The role of social capital in developing organic rice businesses at Gentungan Village

Social capital owned by the community as a result of social relations is established among members, which gives the meaning of trust, togetherness, tolerance and participation is closely related to the development of organic rice business. The aim of the research is to find out the form, role of social capital, and the role of society in developing social capital. This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. The results of the study: bonding, referring to cooperative relationships, mutual trust between members, has high cohesiveness, but does not reflect the ability of the community to create social capital. Bridging, refers to mutually respectful and beneficial relationships between people who have differences, is able to foster participation, increase networking but the effectiveness of communication has not gone well. Linking, facilitating access to more complex resources, many relationships are established between actors and stakeholders. Communication of exchanging information, identifying problems and solutions, managing conflicts is still not optimal. The role of social capital is dominant, good interaction is established in preserving the culture of the main harvest, consistent social values and norms serve as social control. The community plays a role in developing social capital by fostering the participation of millennial farmers in developing organic rice businesses.


Introduction
Organic farming is one solution that must be done.Various programs have been carried out by the government, such as that carried out by the Regional Government of Karanganyar Regency, namely by launching the Lawu Slope Organic Rice Development Area through the Regent's Decree No. 050/727 of 2016.Public awareness of the importance of consuming organic food products has also begun to develop.This is done as a countermeasure to the dangers posed by the use of chemicals in agricultural production activities.Organic products are safe for consumption because they are free of residues and harmful substances [1].
Mojogedang District is the highest organic rice producing area in Karanganyar Regency.The total production of organic rice in the Mojogedang District is 3,225 tons [2].Implementation of the organic rice program in 2016/2017 was only in Gentungan Village.The implementation of the program at that location can be said to be successful as evidenced by organic rice certificate No. 098-LSPO_005-IDN-10-14 issued by LESOS (Seoliman Organic Certification Institute).Organic rice cultivation in Gentungan Village is evidence of the implementation of the organic rice program issued by the minister of agriculture, namely Permenpan 64 of 2013.Organic cultivation activities at that location can be said to have been successful by having the organic rice certificate.Originally the land area for organic rice cultivation was 7.2 hectares which was divided into 45 plots of farmer's land.
There are 5 farmer groups in Gentungan Village, namely the Mulyo Farmer Group I to the Mulyo Farmer Group 5, and since 2022 there has been an additional 1 group, namely the Millennial Farmer Group which was initiated by PPK Ormawa HM Peliti Agricultural Extension and Communication Study Program activities (PKP) Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.The Millennial Farmers Group has 19 members chaired by Kholiq Robani.
Based on the results of Suminah's research [3], it shows that the age of organic rice farmers in Gentungan Village is in the productive category, which is around 40 to 60 years, the majority of last education graduates are from elementary school, the majority land tenure is 0.25 to 0.5 hectares, the majority family income is in over 3 million rupiah per month.Marketing results, the majority of organic farmers do not believe in price certainty, and often get intervention from various related stake holders.In addition, the condition of organic rice farmers in Gentungan is that organic farmers' interpersonal communication is quite open, empathy is included in the moderate category, attitude is included in the good category, and equality is in the moderate category.The effectiveness level of farmers' interpersonal communication in organic rice cultivation is included in the high category.Openness, attitude, empathy and equality together have a significant effect on the level of effectiveness of interpersonal communication.Openness, attitude and equality partially have a significant effect on the level of effectiveness of interpersonal communication, but empathy partially has no significant effect [4].
Based on the above background, the potential for human resources and natural resources is quite supportive, the development of organic rice farming in Gentungan can proceed quickly, but in reality, since 2017 until now, only 2 groups have consistently cultivated organic rice from the 5 existing groups, namely the Mulyo Farmers group I, and the Mulyo Farmers 5.The problem that occurs in Gentungan Village is the slow development of the organic rice business.Instability, inconsistency, indifference and non-involvement of the community (including farmers, workers, labourers, and others) in a socioeconomic activity or development program occurs due to weak aspects of social capital [5].
