Counterflow riding behavior of motorcyclists: The role of moral obligation and variables in The Theory of Planned Behavior

Motorcycles are one of the most popular modes of transportation in Indonesia because of their various benefits. However, these benefits are followed by increased traffic violations, one of which is counterflow riding behavior. This study aimed to examine the more consistent relationship among variables relating to The Theory of Planned Behavior, namely attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, as well as the variable of moral obligation with counterflow riding behavior. A correlational study was conducted on 151 motorcyclists aged 18 – 64, domiciled in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi), with active driver’s licenses, and have done counterflow riding behavior. The results showed that attitude and moral obligation significantly correlated to counterflow riding behavior. Among the two variables, moral obligation is more consistently correlated with counterflow riding behavior than attitude. These findings imply that serious and consistent efforts are needed from law enforcement officials to educate and promote sanctions in curbing the counterflow riding behavior of motorcyclists.


Introduction
There has been a significant increase in motorcycles in Indonesia in the last five years.In 2018, there were 106 million units of motorcycles [1].While in 2021, the number reached 120 million units of motorcycles [1].A higher number of violations followed a large number of motorcycles.Pusat Informasi Kriminal Nasional [2] reported that in 2021, 1.3 million out of 1.7 million traffic violations were motorcyclists.Of all those violations, about 230,000 were counterflow riding behavior [3].Then, in 2022, traffic violation by motorcyclist increased into 4.2 million out of 5.5 million [2].These data showed a serious violation phenomenon, especially counterflow riding behavior have been done by motorcyclist.According to Maulina [4], counterflow riding behavior is one of Indonesia's most typical risky riding behaviors.
Engaging in risky riding behavior can elevate the chances of an accident occurring or intensify the extent of harm sustained during an accident [5].Risky riding behavior is divided into errors and violations [6].Errors are failures to display behavior planned to achieve a goal [6 & 7], whereas violations are actions that are usually deliberate, considered unsafe, and often illegal [7].Counterflow riding behavior is considered as violation because it is against traffic rules [8].This behavior can lead to traffic irregularities, endangering others and oneself, congestion, and accidents [9].There are several reasons why motorcyclists do this behavior, such as their intention to reach their destination 1294 (2024) 012010 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1294/1/012010 2 quickly, follow other motorcyclists, the absence of law enforcement officials, save time and fuel, or avoid law enforcement [9 & 10].
In general, there are several factors that influence traffic violation behavior.First is the internal factors of the motorcyclist, which include demographics.One of demographic factors that influences traffic violation behavior is gender.Male drivers were found to be more aggressive and more likely to break traffic rules than female drivers [11 & 12].On the other hand, research in Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Surabaya found that the behavior of repeated violations of male drivers is less than female drivers [13].Although, this is not the case in metropolitan cities such as Jakarta [13].Another internal factor that influences traffic behavior is age.Previous studies have found that young adult motorcyclists were more likely to engage in risky riding behaviors [13 & 14].Young riders tend not to consider risk perception when making decisions [12].Young age is a sign of a less experienced rider [7].Novice riders are willing to violate traffic because of cognitive impulsivity [15].In accordance with that, research by Leong et al. [12] found that motorcyclists with 1 to 5 years of riding experience are more likely to engage in risky riding behaviors.
The next factor that influences traffic violation behavior is external factors.Various elements, including road geometry, asphalt quality, engine capacity, and time, influence the perceived behavioral control, thereby impacting a motorcyclist's inclination to partake in counterflow riding behavior [13].
In the context of counterflow riding behavior, road design where the place of the U-turn is farther than the destination encourages motorcyclists to engage in the behavior [4].Research also found that congested roads and vacant opposite lanes also influence the decision of riders to engage in counterflow riding behavior [4].A literature review found that weather and temperature are related to motorcyclists' behavior violating traffic rules [16], such as running red lights when the weather is hot [17].Maulina's study [4] found that motorcyclists engage in more counterflow riding behavior when the weather is sunny and decreases when the weather is rainy.
