Study on the potential and development policy of beef cattle in Cianjur district, West Java province

The growth of beef cattle in the Cianjur district is crucial in increasing national beef production. The objective of the study was to assess the potential for beef cattle development in terms of resources, population dynamics, and development policies. This study was carried out in 2022, involving 25 beef cattle farmers and the Animal Husbandry Services of the Cianjur district as respondents. Descriptive qualitative analysis was employed. The results of the study show that (1) the agricultural land in Cianjur covers 237.5 thousand hectares (equivalent to 66% of the total land area), which has the potential to provide livestock with forage; (2) in general, beef cattle farming technology has been well developed at the farmers level; (3) in the last five years, the beef cattle population in Cianjur district increased by 2.98% annually, from 39.90 thousand heads (2018) to 44.56 thousand heads (2022), and (4) policy to increase beef cattle population in Cianjur district includes the Beef Cattle Corporate Village (BCCV) Program. This study suggests that policy is needed to support the success and development of the beef cattle business within the framework of a sustainable development program.


Introduction
The population of Indonesia in 2019 reached 267 million people, and with the national average per capita beef consumption having reached 2.56 kg, the national beef demand reached 0.68 million tons.On the other hand, national beef cattle production only reached 0.50 million tons, so in aggregate, Indonesia still experiences a beef supply shortage of 0.18 million tons [1].Furthermore, in 2021, beef demand will increase to around 0.7 million tons, while production is only 0.49 million tons or around 69.71% of total demand.Therefore, there is still a deficit in meeting beef needs.
The government has made various efforts to increase beef cattle population and production to meet the national demand for beef through the national meat sufficiency program.Domestic meat production is expected to meet 90−95% of the national meat demand [2].Adopting a business approach supported by the feed industry is necessary to ensure sustainable beef cattle development.This approach should use local feed ingredients specific to the location, especially in production centers dedicated to beef cattle development.
There are several problems in developing beef cattle, including related to the availability of forage, support for providing livestock feed, and management in livestock business management.This condition is supported by the previous study [3], which found that the low productivity of ruminants is commonly attributed to factors such as feed, climate, breed, and rearing management.Regarding feed factor, with a wet tropical climate accompanied by an average temperature above 30 °C and humidity >70%, the forage quality has a high crude fiber content with low protein.On the one hand, the need for forage will increase according to the increasing number of livestock population owned.However, the main 1292 (2024) 012033 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1292/1/012033 2 challenge in providing adequate forage for livestock is inconsistent yearly production [4].In the rainy season, forage production is abundant.However, in the dry season, production levels become significantly lower.Another study [5] also revealed that beef cattle farmers in Bondowoso district are facing a significant challenge.Due to this situation, farmers are forced to look for grass in distant locations away from their homes.
West Java province is one of the beef cattle-producing centers in Indonesia, with a total beef cattle population reaching 424.46 thousand heads in 2022.In spurring an increase in the beef cattle population in West Java, the government has introduced a Beef Cattle Corporate Village (BCCV) program which is specifically carried out in Cianjur district.In this location, beef cattle farmers are also food crops or horticulture farmers.Beef cattle can serve as a source of income, a source of animal protein, and a reliable sub-sector in absorbing labor in rural areas.
In the last 5-year period (2018−2022), the beef cattle population in Cianjur increased by 2.97% per year, and in 2022 reached 44.56 thousand heads.Along with the growing population, the beef cattle agribusiness system needs to be continuously improved to increase the added value.As a result, beef cattle farmers could increase family nutritional consumption and household income.In the context of opportunities for developing beef cattle in Cianjur district, several factors that can influence it include the availability of feed in sufficient quantities and of good quality, support for forage resources and grazing areas, easy access to market, farmers' knowledge and skills in beef cattle farming practices, as well as the existence of development support from both the government and the private sector.
Therefore, efforts to develop beef cattle in Cianjur district play an important role in supporting the increase in national beef production in general.Based on the description above, this study aims to analyze potential resources (land, forage, infrastructure and cultivation technology) development, population dynamics and policies for developing beef cattle populations through the BCCV program.

