Spatial Pattern of Tourism Business District (TBD) In Bogor City

Bogor city as a Central Business District (CBD) has many tourism potentials that are interesting enough for tourist visitation. To increase that tourism potential, it needs identification of distribution and the attractiveness of the Tourism Business District (TBD) in Bogor city. The purpose of this research is to identify the distribution, analyze the attractiveness, and then analyze the demeanor of society towards the impact of TBD area. The methods used in this research were combined between GIS application and Likert scale techniques. The sample used in this research as many 100 tourists and 100 local residents. The result of this research was conducted by spatial approach combined with the Likert scale and nearest neighbor analysis (T); this quantitative model would drive the analyses of TBD. From analysis there are four characteristics of TBD in Bogor city, there are TBD of shopping and culinary nuanced, TBD of government nuanced, TBD of historic nuanced, and TBD of cultural heritage nuanced. From the distribution result, the pattern of TBD in Bogor city used an analyzed by nearest-neighbor analysis, and it categorized as random pattern. The highest attractiveness level of TBD in Bogor City is an activity aspect, and the lowest attractiveness level of TBD is the attraction aspect. The existence of TBD was impact to physical environment and social environment. The physical aspect was resulted of fixed up and progressed in infrastructure, and it made many tourisms facility availability, and the other impact of social environment was caused many chances to get a job for residents, cause many tourism facilities were built.


Introduction
Bogor City is a city in West Java Province which is located at an altitude of 190 to 330 meters above sea level, with a city area of 118.5 km 2 and a distance of ±60 km from the capital [1].The location of the city of Bogor which is easy to reach and strategically close to the capital city of Jakarta and the capital city of West Java-Bandung, has potential in the development of services, economic growth, trade, transportation, national industrial center, communication, and tourism [2].As for tourism on an international scale, the proximity of the city of Bogor to the capital city of Jakarta as one of the entry points for international tourists would be one of the opportunities in tourism development [3].
The city of Bogor as a Central Business District has a lot of tourism potential which is quite attractive to tourist visits.As a buffer zone for the capital, Bogor City is also an alternative for travel, as well as a place to live for workers who commute from Bogor to Jakarta every day.The development of the tourism sector in Bogor city is dominated by tourism with urban nuances (urban tourism).[4] In accordance with the vision of regional tourism development stated at RIPPARDA of Bogor City, Chapter III Article 7 which stated, "Bogor City as a leading tourist destination that is creative, cultured, environmentally friendly and sustainable."[5] The development of urban tourism is closely related to the availability of infrastructure and facilities such as transportation networks and the provision of accommodation.Infrastructure is a very important aspect in tourism; the provision of such infrastructure is useful to facilitate tourist activities [6].In addition , [7] various supporting infrastructures such as hotels and road networks were developed to support the tourism industry.
With the development of metropolitan areas and urban agglomeration, travel between cities has increased, and the purposes of intercity travel have become more diversified.The boundaries between tourism, business, and intercity commuting are getting increasingly blurred.for example, business tourism, a limited and focused subset of regular tourism.The diversified purposes of visitors may lead to diversified patterns of tourism-related activities, as well as diversified requirements of tourism facilities.Most tourism facilities, such as airports, restaurants, and hotels, are frequented by visitors for different purposes.[8] In a concept of urban tourism, [9] the concentration of attractions that attract the number of visitors and service activities lies in the unity of the function of the CBD (business center), which formed a Tourism Business District (TBD).TBD as a useful framework for understanding the components of urban tourism that comprise tourist facilities and how they can be integrated [10].In previous years, the study related to TBD concept was published in Bandung [11] [12], Semarang [13], Yogyakarta [14].Bogor City was chosen because it has a character that is close to the study objectives.Bogor City is a part of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, the most urbanized and globalized area in Indonesia [15] [16].The tourism sector accounts for 40.63% of the Bogor City tax revenue and domestic tourist visits to Bogor City in 2011-2016 increased by 207.7%, and foreign tourists increased by 458.08% [17].This description of the distribution of tourist facilities could be an indicator that has been fulfilled or not, especially the carrying capacity in terms of tourism in the city of Bogor, this needs to be done to analyze and find out where the distribution of tourist facilities in the city.
Based on the background of the above problems that have been described by the author, the authors identify the problems that will be studied in this study.Identification of this problem is structured to become a work reference in research.The problem identification is as follows: 1) The diversity of urban tourist attractions in Bogor City is quite a lot, especially in the central city area where there are indirectly several tourist attractions, then developed to a variety of primary, secondary, and conditional tourist facilities, or known as Tourism Business Districts (TBD).However, the distribution of TBD in Bogor city, its characteristics and the level of interest were still unidentified.2) According to the tourism development vision of Bogor City, by looking at the distribution of TBD, the existence of primary facilities, secondary facilities, and conditional facilities in Bogor city need to be analyzed based on the necessary to know the distribution of these facilities, then the conditions and carrying capacity can be analyzed whether they meet the carrying capacity of tourists visiting the city of Bogor.3) The existence of TBD in Bogor city will indirectly show the impact it has, the impact intended in this study is the environmental impact, which includes physical and social environmental impacts.Once it is known whether there is an impact from the presence of TBD in Bogor city, it would provide an overview, so that it will be known what efforts the government can take in relation to TBD in Bogor city and overcome its impacts.
The aims of this research will obtained the patterns and characteristics of tourism in Bogor city, whether the availability of tourist facilities can meet the carrying capacity of tourists as implied in the regional tourism vision stated through RIPPARDA to realize the great quality of tourism destinations in Bogor city, based on the attractiveness of tourism and another analysis towards the physical and social of the community related to impact caused by the existence of tourism in the city of Bogor.