The next external factor that influences traffic violation behavior is time pressure.Motorcyclists engage in counterflow riding behavior with the excuse of wanting to arrive at the destination quickly, for example, to go to work [4 & 18].Study by Xu et al. [15] found that time pressure affects the intention of motorcyclists to violate traffic rules.Another external factor is descriptive norms [15].Descriptive norms or social norms are informal rules that are largely unwritten and determined acceptable, appropriate, and mandatory actions in a particular group or society [19].This means motorcyclists engage in counterflow riding behavior simply because they follow other motorcyclists [9 & 20].Moreover, if the motorcyclists know that counterflow riding behaviors usually occur on the road they are on, then the motorcyclist will tend to engage in the counterflow riding behavior [4 & 20].It also means that there is a factor of familiarity with the road that the counterflow riding behavior occurs on [4].When motorcyclists see other violating riders not getting penalized, this can be social pressure for those motorcyclists to do the same [13].Other external factors can include shortening mileage, driving on one-way roads, saving fuel, and the absence of law enforcement officials [9 & 18].
Violations or risky riding behavior are generally studied using the Theory of Planned Behavior [8] [13 & 21].According to Ajzen [22], the central element of the Theory of Planned Behavior revolves around an individual's intention to execute a particular behavior.Intention can also be referred to as a motivational factor or the amount of effort a person is willing to exert to perform a behavior.The three aspects that determine a person's intentions are attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.Attitude, which refers to the positive or negative evaluation of behavior [22], was found to increase intentions to engage in counterflow riding behavior [13,21,23].However, Prahastomo's [24] study on motorcyclists in Jakarta and Depok found that attitude did not affect the intention to do counterflow behavior.Subjective norm, which refers to the perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior [22], were also found to increase the intention to engage in counterflow riding behavior [13,21,23].Previous research on motorcyclists in Jabodetabek also found that subjective norms, especially descriptive norms, are predictors of rider's intent to engage in counterflow riding behavior [9].On the contrary, Prahastomo [24] found that subjective norm does not affect the intention to engage in counterflow riding behavior.Next, perceived behavior control, which refers to the perception of ease or difficulty in performing a behavior [22], was also found to increase the intention to engage in counterflow riding behavior [13 & 24].However, Kumphong and Surinaud's study [21] found that perceived behavior control does not affect intentions to engage in counterflow riding behavior.
In addition to the three factors above, Ajzen [22] stated that moral obligation can be considered as factor that influences behavioral intentions in the context of unethical or unregulated behavior.Moral obligation refers to the perceived responsibility to perform or not perform a particular behavior [22].Elliott and Thomson [25] found that moral obligation is related and can predict risky driving behavior, particularly speeding behavior.A study by Bazargan-Hejazi et al. [26] also found that moral obligation has a negative relationship with risky driving behavior, namely driving while texting.
Counterflow riding behavior in Indonesia is generally studied using the Theory of Planned Behavior [8,13,24] but has never considered the role of moral obligation.Therefore, this research aimed to see if moral obligation correlates with the counterflow riding behavior of motorcyclists in Jabodetabek.Moreover, the various results of previous studies also encourage to examine further the correlation between The Theory of Planned Behavior factors, namely attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, with the counterflow riding behavior of motorcyclists in Jabodetabek.This research focuses on examining the relationships of the variables, specifically with behavior and not intentions, because of the possibility that intentions are not always channeled into behavior [27].The results of this study can be useful for traffic policy makers in developing efforts to reduce violations of counterflow riding behavior in motorcyclists.

