Study of Social Vulnerability in the Land Sector in Kutai Kartanegara

Social vulnerability in the land sector is a problem that is not directly visible, which is caused by conflict, both between individuals and with the government or the private sector. This vulnerability will be more difficult to resolve, especially with the absence of land ownership status in several villages, including Tanjung Harapan and Sanggulan Villages. The purpose of this research is to comprehensively examine the social risks that can be experienced by vulnerable groups. This study uses qualitative and quantitative approaches to assess the level of social vulnerability. The level of vulnerability is seen based on the Household Vulnerability Index (HVI) approach. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires and interviews with 50 respondents in the villages of Tanjung Harapan and Sanggulan. The social vulnerability in the two villages is at level III or ELH, which means it includes chronic social vulnerability and needs special treatment. The vulnerability of this community is influenced by factors of knowledge and analysis of social, economic, physical, and environmental factors that make the community more vulnerable. In order to reduce high social risks, there needs to be certainty and protection for the community, especially farmers who own land with an area of less than 0.5 ha, women and the poor. So that it needs various efforts through policies and implementation methodologies for addressing land social vulnerabilities.


Introduction
Indonesia is one of the largest countries in the world with a land area of 1,919,440 km2.Indonesia also has 17,504 large and small islands [1] which have a variety of natural wealth and potential.In addition, the population reaches more than 278 million [2] and consists of more than 300 tribes [3].The vast territory and large population make Indonesia one of the countries prone to conflicts and problems related to land.
The basic problem in the land sector is the status of land ownership and access to natural resources which gives rise to disputes over land and natural resource tenure [4] [5].For this reason, land and natural resource management in Indonesia is needed, so that these problems will not arise again in the future [6].Problems in the land sector in Kutai Kartanegara Regency are mainly caused by overlapping land ownership claims between the community and the community, the community and the government, and the community and companies.These land issues will certainly have an impact on vulnerable groups of people.
Social vulnerability refers to the ability of a person or a group to face and adapt to adverse (negative) impacts caused by an activity (project) or disaster [7].This ability is influenced by the social conditions of a person or group in society because it is related to the ability to access resources, including information, and make decisions.Thus, social vulnerability is borne individually or by households and is not shared equally by everyone in a community or society.Vulnerability is a 1291 (2024) 012023 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1291/1/012023 2 characteristic of a person or group and their situation that affects their capacity to anticipate, overcome, withstand and recover from the effects of natural hazards (extreme natural events or processes) [8].Social vulnerability is influenced by education, health, politics, law and institutions, while economic vulnerability includes poverty, income and nutrition [9].Vulnerability, resilience, capacity, and ability to respond in emergency situations, can be implemented both at the individual, family, community and institutional levels [10] because vulnerability analysis is currently being developed and used in various sectors [11], including in the land sector.
Social vulnerability in the land sector is primarily caused by conflicts, both between individuals and with the government or the private sector.This is related to the status of land ownership owned by the community.Based on data from the Kutai Kartanegara Land Office, not a single resident in Tanjung Harapan and Sanggulan Villages, Sebulu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency has land certificates.Natural resources in the villages of Tanjung Harapan and Sanggulan are mostly controlled by companies and communities outside the village.In addition to overlapping land ownership, there are also land ownership disputes between residents and residents and residents and companies in the villages of Tanjung Harapan and Sanggulan.
This certainly affects the social vulnerability of residents in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, which is influenced by several factors, namely the lack of access to resources (information, knowledge, and technology), limited access to political power and representation, social capital, social connections and networks, customs customs and cultural values [12].For this reason, it is necessary to study social vulnerability in the land sector using indicators of education, gender, income, expenditure, area of land ownership, and assistance received [13].However, the trigger for social vulnerability in the land sector in Kutai Kartanegara Regency is suspected to be due to land control by outsiders.For this reason, a comprehensive study was carried out related to social risks that can be experienced by socially vulnerable groups.