Methods
The method used in this research were combined between GIS application and Likert scale techniques.Using spatial approach would drive the analyses of the TBD.Some part of explanation might describe identified issues concerned and distribution of tourist facilities as well amenities in Bogor City.
The following part dealt with sampling technique, involved variables & data concerned, then nearest neighbor analyses and descriptive analysis.[18] Descriptive analyses is a method of examining the status of a group of people, an object, a set of conditions, a system of thought, or a class of events in the present.The descriptive analysis method in this study will identify the distribution of tourist facilities in Bogor city, as well as any impacts arising from the existence of tourism in the city of Bogor.

Research sample
The sample area was determined through the main road which the primary facilities located and has the high traffic flow in Bogor city (attached in Table 1), then followed by the process of data collected and created the distribution points of secondary facilities and conditionally facilities on the main road sample area.The human sample was obtained using a non-probability sampling method, with a sample size using the Slovin formula, with accidental sampling of 100 people.The division uses [19] the percentage formula to get a proportional number of human samples, the details are as follows: The calculation of the number of human samples by using a comparison of the number of primary attractions found in each sample area, with the proportions in Table 2 below.Jalan Jend.Ahmad Yani -Jalan Jend.Sudirman 13 3.

Variables
The variables that will be examined in this study was aimed to analyze the spatial pattern distribution of the Tourism Business District (TBD) from primary facilities in the city of Bogor.Tourism businesses are the bridge between tourists and destinations, including tourism attractions, tourism shopping, tourism catering, tourism entertainment, tourism accommodation, and other types of service businesses [20].The data obtained from each variable uses primary data through questionnaire with a Likert scale, while secondary data is used as additional information.The research variables are attached in Table 3.

Data Analysis of Attractiveness level of Tourim Business District (TBD)
The analysis of tourist's opinions and perceptions is measured based on indicators that were previously derived from research variables, using a scale of 1-5 with information linked according to answers.(Table 4) As for the description of the Likert Scale in Table 4, a) Very Complete (SL), the value is 5 b) Complete (L), the score is 4 c) Moderately Complete (CL), the value is 3 d) Less Complete (KL), the value is 2 e) Not Complete (TL), the value is 1 Research questionnaires were distributed to tourists in each sample area with a predetermined number of human samples, then the tourists' answers would be tabulated so that there would be a tendency towards tourists' answers in the questionnaire.Questionnaires regarding the attractiveness level, especially the attractiveness indicator, are processed using a Likert scale in calculations as follows, The results of the calculations that have been done, will continue use the interpretation of the score which is the result of each data analysis from each respondent's answer as the research sample, the following is Table 5

Data Analysis of Tourism Business Dsitrict (TBD) Spatial Pattern
Data analysis in this research used nearest-neighbor analysis.This nearest neighbor analysis can be used to assess the pattern of distribution of objects to be examined in an area [21].How to calculate the nearest neighbor parameter [22], (