Counterflow Riding Behavior
Counterflow riding behavior occurs when a person intentionally or unintentionally drives against the predetermined direction [28].Similarly, Kadeha et al. [29] stated that counterflow riding behavior is the movement of vehicles in the direction opposite to the set direction.Counterflow riding behavior is classified as risky riding behavior, more precisely, violation.Violations refer to acts of violating traffic practices or rules that are considered unsafe and often illegal [7 & 8].Violations are divided into intentional and unintentional violations [6 & 7].In this case, counterflow riding behavior is an example of intentional violation.

The Theory of Planned Behavior
The Theory of Planned Behavior is a commonly utilized theory in social psychology for analyzing violations in riding behavior.This study analyses four factors i.e., attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and moral obligation.
Attitude denotes the extent to which one evaluates a behavior positively or negatively [22].This constitutes that if a person evaluates their behavior more positively, the intention to perform said behavior becomes greater.Consequently, negative evaluation of one's behavior causes lesser intention to perform said behavior.Ajzen and Fishbein [27] stated that attitudes toward behavior include instrumental and experiential aspects.The instrumental aspect is an evaluation of how useful a behavior is, while the experiential aspect is an evaluation of how pleasant or boring a behavior is [27].Sometimes, a behavior has both positive instrumental and experiential aspects.However, it is not uncommon to find a behavior with one aspect of the attitude that is positive, but the other aspect of the attitude is negative [27].This is found in counterflow riding behavior, where motorcyclists find the behavior beneficial for the instrumental aspect but frightening or harmful for the experiential aspect [4].
Individual attitudes towards counterflow riding behavior can be used as a reference in making decisions to engage in counterflow riding behavior.When the motorcyclist believes the behavior's possible consequences are positive, the individual will be motivated to perform the behavior [23].This 4 aligns with previous study, which found that attitude increases the intention to engage in counterflow riding behavior [21].Previous studies in the broader context have also found that attitude is one of the factors and predictors of risky riding behavior [13,23,30].This is a reference for this research to hypothesize that attitude is positively and significantly related to counterflow riding behavior.An individual's positive evaluation of counterflow riding behavior can increase the tendency of motorcyclists to engage in the behavior.
Subjective norm relates to the perceived societal pressure, either endorsing or discouraging the engagement in a behavior [22].Correspondingly, this aspect refers to the extent to which a person is driven to conform to certain important people or groups [31].The higher the perceived social pressure, the intention to conform such approved behavior will also be higher.Conversely, the lower the perceived social pressure, the person will have less intention to conform to the approved behavior.Ajzen and Fishbein [27] stated that there are two types of norms, i.e., injunctive norms and descriptive norms.Injunctive norm refers to perceptions of behavior that should be performed in each situation [8 & 27].A person will behave according to injunctive norms out of importance or seek social approval from others [32].Whereas descriptive norm refers to the perception that others perform or do not perform certain behaviors [8] [27].This means that if many people perform a behavior in a particular context, one can assume that the behavior makes sense to perform in that context [27].Individual subjective norms can be used as a reference in deciding to engage in counterflow riding behavior.When the social pressure felt by individuals is strong, individuals will be driven to engage in the behavior.This was found in previous research where individual subjective norms increased the intention to engage in counterflow riding behavior [21].Irta et al. [8] found that descriptive norms, specifically, increase intention and can predict counterflow riding behavior.Even in a broader context, it was found that subjective norm was positively and significantly associated with risky riding behavior, although the effect was not as great as other aspects [13] [23].These findings provide a reference for this study to hypothesize that subjective norm positively and significantly correlates to counterflow riding behavior.The social pressure that individuals feel from those around them, or the behavior of other motorcyclists influences their decisions to engage in counterflow riding behavior.Individual subjective norms can increase the tendency of motorcyclists to behave according to those norms.
Perceived behavioral control refers to an individual's assessment of how effortless or burdensome it is to perform a behavior [22].This constitutes that if a person perceives the behavior as effortless, the intention to perform said behavior increases.Consequently, the intention decreases as the behavior is perceived as burdensome.If a person perceives that behavior is easy, the greater the intention to do the behavior.Conversely, the intention to perform a specific behavior is weaker if the individual perceives that the behavior is difficult to perform.It is assumed that perceived behavioral control results from reflection on past experiences and expected obstacles [22].Perceived behavioral control consists of perceived capacity and perceived autonomy [27].Capacity indicates both the competence or conviction to carry out a behavior and the level of effort or challenge involved in executing that behavior [27 & 32].Autonomy refers to an individual's belief that their ability to perform a behavior relies on their own actions and choices [27 & 32].
In the context of driving, perceived behavioral control can explain and predict risky driving behaviors involving intentional violations [7].This is in line with research by Yanuvianti et al. [23], which found that perceived behavioral control increases the intention of motorcyclists to engage in risky riding behaviors.Past studies have additionally shown that this factor contributes to an increased intent to partake in risky riding behaviors [13,24,30,33].These findings are a reference to hypothesize that perceived behavioral control is positively and significantly related to counterflow riding behavior.Consideration of how easy or challenging and the belief in one's ability to perform counterflow riding behavior plays a role in one's decision to partake in it.The greater the perception of individual behavioral control, the more likely the rider is to engage in the behavior.
In addition to the three aspects, Ajzen [22] stated that in certain contexts, not only subjective norms need to be considered but also moral norms.Moral norms relate to the perception of a moral duty or obligation, either to engage in or refrain from a specific behavior [22].Moral obligation serves as a moral guideline to determine whether a behavior is acceptable or not [25 & 34].Moral obligation can also influence behavioral intention, just as attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control [22 & 34].Moral obligation can be of influence when behavior is considered unethical or not in accordance with the rules.Moral obligation is often associated with experiencing guilt, making ethically incorrect choices, and behaving in a manner inconsistent with your principles [26].Yunianti et al. [35] interjected in regards to moral obligation, that it is the result of a person's conscience and not coercion from outsiders.In other words, a person with a high moral obligation will always be obedient and will not be affected by other factors [31].Therefore, moral obligation is considered in this study as well.
Moral obligation was found to have an influence on rule-abiding behavior.A study by Yunianti et al. [35] found that moral obligation influence rule compliance, specifically paying taxes.The same study found that the better the perception of the moral obligation to pay taxes, the more taxpayer complies in paying taxes.This means that the better the perception of moral obligation to a rule, the more compliance will be.Bazargan-Hejazi et al. [26] also found that moral obligation has a negative relationship with risky driving behavior, namely driving while texting.The results of these studies become a reference to hypothesize that moral obligations are negatively and significantly related to violation behavior, in this case, counterflow riding behavior.An individual's moral obligation becomes a factor in deciding whether or not to partake counterflow riding behavior.The higher the moral obligation to not engage in the behavior, the more it influences the motorcyclist's behavior.Motorcyclists' moral obligation can increase the tendency to behave in accordance with the existing rule, in this case, not engaging in counterflow riding behavior.

