Assessment of road pavement conditions using Surface Distress Index (SDI) and Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methods

Road pavement is an important element in transportation infrastructure that affects the comfort and safety of road users. It is important to carry out regular assessments of the condition of the road pavement. This study aims to evaluate the condition of the road pavement using the Surface Distress Index (SDI) and Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methods. It is collecting field data regarding the condition of the road pavement, including the type and extent of existing damage. This data is then analyzed using the formula that has been determined in the SDI and PCI methods. In the research that has been done, the average SDI value for flexible pavement for Jalan Gunung Agung is 18 (Good) and the average PCI value is 63.8 (Good). The technical measures that can be applied to the flexible pavement of Jalan Gunung Agung are P2 (Asphalt), P4 (Filling cracks), P5 (Filling holes), and P6 (Gravelling).


Research background
Tabanan Regency is one of several regencies in the Province of Bali.Located in the southern part of Bali Island, Tabanan Regency has an area of 839.33 km² which consists of mountainous areas and beaches.Geographically, Tabanan Regency is located between 1140 -54' 52" east longitude and 80 14' 30" -8030'07" south latitude [1].The length of National Roads in Tabanan Regency is 65,381 km, Provincial Roads 130,780 km, and roads controlled by the city government 863,218 km, so the total length of roads in Tabanan Regency according to their status is 1,059,379 km [2].Damage to the road will cause a lot of losses that will be felt by the user directly because it will hamper the comfort of use as well as various problems from road damage if repairs are not immediately carried out [3] .One of the roads in Tabanan Regency that has several damages is Jalan Gunung Agung.This road is located in Dajan Peken Village, Tabanan District.Based on government statistics, Jalan Gunung Agung is categorized as a provincial road [4].This road is also a primary collector-type road with a length of 1.62 km.Jalan Gunung Agung is a 2/2 UD type road with an average road width of 7.358 meters and the pavement layer on this road is flexible pavement and paving blocks.Jalan Gunung Agung is usually passed by various types of vehicles ranging from light vehicles to heavy vehicles.Several types of heavy vehicles that transport various types of materials and materials also pass through this road [5].Jalan Gunung Agung is seen to have damaged road pavement such as potholes, cracks, and various other types of damage.Based on this, this research aims to determine the condition of the road surface by conducting a visual observation survey on Jalan Gunung Agung.The methods that will be used are Surface Distress 1294 (2024) 012030 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1294/1/012030 2 Index (SDI) and Pavement Condition Index (PCI).This research was conducted to identify type damage percentage, and condition index of flexible pavement at STA 0+000 to STA 1+620 on Jalan Gunung Agung, Dajan Peken Village, Tabanan District, Tabanan Regency.

Research purposes
The purposes of this research are : 1. To find out the types of damage found in the flexible pavement of Jalan Gunung Agung; 2. To determine the condition of Jalan Gunung Agung using the SDI and PCI methods; 3. To find out the technical handling for the level of damage to the road pavement.

Research Methods
The first step in this research was collecting primary data, namely data on road pavement damage in the form of damage type, damage dimensions, and documentation through a visual survey using a road condition survey form.Next, the area of each road segment is measured, and divided into 100 meters.
After collecting primary data, the author analyzed the data to obtain SDI and PCI values [6].The author then analyzes solutions regarding the technical handling of the road.The last step, the author makes conclusions from this research.The research location plan can be seen in Figure 1.

Road Geometric
The geometric of the Gunung Agung road STA 0+000 to STA 1+620 can be seen in Table 1.

Damage Type
The types of damage found in the flexible pavement of the Gunung Agung road STA 0+000 to STA 1+620 can be seen in Table 2.

Evaluation based on the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method
The steps for calculating road pavement damage using the SDI method are: 1. Count SDia based on the total of cracks area per segment The recapitulation of the Gunung Agung Road assessment index based on the SDI method can be seen in Table 3. Surface Distress Index (SDI) method per segment by taking a sample unit segment I Jalan Gunung Agung STA 0+170 to STA 270.
Calculation value of SDI for STA 0+170 to STA 0+270 1. Calculation of the total area of the cracks total area crack in the segment I = 15.5 m2 total area road in the segment I = 775 m2 % Crack area = (Total area cracks / Total area path ) x 100% So the crack area percentage in the segment I = (15.5/775)x 100% =2% Because the crack area is <10% of the road area, then the SDia value is 5

Calculation of the average width cracks
From the survey results, the average width crack in segment I is 1-3 mm, then the SDIb = SDia = 5 3. Calculation for the number of holes per km Number of holes in the segment I = 0 Because there are no holes in this segment, then SDIc = SDIb = 5 4. Calculation of the average depth of rutting Average rutting depth segment I = 1-3 cm Due to the average depth of rutting are 1-3 cm, then SDID = SDIc + 5 x X .The value of X is 2, then SDId value = 5 + 5 x 2 = 15.From the calculation above, the SDI value of segment I is 15 (Good) The SDI value of Jalan Gunung Agung can be seen in Table 4. Recapitulation of the conditions and types of handling of the Jalan Gunung Agung segment is shown in Table 5.The results of the classification of the level of damage for each type of damage at STA 0+ 170 to STA 0 + 270 can be seen in Table 6.(1) Where, Ad = total area of the type of damage for each level of damage (m 2 ) As = total segment unit area (m 2 )[9] Density calculations at STA 0+ 170 to STA 0+ 270 can be seen in Table 7.  Results of recapitulation of deduct values at STA 0+ 17 0 to STA 0+ 27 0 can be seen in Table 8.From the equation above, m = 6.693.Because the m value is 6.693 which is larger than the number of the unit deduct value which is 5, then all values deduct value can used for the next stage.However because condition q value on the CDV graph is marked deduct value which is > 5, then deduct value used only 4 units.

Total Deduct Value (TDV)
The results of the total deduct value calculation at STA 0+ 170 to STA 0+ 270 that iterated can be seen in Table 8.

Corrected Deduct Value (CDV)
From the analysis results in Table 8, the highest corrected deduct value (CDV) is 53, and this value will be used to calculate the PCI value.
Table 9. TDV values in segment I. Based on the results of the PCI value calculation at STA 0+ 17 0 to STA 0+ 27 0 is 47, the pavement conditions in this segment are classified as Fair.The results of the PCI value calculation for all segments of the Gunung Agung road can be seen in Table 10.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Deduct Value on the Patching.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Corrected Deduct Value in Segment I.

Table 1 .
Geometric of the Gunung Agung road.

Table 2 .
Types of damage in the flexible pavement of Gunung Agung road.

Table 3 .
Recapitulation of the Gunung Agung Road assessment index based on the SDI method.

Table 6 .
Severity level in Segment I.

Table 7 .
Density in Segment I.

Table 8 .
Deduct Value in segment I.

Table 10 .
Recapitulation of PCI values for Jalan Gunung Agung.Alligator cracking, width > 2 mm g Potholes, depth >50 mm on shoulder h Depression, depth >50 mm on shoulder i Swell, width >50 mm on shoulder j Alligator cracking, width >2 mm on shoulder Based on the type of damages listed in the Standard Improvement for Road Repair of Bina Marga 2011, the technical handling that can be applied to Jalan Gunung Agung is shown in Table13.

Table 13 .
Recapitulation of technical handling of damage to Jalan Gunung Agung.