A watershed sustainability model based on the integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom in Indonesia

Watersheds play an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem and protecting water resources. However, there are currently a number of environmental problems which threaten the sustainability of this ecosystem. The goal of this research is to describe a watershed sustainability model to deal with these problems. The research was carried out in the Keduang Watershed in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java Province. A qualitative research method was used to gain a deep and comprehensive understanding and to adapt current methods to the developing situation through the integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom. The secondary data collected included the agriculture, livestock farming, and conservation conditions. The primary data were obtained through participative observation and in-depth interviews with farmers, livestock breeders, and stakeholders, to understand the practices used, the challenges faced, and the benefits felt. The data analysis used a process of coding, thematization, and grouping to identify the patterns, themes, and perspectives that emerged. The interpretation of results included an evaluation of the success, challenges, and benefits of the model applied. The research results show that the watershed sustainability model based on the integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom has a positive impact on economic, socio-cultural, and environmental aspects. This model can serve as a strong foundation for implementing sustainable agriculture and livestock farming practices, as well as contributing to the conservation of natural resources, and preserving local wisdom.


Introduction
Watersheds are regions that have a strategic function in maintaining environmental sustainability, as well as playing an important role in preserving the balance of the ecosystem and protecting water resources [1][2][3].However, watersheds are facing problems that threaten the sustainability of their ecosystem, leading to environmental degradation such as soil erosion and water pollution, and a decline in the quality of the ecosystem as a result of non-sustainable agriculture and livestock farming practices [4][5][6].Therefore, a conservation approach is needed which can preserve the balance of the watershed ecosystem.
The problem of environmental damage is largely caused by conventional and intensive farming practices [7][8][9][10].In order to overcome this problem, the integration of livestock farming and conservation agriculture in watershed regions is an approach that has been adopted by a large number of farmers.This approach combines agriculture and livestock farming activities with conservation principles, such as the use of organic fertilizer, erosion control, and animal waste management.By 1292 (2024) 012030 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1292/1/012030 2 integrating these two sectors, an agricultural system can be created which is sustainable and environmentally friendly.
Farmers who practice the integration of livestock farming and conservation agriculture in watershed regions often encounter a number of problems and challenges, such as limited resources, including limited land, limited access to capital and technology, as well as a lack of knowledge and understanding about conservation practices [11,12].Other challenges include climate change and unstable weather patterns.Variable weather can affect agricultural productivity and livestock health, which in turn can have an effect on the success of the integration of livestock farming and conservation agriculture [13][14][15].
In order to overcome these problems and challenges, in-depth research is needed to gain a better understanding of the obstacles that farmers face in the integration of livestock farming and conservation agriculture in watershed regions.This research can provide a better understanding about the positive impact on economic, socio-cultural, and environmental aspects.The goal of the research is to describe a watershed sustainability model based on the integration of livestock and conservation agriculture, and local wisdom.

Methods
The research method used in this study is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach.This approach focuses on a detailed and thorough description of the subjective experiences of the individual, and the social, cultural, and historical contexts that influence the experiences of the individual [16][17][18].This approach encourages researchers to reflect on their own experiences and to understand how the subjective experiences of participants are reflected in the researchers' interpretation.This helps to build a more comprehensive understanding about these subjective experiences.LPPM Universitas approved all experimental designs.

Location the research
The location of the research was the Keduang Watershed in Sidoarjo District of Wonogiri Regency.The choice of location was based on the consideration that this area is currently experiencing the dynamics of social change, specifically in the management of land in and around the watershed, by integrating livestock with food-crop farming and conservation.Using an interdisciplinary approach, this research integrates economic, social, and environmental aspects in the analysis of the implementation and impact of a watershed sustainability model based on the integration of livestock and farming.The data collection was conducted by means of a direct survey in the watershed location to gather data related to agriculture, livestock, and conservation conditions.This data included information about the types of crops being cultivated and the farm animals being reared, the farming techniques used, the conservation practices implemented, and the use of natural resources and local wisdom.In-depth interviews were carried out with farmers, livestock breeders, and related stakeholders in order to obtain information about their experiences regarding the integration of livestock and conservation agriculture, and the use of local wisdom.Participative observation was used to make direct observations in the field by participating in the activities of farmers and livestock breeders in order to gain a firsthand understanding of the practices implemented, the challenges faced, and the benefits felt [19,20].