Research Participants
Participants for this research were 151 motorcyclists domiciled in the Jabodetabek area, aged over 18, having an active driver's license, and having engaged in counterflow riding behavior in the past.The sampling technique used was a non-random sampling method, specifically accidental sampling.Data collection was conducted online using Google Form.

Research Design
The design of this study was correlational quantitative research.Five variables were used such as attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, moral obligation, and counterflow riding behavior.Counterflow riding behavior was measured through the participant's weekly average engagement in the behavior.

Research Instruments
This research used an instrument developed by Prahastomo [16] to measure attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.Attitude refers to how positive is participant's evaluation towards counterflow riding behavior.Attitude items obtained an alpha coefficient of α = 0.563 and crIT in the range of 0.234 -0.449.Subjective norm refers to the social pressure participant's experience to engage in counterflow riding behavior.Subjective norm items obtained an alpha coefficient of α = 0.721 and crIT in the range of 0.479 -0.611.Perceived behavioral control refers to participant's perception on how easy to engage in counterflow riding behavior.Perceived behavioral control items obtained an alpha coefficient of α = 0.626 and crIT of 0.457 on both items.To measure the moral obligation, this research used the moral obligation dimension on the instrument developed by Yunianti et al. [35] to measure compliance with paying taxes.Moral obligation refers to participant's willingness to not engage in counterflow riding behavior regardless of other motorcyclist behavior.Moral obligation items obtained an alpha coefficient of α = 0.670 and crIT in the range of 0.295 -0.514.Overall, items were revised to fit the context of the counterflow riding behavior.Several new 1294 (2024) 012010 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1294/1/0120106 items were also added to make the number of items adequate.The instrument is a self-report questionnaire with items quantities as follows: four for attitude, three subjective norm, two for perceived behavioral control, and six for moral obligation, answered using a Likert scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree).The participant's variable score is obtained by summing the answers from all items for each variable.