Tourist Profile
Tourists are an important element in tourism activities, tourism develops because of the movement of people that looking for something they don't know, exploring new areas, looking for a new atmosphere, or get a new trip.According to Marpaung [23] statement regarding the characteristics of tourists, which is seen by age, gender, and socio-economic group.Productive age category will show the characteristics of tourists, who tend to choose to travel, and have a great desire in tourism activities, as well as with easy and cheap facilities.The profile of tourists visiting the TBD area of Bogor City is studied through several indicators, including tourist identity, which are age, gender, area of origin of tourists, occupation including amount of monthly income, motivation to visit, their travel buddies, and where they obtain information about the TBD area of Bogor City.
From the results obtained, the profile of tourists based on age is the highest age range of 20 to 40 years, which is 41%.The rest are aged <20 years by 28% and >40 years by 31%.Based on profile of tourist gender, the highest percentage was female by 57% and male tourist by 43%.Based on the area of origin, the results show that the most tourists who visit the TBD area of Bogor City are tourists who come not far from the Bogor City area itself, which came from JADETABEK with a percentage of 54%, tourists from the West Java area with a percentage of 26%, and tourists from areas outside of West Java with a percentage of 20%.Based on tourist occupation results, mostly tourist is an employee which scored by 38%, as students are 28%, as housewives are 9%, entrepreneurs are 8%, and PNS/TNI by 17%.Based on income, the largest income was ranged of IDR 2,900,000 to IDR 3,400,000, this is proven to be the income of the regional minimum salary category, because the most tourists are employees, besides that the second most position, with income of less than IDR 2,900,000 due to previous data, the second most type of work was students, so their income was less than IDR 2,900,000, the rest with an income range of IDR 3,500,000 -IDR 3,900,000 as much as 12%, then an income range of IDR 4,000,000 -IDR 4,500,000 as many 10%, and last percentage was 11% which the income range of IDR 4,500,000.
Based on motivation to visit, with the most results, 68% had the motivation to visit the TBD area of Bogor City for reasons of wanting recreation and fun, besides that 21% came with the motivation of wanting to share hobbies, through the questionnaire was a blank space to be filled in by the tourists and most answers are due to culinary hobbies.And another result was 2% with motivation to visit is because they want to increase their knowledge, because of sport activities are 2% and because there is a work and business by 9%.Based on their partner while visiting TBD Bogor city, the tourists come to visit the most results by 42% with their family, then as much as 33% come with friends or colleague, as 15% came with their couples, then as much as 5% came with no one, and finally 5% chose other things, which is travel services.Based on the source of visiting information, 58% of the source of visiting information was came from friends.Then the most other answers, as many 27% obtained information from family, as many 12% obtained information from the Internet, Newspapers, Television and Radio, then 3% did not obtain information through anyone.

The attractiveness level of Tourism Business District (TBD) in Bogor City
The indicators used to assess the attractiveness level of TBD in Bogor City are based on 5A, [24] Attractions, Accommodation, Accessibility, Activities, and Amenities, which combines several aspects of seven enchantments of tourism [25] which are cleanliness, beauty, safety, uniqueness, convenience, comfort, and friendliness.The answer of measuring the attractiveness of TBD were obtained through a questionnaire and were calculated using a Likert scale.

1) Attractions
The attractions in this study were the eight types of primary facilities in the TBD area of Bogor City which have been described previously, the eight attractions are the Museum Peta, Bogor Palace, Bogor Botanical Gardens, Chinatown area, The Jungle, Prasasti Batu Tulis, Kencana garden, and SKI Tajur.Each of these places has its own charm for tourists visiting the city of Bogor, and that also influences tourist interest in tourism.The results show that of all attraction indicators, the cleanliness indicator at the attraction location has the highest score of 68.4% with strong criteria.This proves that according to respondents, the TBD area of Bogor City is considered clean by respondents.Moreover, the beauty indicator has a score of 67.5% with strong criteria, the safety indicator has a score of 62% with strong criteria, and the last indicator, uniqueness has a score of 64.8% with strong criteria.

