Green Open Space Development as a Green City Concept Implementation Strategy (Case Study in Samarinda City)

The rapid growth and development of the city has been experienced by various regions, one of which is Samarinda City, which is the capital of East Kalimantan Province. As a result of the development of Samarinda City, causing environmental problems accompanied by other negative impacts. To deal with and solve these problems, the method determined by the Samarinda City government is by implementing the green city concept. One of them is the development of green open space as an indicator of the green city concept. Through observation, interviews and documentation, the results of the research were (1) only about 10% of Samarinda City’s green open spaces, (2) the constraints faced were limited land, insufficient budget, land acquisition, violations of provisions on land and building use, lack of coordination between implementers of RTH providers, as well as the lack of compliance and understanding of the public regarding green open spaces, (3) The strategy implemented by the Samarinda City Government in implementing the green city concept is, providing green open space through the ProBebaya program, increasing community compliance and implementing private green open space regulations, providing sanctions, and socialization of the importance of green open space.


Introduction
Samarinda City as the capital city of East Kalimantan Province has an area of 718 km2 with a population of 834,824 people, has a density of 1,162 people/km2 and a population growth rate of 1.26%/year [1].Samarinda is one of the destinations for population movement, both from East Kalimantan and from outside the province, due to the availability of jobs and the availability of various public facilities.The increase in population has created problems for Samarinda, including the increasing number of slum settlements, waste problems, increased changes in land use, increased floods and landslides, and environmental damage.To overcome these problems, the Samarinda City government applies the green city concept in the construction and development of the city.
The green city concept is a concept of sustainable urban development and prioritizing environmental protection, so that a balance between economic growth, social and environmental protection will be achieved which will create livable settlements [2][3].This concept seeks to harmonize the environment, both the natural environment and the environment created by humans as a result of a response to environmental problems and damage that occurs [4].The green city concept emphasizes the need for urban development plans by taking into account local ecological conditions and minimizing the adverse impacts of development and development city, so that it can create the city's natural assets [5].In addition, the green city concept can minimize environmental impact and maximize opportunities to improve and support environmental preservation.Green city consists of 1291 (2024) 012007 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1291/1/012007 2 eight indicators, namely: 1) Green planning and design, 2) Green open space, 3) Green waste, 4) Green transportation, 5) Green water, 6) Green energy, 7) Green building, and 8) Green Community.
The city of Samarinda, which often experiences floods, is suitable for implementing the green city concept which has the advantage of being able to reduce or even solve environmental problems, reducing natural disasters, low air pollution, low noise and other environmental problems.Green open space is designed to balance the built environment which functions as a barrier/safety area, conservation area or urban forest; recreation areas, and land that is deliberately set aside for special uses or reserve land.Thus, the sustainability, harmony and balance of the Samarinda City ecosystem which includes elements of the social and cultural environment can be maintained.Fulfillment of green open space in Samarinda City is expected to improve, maintain the microclimate, aesthetic value, absorb water, create balance and harmony in the city's physical environment, and support the preservation of biodiversity.
Samarinda City has a spatial planning goal to become a Edge City based on advanced trade, services and industry, with a green environmental perspective and has competitive advantages to improve people's welfare.The development of the City of Samarinda which is quite rapid with various challenges as a functional unit, the central place for production, consumption and administration in East Kalimantan Province, is very appropriate if increasing the development of green open space.The successful development of green open space requires the right policies, planning, learning and political viability that depend on community support through government and business activities [6].For this reason, the support of various parties is needed, namely [6]: 1) The government carries out development, 2) The private sector, as an economic actor is obliged to carry out green open space, 3) Community development & maintenance, and 4) Media, forming public opinion and supervision.
Research related to green open space as the application of the green city concept needs to be carried out to find out the development and constraints in developing green open space in Samarinda City.In addition, the implementation of this research provides benefits in the form of supporting information to the Samarinda City Government and other regional governments in making decisions related to the development of green cities.

Methods
This study describes data on the area of green open space in Samarinda City and the problems faced by the government in the construction and development of green open space.The object of this research is the entire area of Samarinda City.To obtain supporting data regarding the achievements and constraints of the green open space development, interviews were conducted with the Head of the Housing and Settlements Service and the Head of the Samarinda City Environment Service.In addition, observations and documentation were also carried out to determine the condition of green open space.The data that has been collected is then grouped, processed and presented the green open space data for conclusions to be drawn.

