symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with the roots of chili plants is attempted. This research used a 3x3 factorial randomized block design with factors including the type and dose of mycorrhiza. The results showed that the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA) type Gigaspora sp at a dose of 10 g−1 plant showed a significant interaction on chili plant height 35 DAP, while mixed mycorrhizal types between Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp at a dose of 10 g−1 show significant interaction on chili plant height 50 HST. The mycorrhizal type Glomus mosseae was the best in terms of colonizing the roots of perintis variants of chili plants.


Introduction
Most of the red chili production in Aceh Province is cultivated on fertile land of entisol soil types such as those found in the coastal lowlands of Lampuuk and Peukan Bada.Syafruddin [1] describes that entisol soil order as very young soil or at an early stage of development and has a low nutrient content, furthermore have a lot of P nutrient levels, but are not available for plants.Entisol soil has sandy texture, loose structure, large porosity and aeration, fast permeability, also low water holding capacity.
One of the chili variety that is economically potential is perintis variety, which is a local Aceh variety chili plant developed in Laweung Village, Pidie Jaya Regency.Nasution et al., [2] stated that perintis chili plants had gone through various stages of testing and had been shown to be resistant to aphids and Gemini viruses, and were suitable for cultivation both in the highlands and lowlands.
Germany botanist Frank coined the term mycorrhiza for the first time to denote the symbiotic relationship between mushrooms and plant roots.According to Shah and Singh [3], mycorrhizal-infected plant roots can absorb nutritions in a bound form and are not available to plants.The root fungal association is symbiotic and involved in the uptake of minerals from the soil.This association is characterized by a shift in carbohydrates produced by plants to fungi.Paterson et al., [4] also stated that AMF will improve plant nutrition by increasing the availability and translocation of these nutritions.This is of course very necessary for cultivated plants growth on entisol-rich soil in which it have P elements unable to be absorbed by plants.
Mycorrhizal fungi facilitates host plants to grow vigorously under stressful conditions by mediating a series of complex communication between plant and fungus leading to enhanced photosynthetic rate.AMF also improves the quality of soil by influencing its structure and texture [5].
Compatibility of mycorrhiza with host plants greatly depending on mycorrhizal species, host plant species, and environmental conditions.Aiming to optimize the growth of perintis chili plants by utilizing entisol soil is common in chili cultivation in Aceh.It is necessary to optimize the cultivation process which in this case is carried out using mycorrhiza.

Plant, Fungal, and Other Materials
A factorial experiment was conducted with entisol soil, perintis variety of chili seeds, mycorrhiza types of Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora sp, and mixtures.Materials and other experimental tools were polybags, aquadest, KOH analysis, quink parker blue ink, vinegar, pH meter, measuring meter, petri dish, and microscope.

Design of The Research
This research were carried out using a 3x3 factorial randomized block design with 3 replications, resulting in 9 treatments combinations with 27 experimental units.Each experimental unit represents 3 plants, so there are 81 plants.The factors to be examined in this study include the type of mycorrhiza (M) and mycorrhizal dose (D).Mycorrhizal type factor (M) which consists of M1 = Glomus mosseae mycorrhiza, M2 = Gigaspora sp mycorrhiza, and M3 = Mixed mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp.Mycorrhizal dose factor (D) which consists of D1 = 5 g plant -1 , D2 = 10 g of plant -1 , D3 = 15 g plant - 1 .
The soil was taken from the top layer with a depth of 0-25 cm, sieved using a 9 mesh sieve.Transplanting from seedling polybags to treatment polybags was carried out when the seedlings were 28 days old or the seedlings already had 5 to 6 leaves.Each type of mycorrhiza at several treatments doses was applied to the planting holes in two phase.The first stage of mycorrhizal application was carried out at the time of nursery by giving half the dose of each treatment, then the second stage of application was carried out at the time of transplantation by giving half of the further dose of each treatment.

Observed Parameter
Soil analysis was carried out to find out information about the physical and chemical properties of the soil.Plant height was measured when the chili plants were 20, 35 and 50 DAP by using a meter.The detection of root infection of chili plants by mycorrhiza was observed through the root staining process at the age of 50 DAP, root infection was observed using a microscope.Furthermore, The length of chili plant roots was measured at 50 DAP along with observations of root infection by mycorrhiza.