Data analysis
The data analysis referred to [21][22][23][24], and involved a process of coding, thematization, and grouping to identify the patterns, themes, and perspectives that emerged.The interpretation of results aimed to provide a general picture about watershed sustainability based on the integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom.This included an evaluation of the success, challenges, and benefits of the model implemented.The first step in the data analysis was to transcribe the qualitative research data, by transferring the material from interviews, group discussions, and observations into written texts.The transcriptions enabled the researcher to read and analyze the data more easily.The second step was the coding of data, which involved allocating labels or codes to the fragments of data that had similarities or relevance.These codes included the particular themes, concepts, or categories that emerged from the data.The third step was to develop the themes by examining the patterns, differences, or similarities in the coding and looking for deeper connections between the concepts that arose.The fourth step was to analyze and interpret the data by examining how the themes were related to one another, what their implications were, and how the themes related to the relevant conceptual frameworks or theories.The fifth step was to make comparisons with existing literature by testing the consistency or differences with previous research and providing a broader context for understanding the results of the research.The sixth and final step was to formulate a conclusion from the data analysis and to describe the implications of the findings.This involved summarizing the main findings, providing a comprehensive interpretation, and offering suggestions for further policies or practices.

Results and discussion
The results of the research show that the watershed sustainability based on the integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom has a positive impact on economic, socio-cultural, and environmental aspects.The integration of livestock in the watershed agricultural system can offer multiple benefits: first, it provides an additional source of income for farmers, by increasing the production of organic fertilizer through the use of animal waste, as well as helping in the integrated management of agricultural land.Second, the practice of livestock integration has the potential to increase biodiversity and improve soil fertility by using green forage and a side-by-side planting system.
Conservation agriculture practices, such as the use of ground-cover crops, terraces, and forage strips, play an important role in reducing soil erosion in watershed regions.These practices help to preserve soil fertility, reduce the flow of sediment to rivers, and minimize the negative effects of erosion on the water ecosystem.Local wisdom, which includes traditional knowledge and practices, plays a key role in the management of natural resources in watershed regions.The practice of selecting adaptive local plant varieties, along with the implementation of local wisdom in preserving the balance of the ecosystem, allows local communities to contribute to watershed sustainability.
The integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom as a whole contributes to environmental and social sustainability.By reducing water and soil pollution, preserving biodiversity, minimizing soil erosion, and improving water quality, this model helps to maintain a balanced watershed ecosystem.In addition, the model has the potential to improve the welfare of the community through the diversification of income, greater food security, and strengthening of local capacity.Sustainable agriculture and livestock farming practices offer opportunities for the local community to participate actively in decision-making and in the implementation of agricultural activities.Through a participative approach, members of the local community can maintain and develop their knowledge and skills in agriculture and livestock farming.In this way, local wisdom is preserved, by empowering the community to play an active role in the management of natural resources and decision-making related to agricultural issues.The results of the research show that the integration of livestock and conservation agriculture, while taking into consideration local wisdom, can increase agricultural productivity, reduce soil erosion, improve water quality, and preserve biodiversity in the watershed.This watershed sustainability model also strengthens the involvement of the local community in decision-making, and supports the empowerment of the local economy.This is in line with the research of [25], which finds that the integration of livestock and conservation agriculture is beneficial for increasing agricultural productivity, reducing soil erosion, and increasing farmers' income.
The integration of livestock and conservation agriculture can help to preserve the sustainability of natural resources in the watershed.Conservation agriculture practices, such as the use of ground cover plants, terraces, and forage strips, helps to reduce soil erosion, preserves soil fertility, and minimizes water and soil pollution.Livestock integration can also assist with the management of organic waste and the production of natural fertilizer, thereby reducing the use of chemical fertilizers which have the potential to damage the environment.The integration of livestock in the watershed agricultural system can provide an additional source of income for farmers.The diversification of agricultural enterprises, by including the component of livestock farming, can increase the income of farmers and decrease their dependence on one particular type of agricultural business.This boosts the economic security of the farmers and the local community, and helps to reduce poverty in the watershed.By optimizing the use of natural resources and increasing agricultural productivity, this model can increase food production, strengthen the local agricultural value chain, and provide new business opportunities for the local community.This contributes to sustainable economic development in the watershed.Farmers can increase the productivity and efficiency of their farming businesses.By making use of organic fertilizer and livestock waste, farmers can reduce their use of expensive chemical fertilizer.This can decrease production costs and increase the farmers' income.