Theoretical framework
In the 2015−2019 period, the development of the livestock sub-sector continued through programs to increase the population and production of livestock.The goal is to bolster food availability, particularly animal food.This program increased the average number of large ruminant livestock, especially beef cattle, by 2.66 percent [1].
Currently, small-scale farmers manage approximately 95% of the beef cattle population in Indonesia.Beef cattle management is often a subsistence or part-time business, with farmers typically keeping an average of 2-4 heads.The number of cattle-raising households that generally raise small-scale livestock live in rural areas, with a total of 4.73 million households.However, smallholder beef cattle farmers are the most significant contributors to the beef cattle population in Indonesia and contribute 6.8% to the total farmers' household income [6].Furthermore, beef cattle farming is essential for the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Indonesia [7].To support livestock business development, livestock breeding business support and the introduction of innovations that support livestock business are very important.
Theoretically and practically, increasing the beef cattle population is important for achieving selfsufficiency in meat [8,9] for the following reasons: 1) the development of the livestock sub-sector can become potential to create new sources of growth in the development of the agricultural sector, 2) households directly involved in the livestock business continue to grow, 3) the beef cattle production centers are distributed in various regions, while consumption centers are concentrated in urban areas to drive the regional economy, and 4) support food security efforts, both as providers food and as a source of income, both of which play a role in increasing the availability and accessibility of food.
Furthermore, beef cattle are a common type of livestock raised by cattle farmers in the West Java province [10].These livestock act as a source of income, absorb labor in rural areas and become an animal protein source for the community.The high beef cattle population indicates that the livestock has potential and has provided significant added value in the business of livestock farmers in rural areas.The development of beef cattle, in general, can be affected by several factors, such as the availability of good quality feed, fodder, and grazing areas, easy access to the market, sufficient farming skills, good social culture, and support from both the private sector and the government.
The government, specifically the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health-Ministry of Agriculture, created the BCCV program in 2020 to speed up meat production and boost farmers' income.This program includes priority activities.The BCCV program is implemented by integrating the development of cattle into the development of farmer corporation-based livestock areas.The goal of the BCCV program is to achieve five objectives.Firstly, it aims to increase the population in areas where beneficiaries reside.Secondly, it seeks to expand the scale of livestock businesses.Thirdly, it intends to increase protein production.Fourthly, it aims to enhance beneficiary businesses' added value and competitiveness for their sustainability.Lastly, the program seeks to provide institutional strengthening to farmers by providing access to information, technical guidance, facilities, infrastructure, capital, processing, and marketing.

Types and sources of data
This study was carried out in Cianjur district, West Java province, in 2022.The data collected consisted of both primary and secondary sources.Using a structured questionnaire, a survey was conducted to gather primary data by interviewing 25 beef cattle farmers participating in the BCCV program, Cianjur District Animal Husbandry Services officials, and the leaders of beef cattle farmers groups.The sample number of beef cattle farmers was selected purposively based on consideration of livestock business development in the BCCV program and suggestions from Cianjur Livestock Service officers, from a total of 40 beef cattle farmers participating in the BCCV program at the study location.Meanwhile, secondary data was collected from sources such as reports, journals, and other literature relevant to this study.

Data analysis
Data is presented in the form of analysis tables and analyzed descriptive qualitatively.Data analysis includes information on primary and secondary data covering beef cattle farmer characteristics, the land potential for the development of beef cattle, area of forage, and beef cattle population development in Cianjur, West Java.

Development of beef cattle population in Cianjur district
Over the past five years (2018−2022), the beef cattle population in Cianjur increased by 2.97% annually, from 39.90 thousand heads in 2018 to 44.56 thousand heads in 2022.In the same period, the beef cattle population in West Java province has increased by 0.98% per year, from 405.80 thousand heads (2018) to 424.46 thousand heads (2022) (Figure 1).As part of the BCCV program to promote beef cattle development in Cianjur, broodstock distribution and cattle fattening have been implemented [12].Eximported Brahman cross broodstock entered in November 2021 to December 2021, as for the breeding of female broodstock by natural mating with males purchased independently or selected from existing calves.The fattening period for calves was done starting from March 2022 and April 2022 due to the gradual delivery of calves.In addition, efforts to develop beef cattle in Cianjur district are also supported by the availability of land for forage and support for cultivation technology.This is in line with the results of a previous study [13], which stated that to meet the national demand for beef, the government's efforts continue to build national beef cattle production to achieve self-sufficiency in meat production.These efforts are pursued by controlling the slaughter of productive female cattle, breeding business, improving reproductive and feed technology, and technology transfer, implementing intensive fattening systems, as well as empowering livestock farmers and integrating cattle farming with oil palm plantations or other productive crops.
Developing beef cattle breeding in the country is an essential and strategic effort in providing feeders for the future national-scale cattle fattening business [14].The need for beef cattle calves is increasing and exceeds their very limited availability, causing the supply of calves to be carried out by import.This impacts price fluctuations, so it is urgently necessary to have local calves developed in the country.Providing calves from within the country will impact and open opportunities for national beef cattle agribusiness.To boost the supply of calves, a pattern of rearing systems of a cow-calf operation is needed in the smallholder livestock model.