2) Accommodation
Accommodation facilities are classified as secondary facilities in TBD, which are the availability of hotels or guest houses, in addition to dining and shopping facilities.The indicators of attractiveness, especially accommodation, were put forward as question points in the questionnaire, including the availability of facilities, ease of use, cleanliness, comfort, security, affordable of the price offered, and friendliness of the service.Indicators of the attractiveness of accommodation in the TBD area of Bogor City, including the availability of accommodation facilities, the response score of 82.6% with Very Strong criteria, this proves that in the TBD area of Bogor City it is very easy to find accommodation facilities, both hotels and guest houses.For dining facilities, the score for the availability of dining facilities is 84.4%, then the score for the convenience of dining facilities is 86.2%, and the score for the reasonableness of the price of dining facilities is 83.8%, all three are classified as very strong criteria, from the three indicators it can be concluded as it indeed easy to find dining facilities in the Bogor City TBD area, many dining facilities are available throughout the Bogor City TBD, both in the form of Street Food, Cafes and Restaurants.Furthermore, the indicator scores of the availability of shopping facilities, on the convenience factor, is 69.2%, because to find the most shopping facilities, especially on TBD Jalan Pajajaran -Jalan Raya Tajur, is very easy, because there are so many shopping options, as factory outlets, boutiques, malls, as well as the biggest shopping center for bags, namely the Tas Tajur area, apart from that in other TBD areas it is also quite easy.

3) Accessibility
An important part of a tourism is the accessibility factor, it is very important because accessibility will make it easier for tourists to reach the destination they are going to.In addition, the type of transportation that is adequate or possible to get to that place.The attractiveness indicators of accessibility in the Bogor City TBD area include the means of transportation used to reach this area, accessibility convenience, accessibility cleanliness, safety in using accessibility, and ease of accessibility in the TBD area of Bogor City.The results obtained explained that the means of transportation used by respondents in reaching tourist areas was by using private vehicles as much as 38%, these private vehicles were either cars or motorbikes.The other options are using a tour bus, as much as 27%, public transportation as much as 14%, and the remaining 9%, choosing a type of transportation that is not included in the answer choices, such as cycling, motorcycle taxis, taxis, and others.As for the accessibility attractiveness indicator score, the result is a score of 70% with a strong category choosing easy accessibility to reach the TBD area of Bogor City, this is because currently the accessibility of Bogor City is being managed as well as possible, with the implementation of the One-Way System on several roads.The comfort indicator with a score of 68.6% is in the strong category, the accessibility safety indicator is 63.8% in the strong category, and the last, the accessibility cleanliness indicator with a score of 62.2% is in the strong category.

4) Activity
Activity is a thing that can be done by tourists who come to visit a place, according to what is available at that place.Activities that are definitely carried out in Bogor City -TBD area, especially in primary facilities, include enjoying the atmosphere and scenery, walking leisurely, or having fun and recreation.As for secondary facilities, the way to enjoy them is by shopping, culinary, and resting.The result is that there are three indicators in a very strong category, which is visiting intensity of 81.2%, this is reflected because the average respondent in this questionnaire is a tourist from JADETABEK, not too far from the Bogor City area, so the visit intensity of these respondents is quite high, and quite often especially on weekends.Then the level of satisfaction during the activity was 81.6% and the desire to return was 84.4%,

The Distribution of Tourism Business District (TBD)
The development of the tourism sector is closely related to whether or not the infrastructure that supports the tourism sector is complete or not.Completeness of the infrastructure is facilities and infrastructure supporting tourism activities.In analyzing the Tourism Business District (TBD), there are three components including primary facilities, secondary facilities, and conditional facilities.

1) Primary Facilities
Primary facilities are places to have pleasant time downtown environment with architectural buildings and street network patterns that attract attention, squares, art objects, past industrial environments, ports, places history which entirely describes the existence of diversity.Usually, these old and historic places are scattered and located around the city center.There are eight primary facilities in this study, of which there are four primary facilities with paid admission tickets and four of them do not use paid entry tickets, as can be seen in Table 6.

Table 6 Commercialization of primary facilities in Bogor city
No.
Primary Facilities Entrance ticket 1.
Chinatown area No 7.
The Jungle Yes 8.