Result
Among 151 participants, majority of them were domiciled in Jakarta (47.7%) and Depok (22.5%), in the age range of 21 -45 years (80.8%), and males (62.9%).Out of all participants 19.9% had been ticketed, and 5.3% had experienced an accident when they engaged in counterflow riding behavior.The majority of participants, on a weekly average, engaged in 1 -3 counterflow riding behavior (89.4%) and mostly at night (45.7%).More than half of the participants (54.3%) engaged in the behavior to avoid further U-turns.As seen in Table 1, participants' attitude score (M = 2.11; SD = 2.43) for counterflow riding behavior tends to be low.Participants' subjective norm score (M = 2.09; SD = 2.34) and perceived behavioral score (M = 2.27; SD = 1.65) for counterflow riding behavior tends to be low as well.On the other hand, participants' moral obligation score (M = 3.93; SD = 3.01) for counterflow riding behavior tends to be high.
Pearson's correlation analysis found a statistically significant and positive correlation between attitude and counterflow riding behavior (r = 0.146, p < 0.005, r² = 0.021, one-tail).The result also showed that the correlation between the two variables is categorized as a small effect size according to Cohen [39], who stated that the small effect size category is r² = 0.01.The calculation r² means that 2.1% of the counterflow riding behavior variance can be explained by attitude.Subsequently, results displayed a statistically significant and negative correlation between moral obligation and counterflow riding behavior (r = -0.214,p < 0.001, r² = 0.046, one-tail).This correlation between the two variables is categorized as small effect size according to Cohen [39], who states that the small effect size category is r² = 0.01.The result of the r² calculation means that 4.6% of the counterflow riding behavior variance can be explained by moral obligation.In contrast, the correlation between subjective norm and counterflow riding behavior showed a positive correlation but not statistically significant (r = 0.123, p > 0.005, one-tail).The same result also found between perceived behavioral control and counterflow riding behavior, which were positively correlated, but the correlation was not significant (r = 0.107, p > 0.005, one-tail).5 Weekly Average of Counterflow Riding Behavior r 0,146 a 0,123 0,107 -0,214 b 1 r² 0,021 0,015 0,012 0,046 a Significant at p < 0,05 (1-tailed).b Significant at p < 0,01 (1-tailed).