Figure 1.
Population of beef cattle in Cianjur district and West Java province, 2018−2022 [15] According to the results of a study by Agus and Widi [13], Indonesia, with 250 million people, has an average meat consumption of 2.72 kg/capita/year.As the population increases, it is estimated that in 2024 meat consumption will reach 3.36 kg/capita/year.The increasing demand for meat has not been matched by domestic beef production (only around 60%).The gap between the supply and demand for beef is increasing, so the import of live cattle and frozen meat is still being carried out and becoming a short-medium-term solution.

Development of resource potential and support: forage land and forage
Indonesia is an agricultural country with vast and diverse natural resources and livestock.The diversity of livestock resources is spread in areas that have not been able to be used optimally to produce livestock products that have economic value for the region [1].Support from other natural resources, especially in the feed supply for livestock growth, is extensive and diverse.
In Cianjur district, the potential of agricultural land reaches 237.5 thousand ha or about 66% of the total land area in Cianjur, which has the potential to provide forage for livestock.Straw from rice farming is a potential source of feed in Cianjur district.In addition, crop waste, such as corn and bean residues, can serve as feed for beef cattle in the Cianjur district.This district covers 361,434.98 hectares and ranges in altitude from 7 to 2,962 meters above sea level.The area of agricultural land is 237,500 ha, consisting of 66,180 ha of paddy fields and 171,470 ha of non-paddy fields.In particular, the land for grazing area is 1.31 thousand ha, and the area of smallholder plantations is 36.47 thousand ha (Table 1).
Animal feed contributes 70% to the cost structure of livestock business, both originating from forages and prepared feed or concentrates.As the need for high-quality animal feed continues to grow, it becomes crucial to invent new technologies and processing methods that prevent environmental harm and keep feed prices from rising.Although the demand for feed in larger quantities has increased, the land available for foraging is shrinking.For optimal production, 15−20 cows require approximately 1 hectare of productive land for grazing.Given the current circumstances, it is imperative to implement policy changes that will safeguard livestock feed regions.One way to achieve this is by increasing the availability of land for growing green fodder.To facilitate this, the government could provide support through cooperation in the use of HGU land and by supplying livestock feed in line with the regional spatial plan.
It is important to have well-defined areas for livestock development that include provisions for forage production to ensure the sustainable development of beef cattle.Collaboration between the government and private sector is also essential for achieving this goal [17].Similarly, in North Sulawesi province, cattle development plays an important role in increasing farmers' income and has good market opportunities [18].The challenge of developing beef cattle requires the support of the implementation

Infrastructure and technology support for beef cattle farming
Adequate facilities and infrastructure are necessary for the development of beef cattle.Several measures can be taken to improve facilities and infrastructure for beef cattle development, including the support of sustainable livestock land in the Cianjur district as outlined in regional spatial planning regulations, establishing an animal health center, constructing an animal market, implementing feed processing technology, creating a processing unit for organic fertilizer and livestock waste, building slaughterhouses, setting up livestock extension posts, and ensuring the availability of land for animal feed and water.
In the BCCV program located in Cianjur, each group in five villages has been provided with various facilities.These include 100 feeder beef cattle and 100 breeding beef cattle, as well as assistance packages for cattle production facilities.These packages include medicines, fattening processed feed, processed feed for female livestock, feed processing tools and machines, digital scales for livestock, assistance in building communal pens, and biogas processing facilities and infrastructure.In addition, beef cattle farmers have access to a comprehensive package of assistance and technical guidance, which includes corporate management, livestock agribusiness, livestock breeding management, livestock fattening management, and livestock waste management.Farmers have utilized these facilities and infrastructure assistance to improve their operations.
In terms of technology, there is also a transfer of technology to beef cattle farmers, such as the production of livestock concentrate with the aid of machine packages and the use of livestock manure to be processed into biogas which is useful as an alternative energy source.In addition, the empowerment of beef cattle farmer groups in the study locations was also carried out.The BCCV program includes several empowerment activities crucial in boosting beef cattle groups' income.The following activities are being implemented as part of the programs.(1) Business consolidation involves empowering breeders in rearing and fattening beef cattle related to their main business, with feeder cattle being the main production.(2) Business development is being carried out by providing concentrate for group needs.(3) Cow manure is being processed into biogas.This process not only creates alternative energy to save on fuel expenses but also produces compost that can be used as fertilizer for the horticultural farming run by beef cattle farmers at the study site.
In the context of empowerment, in Jember district, smallholder beef cattle farmers were empowered by the government forming groups of farmers in the livestock center [19].This coaching involves intensive technical guidance, providing facilities and infrastructure assistance, forming partnerships with stakeholders, and promotion.
Cianjur district has significant potential for beef cattle production.As the demand for livestock rises, the beef cattle business can become a crucial factor in supporting the economic growth of the local community.Hence, it is essential to develop beef cattle farming not only through Animal Husbandry Services but also in collaboration with other relevant agencies across various sectors, to ensure a synergistic and integrated approach.