Source: Reclassified by authors, 2022
The primary facilities that use entry tickets include tourist attractions which are landmarks as well as destinations for many tourists when visiting the city of Bogor.As for primary facilities that do not use entry tickets, these places are generally open areas and are managed more directly by the government, so they do not collect any fees.One of them, the Bogor Palace, even though it is in the same complex as the Bogor Botanical Gardens, the Bogor Palace is not a place that is easily opened to the public, especially to enter and walk around, there are certain moments so that tourists and local people can enter.The distribution

2) Secondary Facilities
Secondary facilities are quite an important part, especially as a basic need for tourists when visiting a place.This secondary facility is arguably a form of facility that is useful for meeting the needs of services.However, secondary facilities, especially in Bogor city, may be another reason tourists are looking for when visiting, for example cafe and restaurant facilities.Culinary centers with strategic locations make this facility very fast growing, especially when viewed from the number and distribution.In addition, other secondary facilities, namely shopping, are also of particular concern, because factory outlets and other shopping centers are also destinations when tourists travel.These secondary shopping facilities are grouped into factory outlets, malls, and souvenir centers.Secondary facilities that are no less important to support tourists in traveling, namely, secondary accommodation facilities, which are classified into hotels and guest houses.The number of secondary facilities in Bogor city can be seen in Table 7 below.From table 7 can be concluded that there are massive number of secondary facilities, especially dining facilities, including of Cafes and Restaurants with a total of 193 places, then followed by the rapid increase the number of shopping facilities including Malls, Factory Outlets and Shopping Centers, and Souvenir Centers with a total of 81 places.There are quite a number of accommodation facilities including hotels and guest houses, with a total of 31 places.The total number of secondary facilities in Bogor city is 205 places.The distribution of secondary facilities in this study can be seen in Figure 3.

3) Conditional Facilities
Conditional facilities are tourism infrastructure that provide and support tourism activities.This facility is a complementary facility in a tourism activity in addition to primary facilities and secondary facilities.Conditional facilities in this study include bus stops, ATMs and banks, money changers, gas stations, directional boards, police stations and post offices.The existence of these conditional facilities is very easy to find in and around tourist areas, the number is quite a lot.For a city such Bogor, conditional facilities are developing rapidly because they keep up with developments in urban areas and are also available to facilitate and meet the needs of the local community in Bogor City.The number of conditional facilities found in Bogor city is shown in Table 8 below.The number of conditional facilities in the city of Bogor in this study were 140 places, of which the most were ATM and bank facilities with 87 places, because basically ATMs and banks are very important things in and around tourist areas.Other conditional facilities are directional board with a total of 26 places.The function of the directional board is useful for making it easier to get to the location intended by tourists, then other conditional facilities such as bus stops, money changers, gas stations, police stations, and post offices are indeed not as many as other conditional facilities, but the location is quite strategic and still be reached in the research area.The map of the distribution of conditional facilities Bogor city can be seen in Figure 4.

The distribution of the Tourism Business District (TBD) of the city of Bogor
On Figure 5, the distribution of the Tourism Business District (TBD) in Bogor city is obtained through the interpretation of maps that have been overlaid, including primary facilities, secondary facilities, and conditional facilities, or in other words, TBD is an area bounded by certain characteristics which are dominated by the tourism component.The distribution of TBD in Bogor city is on five roads that have high traffic flow and have primary facilities.In general, TBD is an expansion concept of CBD, CBD is a concentration of economic-based activities, but in the TBD concept, several types of facilities are influenced by the commercial sector such as dining and shopping facilities.In this case, what distinguishes between CBD and TBD which are in the same area is according to the core attractions of each, such as TBD has the main attractions of a place, it can be landmarks or tourist objects which became tourist destinations for tourists, while CBD focuses on government and the economic activities contained.Another weakness of the TBD theory that it is still difficult to separate the users of facilities used by tourists and the local people of Bogor city, because not all TBD components are only used by tourists but also by the local people of Bogor city, such as the use of secondary facilities and conditional facilities.In the case of Bogor city, the concentration and focus of economic activity is located in the city center which is the center of the city's business development and then has developed into the surrounding areas.As in Figure 4, it can be seen that primary facilities tend to be concentrated in the city center, this is inseparable from historical factors that shape the spatial structure, that in the past the center of government was located around the Bogor Palace and Bogor city hall, which was the beginning of the development of the city of Bogor to become the center of government.After knowing the overall distribution of TBD in this research, it is followed by an analysis of the characteristics of each TBD in the city of Bogor, which are described in table 9. Source: Authors analysis, 2022