Results and Discussion
Samarinda City has an area of 71,800 ha, while the area of green open space is still less than 30%.The green open space in question consists of city parks, fields, cemeteries, green belts (toll roads, arterial roads, collector roads and neighborhood roads), residential green belts, river banks, reservoir boundaries, and landfill boundaries [7].In accordance with the Asian Green City Index (AGCI) it gives a maximum rating weight of 25% on the indicator for the amount of green open space if the amount of green open space in the area assessed is equal to or exceeds the green open space quality standard [8]  Realization of Samarinda City Green Open Space has not reached 100%, only 87.091% of the plan in the RTRW.However, Samarinda Seberang District has exceeded the existing green open space in the RTRW with the realization reaching 187.36%.Unfortunately Samarinda Kota District did not reach the target in accordance with the RTRW, even 0% of its green open space realization.To increase the area of Green Open Space, Samarinda City needs to collaborate with various parties, socialize, utilize road borders, and maximize company assistance or CSR to overcome limited funds [9].The failure to achieve the realization of green open space and the area of green open space which should have been 30% of the total area was caused by the non-implementation of greening in areas that should have become green open spaces.The low achievement of green open space in public areas of Samarinda City can show the character of the city and the social interaction function of its citizens [10].The construction of green open space, especially in the river riparian area, can lead to conflicts with residents, so conflict management is needed to solve the problem [10], because many residents live on the banks of the Karangmumus River.In addition, it is necessary to budget funds for compensation for residents whose houses were evicted for the construction of green open spaces, especially on the banks of the Karangmumus River (Figure 1).

Figure 1. the Border of the Karangmumus River
There are several obstacles in the development of green open space as the implementation of the green city concept in Samarinda City.These problems include: 1) Provision of green open space in Samarinda City is faced with limited land owned by the government; 2) There is still intervention from various parties causing supervision of violations of provisions on land and building use to be weak as well as overlapping supervision and minimal coordination; 3) Limited funds for land acquisition for the land to be used as green open space is land owned by the community and has a certificate.This is difficult to do, because some people want to be given a large amount of land compensation money; 4) Overlapping policies between the governments of East Kalimantan Province and Samarinda City or policies that are out of sync occur in the case of the area next to the Mesra Hotel, namely in the provincial RTRW it is stated that the area is not RTH, but in the RTRW Kota Samarinda it is RTHu.This issue created a polemic when the construction was to be carried out with a permit through the East Kalimantan Provincial Government; and 5) Differences in river management authority between the City Government of Samarinda, Pemrov Kaltim, and the River Basin Office (BWS) in managing the border.For this reason, a strategy is needed in developing green open space to apply the green city concept in Samarinda City which includes fulfilling land for green open space; commitment to implement the 2014-2023 RTRW; providing incentives, disincentives, and imposing sanctions; and participation of all parties (government, private sector, and society).The success of implementing the green city concept in Samarinda City can be measured by increasing the knowledge and participation of its citizens who provide long-term support and involvement [11].The City Government of Samarinda also needs to integrate green city planning with city spatial planning and environmental characteristics [12] combined with the road network and types of land use [13] (Figure 2).
The development of green open space in the implementation of the green city concept has a large role for the City of Samarinda and also for city residents, namely for public health, personal welfare and for the provision of urban ecosystem services and maintenance of biodiversity [14][15] [16].Residents can carry out various activities in green open space, such as exercising and socializing, but it can also affect the price of buildings in the vicinity [17] [18].Green open space also has an ecological function as rainwater retention and management [19][20] which is very suitable for Samarinda City because it often experiences floods.The availability of green open space in big cities will have an impact on reducing the impact of climate change [21], especially Samarinda City which is located on the island of Borneo which is the lung of the world and there is tropical rain forest which has a big role in climate change.
The implementation of the green city concept in Samarinda City is not only influenced by the impact of population growth and population density, but is also influenced by the needs of its citizens.Green open space in the green city concept is a cheap and affordable recreation area for city residents [22] [23].Thus, fulfilling the need for green open space with an area that is in accordance with the law must be implemented and distributed evenly throughout urban areas [24][25].In addition to achieving an area of 30% of the total area, fulfillment of green open space in the implementation of the green city concept is also based on the need for green open space per person per square meter [26]  Along with the development of Samarinda City and the various problems it faces, the implementation of the green city concept needs to be carried out because it is in accordance with the principles of urban planning.Green city is a city development concept that is in line with other city development concepts (smart city, forest city, sustainable city, etc.) [29].In addition, Samarinda City will gain many benefits from the implementation of a green city, especially the provision of green open space in accordance with the regulations.

Conclusion
The green open space area of Samarinda City has not reached 30% of the city area, in accordance with the rules and also AGCI.The obstacles faced by the Samarinda City government in developing green open space to implement the green city concept include land availability, a small budget, intervention from certain parties, citizen participation, and incompatibility between the city government and the provincial government.For this reason, the Samarinda City government has implemented several strategies to increase the area of green open space by collaborating with the private sector and residents, outreach, and providing incentives and sanctions.
. The quality standard for green open space is obtained based on Law No. 05 of 2008, namely that the minimum percentage of green open space must be equal to 30% of the area.Based on the AGCI, Samarinda City has not yet received the maximum score because the green open space has not reached 30%.The following is data on the green open space area of Samarinda City for 2014-2019. [27][28].

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) Realization, (b) Plans, and (c) Direction for Adding Green Open Space in Samarinda City

Table 1 .
Green Open Space Ratio per Unit Area in Samarinda City 2014-2019 Based on ACGI, it turns out that the area of Samarinda City green open space in 2019 is still very far from the green city standard of 30%, while the realization of Samarinda City green open space is only 7.5%.In accordance with the realization of Samarinda City Green Open Space Based on the 2014-2034 RTRW as follows.

Table 2 .
Realization of Samarinda City Green Open Space Based on the 2014-2034 RTRW

Table 3 .
Public Green Space