Discussion
The current study showed that most motorcyclists who engage in counterflow riding behavior are domiciled in Jakarta and Depok.This is related to the density of motorcycles in the two major cities so that counterflow riding behavior occurs more [4].addition, the majority of participants who engaged in counterflow riding behavior are 21 -45 years old, which falls into the young adult category [40].This finding aligns with study by Susilo et al. [12] and Goh et al. [23], where young adult motorcyclists were found to be more inclined to partake in risky riding behaviors.Furthermore, the majority of motorcyclists who engage in counterflow riding behavior were male rather than female.This is in line with the findings of Leong et al. [22] and Chang and Yeh [11], that male drivers showed more aggressive tendencies and more likely to violate traffic rules in contrast to female drivers.
The results showed that out of the four variables, only attitude and moral obligation were correlated with counterflow riding behavior.Attitude was positively correlated with counterflow riding behavior.This means that the more positive the motorcyclist's evaluation of the counterflow riding behavior, the higher the likelihood of performing the behavior.Conversely, the more negative the motorcyclist's evaluation of the counterflow riding behavior, the likelihood to perform this behavior will be lower.Previous studies displayed similar results [12,13,15], which found that attitude was positively correlated with risky riding behavior, with one of them being counterflow riding behavior.Although the majority of participants had negative evaluations towards the counterflow riding behavior, the result showed participants engaged in the behavior at least 1 -3 times per week.This is in accordance with the effect size analysis, which shows attitude only has a small effect on counterflow riding behavior.Attitude does not play enough role in a motorcyclist's decision to partake or not in counterflow riding behavior.
Based on the data, motorcyclists engaged in this behavior to avoid further U-turns, save time, avoid traffic jams, and avoid law enforcement.In addition, the majority of participants were never ticketed or had an accident for engaging in the behavior.A similar result was found in the study of Leong et al. [22], where motorcyclists perceived accidents as the most critical negative consequence of counterflow riding behavior.However, they also felt positive consequences of the behavior, such as feeling satisfied to show off and saving time [22].A study by Yanuvianti et al. [15] also found that motorcyclists engaged in risky riding behavior because of the perceived benefits and did not have the intention to harm themselves or others.There is always the possibility of experiencing negative consequences of counterflow riding behavior, but the possibility is smaller than the positive consequences experienced when engaging in the behavior.These advantages and the lack of negative consequences further motivate motorcyclists to engage in the behavior.
Of all the variables measured, moral obligation had a negative and significant relationship with counterflow riding behavior.This means that the higher the motorcyclists' desire to conform their behavior to existing norms and well-regarded rules, the more likely they are not engaging in the counterflow riding behavior.Conversely, the lower the motorcyclists' desire to conform their behavior to well-regarded norms and rules, they are more likely to engage in the behavior.The majority of participants had positive moral obligation scores, meaning they desired to conform to well-regarded norms.A similar result was found in the study of Bazargan-Hejazi et al. [18], where moral obligation was negatively and significantly correlated with willingness to engage in risky driving behaviors, specifically texting while driving.Experiencing guilt due to not adhering to established norms and existing laws was a significant factor in the inclination to send and read text messages while driving.[18].Yunianti et al. [35] similarly observed that increased moral obligation correlates with greater adherence to regulations, for example paying taxes.
In reality, the engagement in counterflow riding behavior should be low.However, the participants engage in the behavior at least 1 -3 times weekly.This is due to the fact that there are little to no negative consequences for motorcyclists that engages in the behavior.The result also showed that the majority of participants had never been ticketed or had an accident because they engaged in the counterflow riding behavior.This is also supported by the effect size of the relationship between moral obligation and counterflow riding behavior that falls into the small category.It can be interpreted that moral obligation plays little role in the decision to engage or not in the counterflow riding behavior, even though its role is greater than attitude.
The results also showed that the majority of participants scored positively on attitude and moral obligation.However, all participants had engaged in the behavior at least once per week.The participants' attitude and moral obligation indicated their desire not to engage in the behavior.However, the advantages and the absence of negative consequences played a greater role in the decisions made.
Out of the four variables, the two variables that were not significantly related were subjective norm and perceived behavioral control.This means that motorcyclists did not feel social pressure from those around them to engage in the counterflow riding behavior because they did not condone it.It can be concluded that the decision to engage in the behavior is purely based on the motorcyclist alone, not the influence of their referents, even if the referents are considered an important person or group to them, such as best friends/close friends, relatives, or co-workers.Most participants were young adults (20 -45 years), where in this phase of life, the main psychosocial issue is forming intimate relationships with others [40].Even if important people or groups disagree with maintaining intimate relationships and gaining benefits from counterflow riding behavior, motorcyclists may say they will conform to expectations, though this is not the case.
The findings also indicated that perceived behavioral control, did not factor into the decision to participate in counterflow riding behavior.This could be related to data showing that the majority of participants engaged in the behavior at night when law enforcement officers rarely patrol.Based on the data (experience of accidents and being ticketed because of counterflow riding behavior), capacity aspect of perceived behavior control may be more influential than autonomy in the context of counterflow riding behavior.
This study had some limitations.First, counterflow riding behavior is a traffic violation behavior, so there is a possibility that participants tried to show certain impressions, such as faking good.It requires high transparency from participants.Second, the data was collected online, so researchers can only rely on the honesty of participants when filling out questionnaires.To avoid this, data collection can be done in the field to obtain participants that have engaged in counterflow riding behavior.This can be due to the participants' seriousness when completing the questionnaire.Filling out an online questionnaire also means that the condition of participants when filling out the questionnaire is unknown.It is possible that participants were tired, rushed, or did not read items carefully.It is recommended for future research to include self-checker questions to ensure participants read and filled out the questionnaire seriously.This also affects the psychometric properties of instruments, where some variables' instrument has not reached the standard limit of alpha coefficient 0.7.Hence, further revisions must be done to these instruments.In addition, the measurement of the weekly average of counterflow riding behavior was categorized into two groups (1 -3 times and more than three times in one week).Such categories caused the description of participants' counterflow riding behavior to be less detailed.It would be better to use continuous scale in future research to measure weekly average of counterflow riding behavior.Finally, in this study the participants were only from Jabodetabek area.This means the participants were less representative, thus affecting the external validity of the current study.Future research can be conducted with motorcyclists from different areas, even smaller cities.Regarding participants characteristics, future research should also be conducted with specific group age, especially late adolescents to instill moral obligations.

Conclusion
This study showed that out of the four variables, only attitude and moral obligation correlated significantly with counterflow riding behavior.Therefore, the positive consequences felt by motorcyclists when engaging in counterflow riding behavior must be minimized.This means negative consequences, namely speeding tickets, must be done consistently.Thus, motorcyclists must see and believe in the negative consequences of counterflow riding behavior, rather than just knowing it.It is also important to accompany this effort by providing education about the importance to obey traffic regulation.

1 .
Overview of Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Moral Obligation Scores.