Social capital can be directed to its role in the development of organic rice business, because it is capital that is owned by the community as a result of social relations that exist between members, which can provide a basis for construction of the meaning of trust, togetherness, tolerance and participation which are closely related to the development of organic rice business.Social capital in the form of norms and a network of interrelationships is a precondition for economic development, because the existence of a social network allows for coordination and communication which can foster a sense of mutual trust among members of society, trust has positive implications in social life, good cooperation beforehand will encourage the continuation of cooperation at a later time [6].Social capital will create social networks that allow for coordination and communication that can create mutual trust among human beings [7].
Social capital is a characteristic possessed by each individual and group of human resources that facilitates the group in carrying out collective action, cooperation, and maintaining the norms that are formed in society [8].Social capital is emphasized on community togetherness to improve the quality of life together and make changes for the better and continuous adjustment defines social capital as the ability of people to associate (relate) with each other so that it becomes a very important force, not only on the economic aspect, but also to every other aspect of social existence [9].
Forms of social capital are divided into 3 types, namely bonding social capital, bridging social capital and linking social capital [10].Social bonding refers to a relationship of cooperation and mutual trust between members of a network, who share socio-demographic similarities.Bonding social capital tends to be exclusive, because the basic characteristics attached to this form are relationships and attention that are more inward looking than outward looking.In this case, people who are bonded or inward looking or sacred, even though the social relations that are created have strong social capital.Bridging social capital is a form of social capital that bridges mutually respectful and mutually beneficial relationships between people who have socio-demographic differences (social identity).Linking social capital refers to norms of mutual respect and a network of trusting relationships between people who interact across formal and institutional power or across authorities in society.
Social Bonding in the form of aspects that are able to glue each individual in a social system.The aspects in question can be in the form of value systems, norms, traditions, and customs.This type of social capital is easy to find among people who still have kinship ties, strong bonds within these community groups will lead to empathy, trust, a sense of solidarity, and mutual recognition between members of the community group.Usually each group has specific rules or mutual agreement.Sanctions given can be formal or non-formal.This raises the social order in society.Social bonding as a strong relationship to develop people with the same background and interests, and usually involves family and relatives, provides material and emotional support, and is looking inward.So that social bonding can be determined based on location and association [11].
Social bridging appears against the backdrop of group weaknesses.The group is aware of their weaknesses so they try to gather together strengths.Social bridges can be in the form of institutions, mechanisms, or organizational structures that are able to bridge group members to achieve common goals.Social bridging is a type of social capital that describes relationships that bind people across (culture, class, race, religion, etc.), or have different identities [11].
Social linking can also be an extension of bridging which involves a network of individuals, groups and corporate actors which is manifested in the form of public institutions, schools, business interests, legal institutions and political groups.Social linking is an expansion in which individuals can build relationships with institutions and individuals who have more power than them, for example working, accessing services and resources, which are indirectly beneficial for the community to work with all stakeholders [12].
The results of research by Rizkiyana [13] the role of social capital is very good for increasing participation, good enough for developing networks, and good for strengthening collaboration and strengthening trust, so that people become empowered.The purpose of this study was to find out the form, role of social capital, and the role of the community in developing social capital, so that it can be seen how to develop organic rice groups in Gentungan so that they can develop more quickly into organic rice center villages.