Nearest Neighbor Analysis Calculation of Tourism Business District in Bogor city
From the distribution and description of the characteristics of each TBD in Bogor City, the next step is to calculate the nearest-neighbor analysis, by measuring the straight distance of each object point, especially in this case the primary facility between a point with the nearest neighbor object.The Ju value is 18.7 with 8 dots (N) and 7 connecting lines.Then the following calculation is obtained, (4) The calculation of nearest-neighbor index (T) as follows: = 0,0675105 According to the results of the calculation of the Nearest Neighbor Index (T) the result is 1.21.The index value results from the calculation results are included in a random pattern.This random pattern shows that from a spatial perspective, the accessibility to get from one object to another varies, starting from very close, near and far.So, this result will have an impact especially for the government and private sector which is responsible for the development and managing of these primary facilities, because it is viewed from a distance using this nearest neighbor analysis.

The Impact of the Tourism Business District (TBD) in Bogor City
The profile of the population living in the TBD area of Bogor city is in the age range of 20-40 years which is classified as productive age, generally dominated by 64% men and 36% women.The level of education of the highest population is in high school level as much 42% and the level of Diploma/Higher Education with a percentage of 30%, with the most occupation of the population namely working as employees with a percentage of 48% followed by 21% by self-employed, with the income ranged of IDR 1,900,000.00-IDR 2,400,000.00.
The development of tourist attractions can trigger developments in an area or in its surroundings.Tourism development can also have positive or negative impacts, especially with the existence of the area TBD in Bogor city.Related to the aspect of tourism activity itself, there are several things whose impact is often not considered, known as the carrying capacity factor.
Knowing what environmental factors and impacts are related to the existence of the TBD area in Bogor City, these analyzed through questions in the form of a questionnaire, and distributed to a number of 100 local respondents, with detailed question indicators regarding environmental impacts, several questions encountered the presence of TBD: (i) is there any impact that makes the location grow and increases the intensity of tourist visits, (ii) is there any impact that makes the environment deteriorated, (iii) is there any impact that makes the environment congested and uncomfortable due to pollution, (iv) is there any impact that causes a change of profession for the community around the TBD area of Bogor City, (v) is there any impact that causes an increase in business opportunities around the TBD area of Bogor City, (vi) is there an impact that the presence of TBD has a positive impact and improves the economy of the community around the area, and the last indicator (vii) is there any impact in an increase of crime as the results of TBD presences.
The results of the analysis show that the answers chosen by respondents were based on the questionnaire given, including the first question, "The impact of the existence of TBD resulted in the availability of infrastructure improvements and progress, so it impacted the various and availability of tourist facilities" with a score of 59.4% and the category is Weak, it shows that according to the respondents, with the existence of TBD was felt that not much infrastructure has been repaired and other tourist facilities are still a bit lacking, apart from the primary facilities in this research.The second question is, "The impact of the presence of TBD has resulted in this location becoming a bustling and developing location so it will increase the number of tourists for recreation and visits."With a score of 75.2% and a Strong category, it is proven that the TBD area is increasingly making the location busier and growing.The third question is, "The impact of TBD has made this location dirty."With a score of 44.8% and included in the Weak category, with the highest score being disagree.In accordance with the statement of Baiquni [26] Regional development, especially in tourism, is often indicated to reduce the carrying capacity of the environment, including conflicts over the use of space and its carrying capacity It can be concluded that every developing area will definitely experience a problem, namely an environment that is less clean, with various factors, it is felt that it will cause dirtiness, if the environment or area is no longer able to optimize the carrying capacity so that the density of an area will cause a dirty environment or even seedy.According to Mill [27] for developed areas, tourism development seems to show negative sides such as pollution and traffic jams.the best decision, tourism development continues to let everything natural while the things that tourists need are also available.But in many circumstances, tourism development is contrary to the environment.
The fifth question is, "The impact of the existence of TBD has resulted in the change of profession in the community around the location."With a score of 56.4% and the category is sufficient, with the IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1291/1/01200316 opportunities that exist, it is believed that the transition of the community's profession into entrepreneurs and opening a business in the TBD area of Bogor City is quite possible, so that the presence of TBD will have its own impact on the profession of the community.The sixth question is, "The impact of the existence of TBD has resulted in increasing opportunities and trying to get jobs for the community, due to the increasing number of constructions of tourist facilities, both hotels and restaurants, and the emergence of businesses that support tourism activities around the location."With a score of 90.8% and a very strong category, this proves that because TBD is a central business and economic area which is part of the city's core, it is not surprising that many economic activities occur there, such as the construction of hotels, restaurants, etc. getting more job opportunities, with the existence of the TBD area improving the environment, especially the social and community environment.The seventh question is, "The impact of the existence of TBD has a positive impact on economic development and increased income for the people around the location."With a score of 89% and a very strong category, it proves that the existence of the TBD area has an important influence on increasing people's income, both in the services and trade sectors.The last, eighth question is, "The impact of the existence of TBD has resulted in a crime rate at the location."With a score of 66% and a strong category, according to the results of the interviews as well as the respondents' questionnaire answers, that the more crowded an area is, the more likely there will be crime, such as pickpocketing, or other types of crime, but this can be minimized if security at the location is managed well when the tourists was in the area.