Diversification of Income
In addition to their main farming enterprises, farmers can utilize local resources and traditional knowledge to develop value-added products, such as organic foods, processed products, or agrotourism-based products.This diversification of income can boost the economic resilience of the farmers and the local community.

Increased Market Access
The demand for sustainable and organic agricultural products is increasing, and the integration of livestock can produce derived products such as organic fertilizer, or livestock products with greater added value.This can increase market access for farmers and help to boost their income.

Development of Local Economy
The increase in agricultural productivity and diversification of income can create new jobs and improve the local economy.

Reduction of Environmental Costs
By implementing practices of soil, water, and biodiversity conservation, environmental degradation can be reduced, which in turn will reduce the costs of ecosystem restoration and watershed management in the future.

Socio-cultural Aspect Strengthening of Local Identity
Encourages the community to maintain and strengthen its cultural identity by preserving the sustainability of the living environment of the local community.

Increase in Food Security
The development of a productive and sustainable agricultural system will strengthen food security and reduce dependency on food import, as well as increasing access to good quality food for the local community.

Community Empowerment
Community participation in decision-making related to the management of natural resources can improve quality of life and create a sense of belonging to the environment where they live.

Environmental Aspect Conservation of Natural Resources
Conservation measures such as agroforestry, efficient irrigation systems, organic fertilization, and use of plant varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases can help to reduce the use of dangerous chemical materials and minimize land degradation and water pollution.This contributes to the preservation of water quality, soil quality, and biodiversity in the watershed.

Reduction of Pollution
The natural control of weeds, proper management of livestock waste, and use of organic fertilizer are proven to reduce water and soil pollution and decrease their negative effects on the environment.

Adaptation to Climate Change
Tree planting, increase in water reserves, and diversification of agricultural enterprises are all proven to reduce vulnerability to climate change and help the community to deal with the challenges of climate change.
The integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom plays an important role in preserving the traditional knowledge and practices used in the management of natural resources.The implementation of local wisdom can help to maintain the cultural identity of the community and the transfer of traditional knowledge to future generations.It also encourages the community's active participation in decision-making and in the implementation of agricultural activities.The greater involvement of the community in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of sustainable agricultural activities increases their sense of belonging, involvement, and responsibility to their environment.This strengthens social continuity and builds community capacity in the watershed management.This is in line with the research of [26], which shows that farmers posses local knowledge relating to the choice of adaptive plant varieties, traditional water management, and sustainable agricultural practices.The results indicate that the implementation of local wisdom can improve the efficiency of resource use, preserve biodiversity, and maintain environmental sustainability.
The watershed sustainability model in Sidoarjo District is found to be successful in improving soil quality, water availability, and farmers' income.Conservation agriculture practices along with the integration of livestock can reduce soil erosion, increase farmers' income, and protect the conservation of natural resources.This Sustainable Agricultural Development Model in the Keduang Watershed involves the integration of livestock and conservation agriculture in an effort to increase agricultural production and improve the economic welfare of farmers.This integrated agricultural system plays a vital role in improving the social and economic conditions of the community and supporting the conservation of natural resources.This study shows that the integration of livestock and conservation agriculture can provide economic benefit for farmers, such as increasing their income, and supporting the diversification of their farming enterprises.In addition, this model also has the potential to improve the social welfare of the local community through active participation in decision-making and community empowerment.Use of natural organic fertilizers such as compost and green manure help to reduce dependency on dangerous chemical fertilizers.Organic fertilization helps to maintain soil fertility, increases water retention, and reduces the risk of water pollution from excess nutrients.