Materials and methods
This study uses a qualitative design with a case study technique.Case study is a descriptive study in which the object of current events is only one case unit, which can be a particular social unit, an individual, a family, a group, an organization within a community.The research location was determined purposively on the grounds that Gentungan Village, Mojogedang District, Karanganyar Regency is the village that produces the most organic rice compared to other villages in Karanganyar Regency.
This study used a snowball sampling technique from various elements in society.Data were collected through in-depth interviews (dept interviews) and observation by conducting direct observations at research locations, especially within the scope of the organic rice business, and focus group discussions (FGD) to obtain data on the role of social capital, forms of social capital and the role of the community in developing social capital.The data is analyzed descriptively, which is the presentation of data with the right interpretation, based on the ongoing process and the influence of a phenomenon.Data analysis was performedwith the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, verification and conclusions.

Forms of social capital in the development of organic rice in Gentungan Village
Basically, society wants a life that is able to meet all physical, spiritual and social needs, both moral and material.In meeting the necessities of life, everyone makes various efforts to earn a decent income, including members of the organic rice farmer group in Gentungan Village.Organic rice cultivation activities that have been carried out include land management, irrigation, seeding, fertilizing, control of plant-disturbing organisms (OPT), and post-harvest.Organic farming not only decrease the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, but also uses the surrounding area natural resources sustainably, produces healthy food and minimizes energy.The economic aspect can continue if the agricultural products can meet the needs and generate sufficient income for farmers.The existence of the application of the organic farming system in Gentungan Village is of course supported by the existence of strong social capital, which is realized by the initiative of the local community to work together to develop the importance of sustainable agricultural cultivation through organic farming.Gentungan Village is one of the villages in Karanganyar Regency that has implemented organic farming, and is known as a pioneer of organic farming in Karanganyar Regency through the Mulyo I and Mulyo Farmer Groups as farmer group institutions that drive organic farming, especially in organic rice production.
The Mulyo I Farmer Group has pioneered organic farming activities since 2009 and has been certified organic since 2011.According to information from the Head of the Mulyo 1 Farmer Group, currently the area of rice fields planted with organic rice is 22 hectares out of the 80 hectares that have been certified as SNI, with yields harvest 9-10 tonnes per hectare each planting season.The Mulyo I Farmer Group and the Mulyo V Farmer Group in Gentungan Village have used organic fertilizer made from livestock manure and have obtained organic land certification.Since 2022, organic fertilizer production has been managed by the Gentungan Village Farmer Cadets Group.Farmers in Gentungan Village sell organic rice to the Mulyo I Farmer Group which already has a rice mill at a price of Rp. 10,000 per kg -Rp.10,300 per kg, then the Mulyo I Farmer Group sells the rice for Rp.12.
The sustainability of organic rice farming cannot be separated from social capital.Social capital is needed by the community in order to maintain its survival in dealing with various existing problems.Social capital becomes a force for society so that they are not dependent and can manage their own interests [14] .Social capital arises from the notion that community members may not be able to individually overcome the various problems they face.There needs to be togetherness and good cooperation from all members of the community who have an interest in solving this problem.
Based on the results of interviews, social capital in Gentungan is manifested in the form of groups in the community such as study groups, social gatherings, PKK, youth organizations, farmer groups, both those who are members of organic farmer groups and those who are not yet part of organic farmer groups.The purpose of the people in these community groups is for the common good, including a willingness to change for the better, a sense of friendship, mutual sympathy, as well as social relations and close cooperation between individuals and families that form a social group.Various successes achieved through collaboration with stakeholders encourage the continuation of cooperation in the future.
Activities in groups in the Gentungan Village community regularly hold meetings in accordance with a predetermined agreement.Building the values of social capital in the community is very important to do because it facilitates communication and will establish a mutually nurturing and nurturing relationship.This is relevant to Syahra [7] which states that good cooperative relations can be built if people can communicate well with each other.In the research area, it can be seen that there is a division of labor in carrying out an activity to facilitate and speed up its implementation.For example, in the cadet farmer group there is already a division of activities, male members do the work of processing organic fertilizer, transporting, grinding, drying, packing, but the women do more light work of recording, providing consumption if there are activities, and marketing.
The marketing of organic rice in Gentungan Village is currently still imported by organic rice from outside Gentungan Village, such as from Pendem Village and Pereng Village.For this reason, efforts are needed so that organic rice that is marketed only comes from Gentungan Village.

Bonding social capital
Social capital is seen as a strength or asset that can be utilized.Taking into account the capacity of the community (social capital), this will affect the utilization of existing resources in the community to deal with a problem [15].Based on the results of the study, in the development of organic farming in Gentungan Village, farmer groups faced several problems, such as pests and diseases of rice plants.The field rat (Rattus argentiventer) is one of the pests that cause damage and decreased agricultural yields.Mice pests that attack rice plants at night cause damage to rice stalks so that rice plants die.In solving the rat problem, within the organic rice farmer group there are local cultural values that are used together to deal with rats, namely by using an owl (Tyto Alba), not by poisoning rats.This shared value can become an asset for farmer groups to be utilized in developing organic rice farming.
Based on the descriptive analysis it can be seen that the social bonding that exists within the organic rice farmer group is included in the good category, because it is found in groups that have kinship ties, strong ties within the community group so that it creates empathy, trust, a sense of solidarity, and recognition feedback between group members.This is indicated by the level of trust in the group, helping each other's families, and the close relationship between group members.Apart IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1292/1/0120295 from that, it can be seen that if there are group members who are sick, other members pay a visit, if someone has a need, the other members also help either in terms of energy or in the form of money.The form of social bonding is also manifested at certain moments where community service is held to clean the land, social gatherings in groups, and study together.For example, when there is a harvest, the community prepares the event together, so that it makes the event lively and has become a tradition.However, when there is intervention from outsiders in the social system among group members there are some members who lack trust and are suspicious of each other so that it can cause conflict among members, although it does not result in conflict, it can aff ect the quality of members in the group.In this case, many of the members wanted detailed explanations related to the program of activities carried out for groups from outsiders.In addition, adherence to mutually agreed norms, for members of a farmer group will not sell their organic rice products to middlemen or slashers.