Methods
This study uses two approaches, namely qualitative and quantitative.The qualitative approach applies to the variable factors of social vulnerability and the consequences of social vulnerability.A quantitative approach is used to measure the level of vulnerability using the Lickert scale [14] on vulnerability indicators and questionnaires.The study locations were in Sanggulan Village and Tanjung Harapan Village, Sebulu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province.
Data collection at the community level of data collection will be carried out in three ways, namely semi-structured interviews (SSI), FGDs, and structured interviews.Structured interviews are required to obtain vulnerability level data and SSI is required to obtain an explanation of the vulnerabilities of household units in Tanjung Harapan Village and Sanggulan Village.The number of respondents was 23 people in Tanjung Harapan Village and 27 people in Sanggulan Village.FGDs were conducted as a form of triangulation and verification of data obtained through SSI and structured interviews.
At the stakeholder level, data was obtained from the government (Office of Land Affairs) through online FGDs.Data analysis was carried out based on the village community because access and vulnerability levels can differ between individuals or households, so the unit of analysis for this study is the household, not the village as a whole.So the research respondents are households, which may be represented by one of its members during the questionnaire interview.There are two kinds of data, namely descriptive qualitative and quantitative data.Qualitative data were analyzed using qualitative methods in the form of classification/categorization and analysis of relations between variables with reference to the analytical framework above.Descriptive quantitative data in this study is data regarding the level of vulnerability.The level of vulnerability here is determined by 3 levels, namely: Vulnerability I (0-1.7),Vulnerability II (1.-3.3);Vulnerability 3 (3.4-5)[15].The Household Vulnerability Index (HVI) indicates if there are factors that put a household at risk of food insecurity or malnutrition, which are assessed at the level of external vulnerability (exposure to shocks or external hazards) and internal vulnerability (capacity to face or survive shocks)).Based on the Spatial Plan for the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Tanjung Harapan Village and Sanggulan Village which are the Sebulu District area are included in the Mahakam Watershed so that they are included in the river border area with an area of ± 16,195 ha or in other words are included in the flood-prone area.In addition, the Mahakam watershed area is also included in the landslide-prone area.Sebulu District is included in the permanent production forest area of ±694,272 ha where Sanggulan Village is a part of the production forest area managed by PT IHM.The wetland agricultural area covers ± 136,806 ha including Tanjung Harapan Village, so that Sebulu District is included in the potential reserve land area of ± 48,110 ha.In addition, Sebulu District is included in the aquaculture area of ± 16,866 ha.Sebulu District is also part of a medium-sized industrial area with Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and wood processing industries.
Socially, the condition of Tanjung Harapan and Sanggulan villages have similarities, including rural settlement areas and the majority of high school education levels.Likewise, their economic conditions have similarities, namely that the majority earn a living as farmers, both as wetland rice farmers and oil palm farmers.Aside from being farmers, the residents also work as traders, the private sector, and civil servants.The economic commodities of each village are almost the same, namely palm oil.For culture in Tanjung Harapan Village and Sanggulan Village, the majority are Javanese, Kutai, Dayak, Banjar, and Bugis.The population in Tanjung Harapan Village is 1,417 people and in Sanggulan Village there are 3,924 people, with a population density of 15 people/km 2 in Tanjung Harapan and 48 people/km 2 in Sanggulan Village.
To obtain data on social vulnerability in the two villages, several criteria were used for respondents, namely age, education, income, expenses, area of land owned, receipt of assistance, and ethnicity.However, in this study, ethnicity is not included in the indicators used as a support in the study of habits and culture related to social vulnerability.The following is the respondent's data.To determine the level of vulnerability of respondents at the research location, the Household Vulnerability Index (HVI) was used.IKR or also called the Household Vulnerability Index (HVI) model uses a level of vulnerability between I-III, where the higher the value, the higher the level of vulnerability.The following is the result of the level of vulnerability of respondents based on indicators of education, gender, income, expenses, area of land owned, and assistance received.= Emergency Level Household (ELH) The level of social vulnerability in Sanggulan and Tanjung Harapan Villages is at level III or ELH, which means that it includes chronic social vulnerability and needs special treatment.Factors of knowledge and analysis of social, economic, physical, and environmental related factors are the causes of social vulnerability [16].Vulnerability is also determined by social inequalities rooted in gender, social class, culture, race, age, power structures, health conditions, educational status, household size, and resources available to deal with crises [17][18].This vulnerability can get worse if a disaster occurs, such as the frequent floods that hit Tanjung Harapan Village, causing crop failure.Another disaster that often occurs in research locations is drought or low rainfall, so that agricultural land does not get enough water.The occurrence of layoffs led to increased unemployment and vulnerability in Sanggulan and Tanjung Harapan Villages.
Social vulnerability in the land sector is also due to the fact that some residents do not own land and their land is less than 0.5 ha.In addition, many residents own houses and land on the banks of the Mahakam River.There have been land ownership conflicts between Dayak and Javanese people since 2016 and until now there has been no common ground for resolution.As for the conflict with the company, namely; 1) Overlapping land ownership status between residents and plantations or HGU (residents' land and houses included in HGU, including kindergarten/PAUD buildings) that occurred in Sinar Harapan Hamlet, Tanjung Harapan Village, Sebulu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency; 2) Disputes between palm oil processing companies and residents in Sinar Harapan Hamlet; 3) Compensation for the residents' land which is only in the form of compassion with the oil palm plantation company in Sinar Harapan Hamlet; 4) Residents do not know if their land is included in the HGU; 5) There is also land ownership by outsiders of Sanggulan Village which is quite large (100 ha); and 6) Residents of RT 19 and 20 occupy HTI land with a lease-to-use status as a place to live and trade.The research area used to be a forest which was later cleared by migrants to become settlements and agricultural land, then granting HGU permits to open oil palm plantations to companies will increase the vulnerability of the land sector in rural areas [19].Spatial planning should be accompanied by strict control over the issuance of permits for land clearing, for this reason regulations and laws are needed.Therefore, changes in land use take place quickly, so that it becomes an issue [20].Changes in land ownership and use will increase the risk of vulnerability [21].
Monitoring sustainable land tenure and use over the long term is essential to identify trends in vulnerability.Mapping the vulnerability of the land sector can become the basis for regional planning and development policies and development [19].Land tenure and use on a large scale are considered to be the cause of the vulnerability of the land sector [22].Informal land use poses additional challenges in social vulnerability studies, such as slum settlements and residential use of riparian areas [23].Furthermore, enforcing policies against hazards or risks of social vulnerability in the land sector is a challenge for the government [24] [25].Assessment of social vulnerability in the land sector can be utilized by the government, such as to better understand contextual nuances and enable a more targeted approach [26] to reducing or preventing land conflicts.