Beef cattle development through the BCCV program
The BCCV program is one way to increase national beef production while reducing the dependence on imports.This program is carried out by enhancing beef cattle population and productivity in smallholder farms while requiring strengthening in various sectors to reduce reliance on beef imports.Related to the institutional and scale of smallholder livestock businesses, it needs strengthening the management or corporate management system of farmers who urgently develop agricultural areas because they are formed from, by, and for farmers.In addition, livestock development was carried out with support regarding productivity and population increase by adding native calves and/or local calves or imported origin cows.Related to feed support, it is important to use the potential of local feed resources, such as palm oil cake, palm kernel cake, coffee cake, cocoa cake, rice bran, rice straw, and corn stalks as alternative substitutes.These feed resources should be managed efficiently using mechanized facilities.
The BCCV program pilot project is a follow-up to the Minister of Agriculture's Order Letter No. 129/2020.This pilot project is implemented by incorporating the development of local or native feeder and breeding cattle, the origin of imports and the development of farmer corporation-based livestock areas.Pilot projects in 2020 have been implemented in Probolinggo, Central Lombok, Ngada, Central Lampung and Gowa districts.The Corporate Village Program will be continued in 2021 in Cianjur, Boyolali, Kediri, Aceh Besar, South Solok, Banyuasin, North Penajam Paser, Sidrap, and Morowali districts.
According to technical instructions, the objective of the BCCV program is to increase 1) the population at the beneficiary location, 2) the scale of livestock household business, 3) animal protein production, 4) the value-added and competitiveness of the beneficiary's business, ensuring its the sustainability, and 5) farmers' institutional role by providing access to information, technical guidance, facilities and infrastructure, capital, processing, and marketing.
At the study location, the farmer groups that received the BCCV program consisted of the following farmer groups: Gede Harepan, Tani Makmur, Sumber Arum, Sakalam Jaya, and Saritani.In general, farmer groups were created when the BCCV program was in place.The members of the farmer groups have the following characteristics: raising a small herd of cattle with a range of 1−3 heads, not having experience in organizing in institutional farmer groups, and livestock business in general as a sideline from their main business, namely rice farming.Each farmer group comprises 15−30 members carrying out livestock business.In this program, there is also assistance to farmer groups in terms of procurement of animal feed, provision of prospective calves and sale of livestock products through the beef cattle producers cooperative.
Mentoring activities are carried out with materials aimed at improving livestock productivity, innovating livestock technology, and managing institutions in a corporate-based manner.This includes developing business and action plans and accessing financing options for farmers, such as People's Business Credit or other affordable credit schemes.It also aims to enhance a partnership program with off-takers to expand marketing networks and provide guidance on policies within the livestock sector.According to Rustinsyah (20), receiving guidance and assistance on cattle farming and building relationships with financial institutions to obtain livestock credit are crucial factors for advancing the livestock business for farmers.Farmers can form groups to expand their livestock ownership into a business-oriented livestock operation by participating in the Cattle Corporation Village program.This institutional group is expected to develop livestock production, product processing, feed businesses, and access integrated marketing to increase income and welfare.

Conclusion
The potential of agricultural land in Cianjur district reaches 237.5 thousand ha, which is approximately 66% of the total land area.The land that has the potential to provide forage, especially for beef cattle and specifically for grazing land, reaches 1,305 ha.In Cianjur district, straw from rice farming and waste crops like corn and beans are viable options as feed for beef cattle.
In 2018−2022, the beef cattle population in Cianjur district increased by 2.97% annually, from 39.90 thousand heads (2018) to 44.56 thousand heads (2022).To support the performance of increasing the beef cattle population in Cianjur district, the distribution of broodstock and fattening of cattle has been carried out within the framework of the Cattle Corporation Village Development program, which has been carried out since 2022.
To support the success and development of the beef cattle business, policy support is needed to increase livestock business, accompanied by the provision of feed within the framework of a sustainable development program.Policy synergy between agencies or related parties, both between sub-sectors and