Bridging social capital
Social bridging is a type of social capital that describes the relationships that bind people across cultures, classes, races, religions, etc., or have different identities to achieve common goals.Based on the results of discussions with organic rice farmer groups, members of this group often take advantage of existing institutions to develop managed organic rice farming.For example, the Mulyo I and Mulyo V farmer groups often exchange information with other groups, namely the cadet farmer groups.Both of these groups have the same goal, namely to make Gentungan Village a center for organic farming, where the activities of the cadet farmer groups are mostly producing organic fertilizer and marketing organic rice produced by the Mulyo Farmer Group I and Mulyo Farmer V.
With the exchange between organic rice farmer groups and farmer cadet groups, even though they have different social identities, it is possible that they have the same interests or goals, namely developing organic farming.In addition, the PKK group in Gentungan Village through the women's PKK gathering can inform their members to always consume organic rice, and even these PKK women help to market organic rice to PKK at the sub-district level.Even though bridging sometimes seems fine, there are actually things between these groups that need to be clarified in establishing cooperation, so that mutual suspicion does not occur, especially if outsiders come.

Linking social capital
Social linking social capital shows the existence of networks or relationships that exist between various existing levels such as social power, status, and roles in community groups.Social linking is social capital that describes norms of respect and a network of trust relationships between people who interact across society that are institutionalized in power, formal, and have authority.In the development of organic farming within the scope of Gentungan Village it is supported by partnerships.The partnership that has been established has an important role with the aim of farmer groups in developing organic rice farming.
Partnership is a business strategy carried out by two or more parties, within a certain period of time, for mutual benefit with the principle of mutual need and mutual support.Organic rice farmer groups have done many partnerships with various institutions outside Gentungan village such as the Karanganyar Tentram Organic Farmers Association (APOKAT), Kans The three types of social capital are important to be owned by society in a balanced way, without eliminating one [11].Without social linking, bonding and bridging in the community it is not enough for community development to occur.So that communities that have all forms of social capital (bonding, bridging, and linking) will be better able to move and face difficulties, and can reduce negative impacts on society.

The role of social capital in organic rice development
Since the enactment of Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government, that each region is given the freedom to emphasize the principles of democracy, community participation, equity, justice and by taking into account the potential and diversity of the region.The government has launched a bottom-up development plan, so that the community is directly involved in it.Communities are given a role to be creative and innovate in managing existing potential.There is no direct interference from the central government in the regions, with the hope that development is directed at improving people's lives for the better.
Based on the results of interviews and discussions with organic rice farmer groups in Gentungan Village, social capital has a major role in the development of organic rice farming.This can be shown that the participation of the Mulyo Farmers Group I, V, and the Taruna Tani Group, the farmers are never bored of participating in the activities in the group even though these activities are often carried out such as routine gatherings, as well as training, FGD, and counseling from various relevant stakeholders.Apart from that, the role of social capital of the Mulyo Tani Farmers Group I, V and the Taruna Tani Group can also develop a network of cooperation with various institutions, or related stakeholders, such as from universities UNS, UTP, even ISI, APOKAT, KAN id, AEROTEKS.
One of the activities carried out by the farmer cadet group is seeking to increase the competitiveness of organic rice through packaging improvements, using vacuum machines, and establishing partnerships with APOKAT, which is facilitated by HM Pelita Agricultural Extension and Communication Study Program.Packaging repairs are carried out by repairing the previous packaging.Increasing the Competitiveness of Organic Rice from Gentungan Village from ordinary plastic to vacuum packaging that is much higher quality.The packaging labels were also improved and replaced with more attractive and informative sticker labels.The dominant role of social capital, good interaction is established in preserving the culture of the main harvest, consistent social values and norms act as social control.