Soil Characteristics
Based on the result analysis (table 1), it is shown that the texture of the soil is dominated by sand particles, followed by clay and dust, classified in texture class E. This illustrates that the soil has little nutrient binding ability, because the soil's nutrient binding ability is influenced by a high and dominant clay texture.Soil pH is slightly acidic, the total N content is very low, but the available P content in the soil is quite high.
Entisol soil is relatively unfavorable soil for plant growth.Element P in the soil is an element that is difficult to provide.This is because element P is strongly influenced by the presence of dissolved metals in

Plant Height
The results of the F test on the analysis of variant showed that there was a significant interaction between the dose and the type of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the plant height of the perintis variety at 35 and 50 DAP (Table 2 and Table 3).

Table 2. Average height of plants at 35 DAP (cm). DOSAGE MYCORRHIZA
Note: Numbers followed by the same letters (capital letters seen in columns and lowercase letters seen in rows) were not significantly different in the DNMRT test at the 5% level.
Based on table 2, at 35 DAP the dose of 10 g (D2) showed the highest value for plant height parameters using Gigaspora sp (M2) which was significantly different from the use of Glomus mosseae (M1) but not significantly different from the use of mixed (M3).

Table 3. Average height of plants at 50 DAP (cm).
DOSAGE MYCORRHIZA Note: Numbers followed by the same letters (capital letters seen in columns and lowercase letters seen in rows) were not significantly different in the DNMRT test at the 5% level.
Based on table 3, at 50 DAP the best plant height were found in the use of mixed (M3) with a dose of 10 g (D2) which was significantly different from the use of Glomus mosseae (M1) but not significantly different from the use of Gigaspora sp (M2).
Plant height is influenced by N and P elements.Phosphorus is considered as the main nutrient for plant growth and is further required to maintain optimal crop production and quality.Element P also plays a role in cell division, plant metabolism, storage, and energy use.Optimal plant height, and significant effect on the interaction of mycorrhizal types and doses of perintis variety of chili planted on Entisol soil indicate that AMF and plant symbiosis has occurred and the plants are able to absorb P in the soil.Based on plant height which showed a significant effect at the age of 35 and 50 DAP, both of them showed the best plant height values at the use of mycorrhizal doses of 10 g -1 plant.

Root Infection
The results of the F test on the analysis of variance showed that there was no significant effect of the type and dosage of arbuscular mycorrhiza on mycorrhizal infection in the roots of chili plants.Almost all the chili roots observed using a microscope indicated a mycorrhizal infection.
The association between AMF and root can be identified by the presence or absence of structures produced by the AMF, including hyphae, mycelia, vesicles, arbuscles, and spores.The form of mycorrhizal infection seen in the roots of chili plants in this study was based on the image inspired by the study Muryati et al., [6] namely in the form of small dark round spots called vesicles.Vesicles are bulging structures formed by swelling of the main hyphae which serves as the storage of organs.Figure 1 shows the root tissue of a plant infected by AMF which is characterized by the presence of round, darker spots identified as vesicles.While Figure 2 shows the root tissue of plants that are not infected by AMF.The percentage of chili root infected by mycorrhiza is presented in Figure 3.   Mycorrhizal colonization percentage on the roots of perintis variants has not shown a significant effect even though there were plant root tissues that is appeared to be not infected by mycorrhiza.The uninfected root tissue is only the part of the root where at the time of observation there was no colonization on the randomly selected samples.The overall treatment in this research basically indicates root infected by the AMF.The presence of mycorrhiza is influenced by environmental factors such as light, temperature, soil water content, organic matter, and other elements.In this study, the use of Glomus mosseae (M1) mycorrhizae had the highest proportion of mycorrhizal infections, approximately 100%.This means that all observed plant root samples indicated mycorrhizal infection.Adetya et al., [7] states that Glomus mosseae mycorrhiza does have very good adaptability to various environmental conditions.

Root Length
Based on the results of the F test on the analysis of variance, there was no significant effect between the type and dose of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the root length of the perintis variety chili plants even though the use of mixed type mycorrhiza (M3) at a dose of 5 g (D1) had the best average root length (Table 4).Comparison of the roots of perintis variety of chili plants when measuring root length at the age of 50 DAP is presented in Figures 4, 5, and 6.

Conclusion
Based on the research that has been done, it can be interpreted that the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) type Gigaspora sp or a mixture of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora sp at a dose of 10 g -1 plants gives the best effect and yield on the growth in height of the perintis variety chili plants on entisol soil.Meanwhile, the mycorrhizal type Glomus mosseae was the best in terms of colonizing the roots of perintis variety of chili plants.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Root tissue of chili plants infected with arbuscular mycorrhiza.

Figure 2 .Figure 3 .
Figure 2. Root tissue of chili plants not infected with arbuscular mycorrhiza.

Table 1 .
Element P is very easily bound by heavy metals such as Al and Fe.Syafruddin[1]states that entisol soil has a high P content which is not available for plants.Characteristics of entisol soil.