Conclusion
Based on the results of studies on social vulnerability in the land sector that have been carried out in Tanjung Harapan Village and Sanggulan Village, it shows that there are potential problems and negative impacts as part of the agrarian reform acceleration program.Therefore, to reduce high social risks and provide certainty and protection for the community, especially farmers who own land with an area of less than 0.5 ha, women, and income and expenses, various efforts are needed through policies and implementation methodologies.

Figure1.
Figure1.Community Settlements Located in the Cultivation Rights Area of PT.Itci Hutani Manunggal

Table 1 .
Level of Household Social Vulnerability Tanjung Harapan Village and Sanggulan Village are part of the Mahakam Watershed, with altitudes between 10-150 meters above sea level and slopes between 0-15%.Morphologically, Tanjung Harapan Village and Sanggulan Village consist of swamps, lowlands and hills.Its location on the banks of the Mahakam River causes many rice fields to be flooded during the rainy season, but during the dry season or when it doesn't rain for a long time, the rice fields will dry up.This condition is also affected by the type of clay soil that cannot store water properly.Most of the Tanjung Harapan Village area is an oil palm plantation owned by the company (HGU) and residents, besides that it is in the form of rice fields planted with rice or corn according to the season.Meanwhile, most of Sanggulan Village's territory is HTI, some are oil palm plantations, and paddy fields.As for Harapan Jaya Hamlet, which is part of Sanggulan Village, has hilly conditions, and land use is mostly for orchards and corn crops, because there is no irrigation network and irrigation relies on rainwater.The climate of Tanjung Harapan Village and Sanggulan Village includes a tropical rain forest climate which is the wet month all year round, although there are certain times when it doesn't rain at all for more than 2 weeks, causing drought in the residents' paddy fields.In addition, there are months with high rainfall which can cause flooding in residents' rice fields, especially in December, January and June.The average temperature in Tanjung Harapan and Sanggulan villages ranges from 26-35 0 C with humidity levels between 75-98%.

Table 6 .
Income and Expenditure of Respondents

Table 7 .
Area of Land Owned by Respondents

Table 8 .
Acceptance of Respondent Assistance

Table 9 .
Level of Vulnerability Based on Education

Table 10 .
Vulnerability Level Based on Gender

Table 11 .
Vulnerability Levels Based on Income

Table 12 .
Vulnerability Levels Based on Expenditures

Table 13 .
Vulnerability Level Based on Area of Land Ownership

Table 14 .
Vulnerability Level Based on Acceptance of AssistanceBased on the table of social vulnerability levels according to the indicators used, then the vulnerability level of the HVI model respondents is obtained, as shown in table15.

Table 15 .
Level of Social Vulnerability of Respondents HVI Model