Information exchange communication in the development of organic agriculture
Information exchange communication, identify problems and solutions, and manage conflicts are still not optimal.Participation in access to information.Information exchange communication in Gentungan Village, especially those in farmer groups and farmer cadets, is carried out face-to-face through meetings, or through Whatt App (WA) social media.Providing access to information in the form of WA Groups allows them to be involved in the process of planning, decision making, as well as monitoring and evaluating program activities.
Communication of exchanging information with outsiders also still relies on WA or telephone directly, after sometimes being continued with face-to-face meetings offline.Communication in developing organic farming is carried out both formally and informally, wherever, whenever communication takes place.From the results of interviews with organic farmers, communication has been well established so far, communication is often used to solve organic rice business problems together.In order for trust to grow, honesty and openness are needed among fellow members, program managers and presenters.Group members who have certain information can share it within the group.Groups can also provide access to information to members,

Community role in developing social capital
The community plays a role in developing social capital by fostering the participation of millennial farmers in developing organic rice businesses.Community participation in the development of social capital in Gentungan Village can be seen in: 1) Collaboration or involvement activities carried out between community members.This is proven by the activities carried out starting from the planning process, involving various elements in society, both the community, community leaders and village officials, so that community aspirations can be embodied in the form of policies and program activities.
2) The community is involved in decision making, in this case the community provides their input or opinion, so that the decisions taken reflect the needs and aspirations of the community.3) The community is also involved in implementing the program, in the form of participating directly in activities, for example participating in training, participating in counseling, and even becoming a resource person if there are outsiders who want to learn about organic farming.4) The community is also involved in monitoring and evaluation in every activity they participate in, to ensure that the goals and expected results are achieved as far as they are achieved.5) The community is also involved in capacity building, in which case farmer groups can directly implement technology and innovation in agriculture through training activities, such as those held by HM Pelita.even become a resource person if there are outsiders who want to learn about organic farming.4) The community is also involved in monitoring and evaluation in every activity they participate in, to ensure that the goals and expected results are achieved as far as they are achieved.5) The community is also involved in capacity building, in which case farmer groups can directly implement technology and innovation in agriculture through training activities, such as those held by HM Pelita.even become a resource person if there are outsiders who want to learn about organic farming.4) The community is also involved in monitoring and evaluation in every activity they participate in, to ensure that the goals and expected results are achieved as far as they are achieved.5) The community is also involved in capacity building, in which case farmer groups can directly implement technology and innovation in agriculture through training activities, such as those held by HM Pelita.Community participation is one of the manifestations of awareness, concern, and community responsibility for the importance of development aimed at the common good.The reality of community participation in Gentungan Village, when viewed from the various activities that have been running, has not been fully maximized, meaning that those who are involved are just that, have not been able to reach all levels of society in Gentungan Village.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that (1) bonding, referring to a relationship of cooperation and mutual trust between members of a network, has high cohesiveness, but does not reflect the ability of the community to create strong social capital.(2) Bridging, refers to a mutually respectful and beneficial relationship between people who have differences capable of providing opportunities to participate, increasing networking but the effectiveness of communication has not gone well.(3) Linking, facilitating access to more complex resources, there are many relationships that exist between actors, in this case the focus is on organic rice farmer groups with related stakeholders.(4) Communication of exchanging information, identifying problems and solutions, and managing conflicts is still not optimal.The dominant role of social capital, good interaction is established in preserving the culture of the main harvest, consistent social values and norms act as social control.The community plays a role in developing social capital by fostering the participation of millennial farmers in developing organic rice businesses.

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.id, Agricultural Extension and Communication Student Association (HM PELITA) through joint activities in the Student Organization Capacity Building Program, with Institute for Research and Community Service with the Kedaireka Program, with the Agricultural Extension and Communication Study Program with the Community Partnership Program, and EDELWEIS, from the Animal Husbandry Study Program with PKM activities for processing livestock waste.