Conclusion 1)
Based on traveler profile of TBD Bogor city, most tourist age was on range of 20 to 40 years, with the highest percentage was female, they came from JADETABEK, their major occupation was an employee with the ranged of income was IDR 2,900,000 to IDR 3,400,000.Their most purpose and motivation to visit TBD area of Bogor City for wanting recreation, fun and culinary hobbies.The tourist came mostly with their family, and they obtained of TBD Bogor city information from their friends.
2) The attractiveness level of TBD Bogor city was analyse through 5A aspects; Attractions, Accommodation, Accessibility, Activities, and Amenities, which combines several aspects of seven enchantments of tourism which are cleanliness, beauty, safety, uniqueness, convenience, comfort, and friendliness.And the highest attractiveness level of TBD in Bogor City is an activity aspect, and the lowest attractiveness level of TBD is the attraction aspect.3) TBD of Bogor city has four main characteristics, which Government nuanced was in Jl.Ir, H. Juanda, Historical nuanced was in Jl.Pahlawan-Jl.Lawang Gintung, Cultural and Heritage nuance was in Jl.Suryakencana-Jl.Siliwangi, and last Shopping-Culinary nuanced were in two locations, Jl.Jend. A. Yani-Jl.Jend.Sudirman and Jl.Pajajaran-Jl.Raya Tajur.4) The impact of the existence TBD in Bogor City results in environmental impacts, divided into physical and social.The highest results for social environmental impacts of the existence of TBD are generated in increased opportunities and efforts to get jobs for the community due to the increasing development of tourist facilities.In addition, the lowest result w related to the impact of the presence of TBD resulted in a crime rate in the area.The physical environment with the highest results, the impact of the presence of TBD resulting in the availability of infrastructure improvements and progress, so that various tourist facilities are available.In addition, the lowest results related to the physical environment was impact of the existence of TBD has resulted in the location became deteriorated.

P
respondents answering 1 (Not Complete) F2 = Frequency of answers of respondents who answered 2 (Less Complete) F3 = Frequency of respondents who answered 3 (Moderately Completely) F4 = Frequency of respondents answering 4 (Complete) F5 = Frequency of respondents who answered 5 (Very Complete)

Figure 1
Figure 1 nearest-neighbor analysis 1291 (2024) 012003 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1291/1/01200310 of primary facilities for the city of Bogor can be seen in Figure 2. The figure shows the distribution of primary facilities of Bogor city due to their location on the main road with high traffic.

Figure 2
Figure 2 Map distribution of primary facilities in Bogor city Source: Authors analysis, 2022

Figure 3
Figure 3 Map distribution of secondary facilities in Bogor city Source: Authors analysis, 2022

Figure 4
Figure 4 Map distribution of conditional facilities in Bogor city Source: Authors analysis, 2022

Figure 4
Figure 4 Map distribution of Tourism Business District (TBD) in Bogor city Source: Authors analysis, 2022

Table 4 Alternative Answers using a Likert Scale Indicator Score / Answer Category Very Complete Complete Moderately Complete Less Complete
, the percentage of accumulated results of the Likert scale