Conservation of Biodiversity
Cultivation of plants that are beneficial for pollinating insects, preservation of the natural habitat, and use of traditional or local plant varieties can help to conserve biodiversity and prevent the loss of important species.

Proper Management of Livestock Waste
Effective management of livestock waste, such as making compost, using waste as organic fertilizer, and processing waste water before releasing it back into the environment can help to prevent pollution.Encourages the conservation of local plant varieties that have been developed for many years and have adapted well to the local environment.

Safeguarding of Traditional Farming Practices
Agricultural systems such as terracing, intercropping, crop rotation, and land tillage that have been passed down for generations.The safeguarding of sustainable agriculture helps to preserves local wisdom.

Preservation of Local Culture and Identity
Preserves and strengthens local culture and identity.The application of sustainable practices that are compatible with local values and traditions helps to preserve local wisdom and protect the sustainability of traditional cultures that are related to agriculture and livestock farming.
The results of this research are in line with the study of [27], which shows that local knowledge relating to planting patterns, use of water resources, and soil management can help farmers by reducing the effects of climate change and protecting the sustainability of agricultural land.This also has an impact on the cultural aspect, with local wisdom becoming a part of the identity and cultural heritage of the local community.
The watershed sustainability model based on the integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom requires the active participation of the local community.Through a participative approach, the community can become involved in decision-making related to the management of natural resources, as well as in the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, and the monitoring of the impacts.This watershed sustainability model also involves the utilization of agricultural waste as animal fodder, the wise management of fertilizer and pesticide, and the efficient use of land.Empowerment of the local community also helps to improve their economic and social welfare.By understanding the background to the problems and challenges farmers face in carrying out the integration of livestock and conservation agriculture in the watershed, it is possible to plan the correct policies and programs to increase the successful implementation of the integration.In addition, it is hoped that this research will also contribute towards environmental conservation efforts, as well as increasing agricultural productivity, and improving the welfare of farmers in the watershed

Conclusion
The integration of livestock and conservation agriculture, while taking into consideration local wisdom, can increase agricultural productivity, reduce soil erosion, improve water quality, and protect biodiversity in the watershed.The application of local wisdom can strengthen the cultural identity of the community and help with the transfer of traditional knowledge to future generations.The watershed sustainability model based on the integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom has a positive impact on economic, socio-cultural, and environmental aspects.This model can serve as a strong foundation for implementing sustainable agricultural and livestock farming practices, and can also contribute to the conservation of natural resources and the preservation of local wisdom.The watershed sustainability model based on the integration of livestock and agriculture has the potential to achieve a number of important goals.First, it can increase agricultural and livestock productivity by taking advantage of the synergy between the two sectors.Second, it can reduce the negative effects on the environment with the wise use of natural resources and proper management of agricultural waste.Third, it can increase the farmers' welfare by providing a source of additional income from the livestock activities.

Table 1 .
Impact of integration of livestock, conservation agriculture, and local wisdom on watershed sustainability

Table 2 .
Contribution of sustainable agriculture and livestock farming practices to the conservation of natural resources Form Contribution to conservation of natural resources Efficient Use of Soil Crop rotation systems and ground cover plants help to maximize land use.Practices of preserving crop diversity, improving soil fertility, and reducing erosion help to protect agricultural land and minimize environmental damage.Organic Fertilization

Table 3 .
Contribution of sustainable agriculture and livestock farming practices to the preservation of local wisdom