The suitability of the MOSTADAM system with the global systems of sustainability in the desert city, Case study ( North Narjes project in KSA)

Sustainable building practices are becoming increasingly important today, especially in desert areas with more severe environmental challenges. Numerous sustainable building assessment systems are available globally and locally, but their effectiveness and applicability in desert areas are poorly understood[1]. The world’s desert regions are facing unique environmental challenges, and sustainable building practices are becoming more important than ever. By comparing various assessment systems, we hope to identify the most effective and applicable methods for sustainable building in these areas. This research aims to compare global and local sustainable building assessment systems in desert areas to identify the most effective and suitable systems. Applying this to a sustainable program, which is one of the programs offered by the Ministry of Municipal, Rural Affairs and Housing (MOMRAH) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)[1], where the research will mean studying its suitability within desert Areas.


Introduction
The world's population, now more than 7 billion, is likely to grow to 9 billion by 2050, thus increasing the demand for natural resources.Sustainability therefore requires a decent standard of living for all without risking future generations.This means that there is a growing challenge for States, especially the desert cities, this is due to its scarcity of natural resources, especially water resources, and its vulnerability to drought [5,15].Because of the challenges faced by the various physical environments in achieving environmental sustainability in urban societies, Saudi Arabia, as one of the components of the world in which we live 1283 (2024) 012015 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1283/1/012015 2 and as one of the most deserted areas facing the threat of desertification and drought, has had to establish a methodology for assessing sustainable environmental performance [1], which has been introduced in Saudi Arabia as a model for the application of sustainable development in urban and desert communities.It is, therefore, logical to discuss the most widespread urban environments now in Saudi Arabia, namely housing schemes of the Ministry of Housing, which are spread throughout the Kingdom, but with a preliminary view of the system itself before we discuss its applications, we will find that it has discussed in its conceptual framework sustainable development in terms of its definition, objectives, and applied criteria, as well as global approaches to environmental assessment and its application to desert cities [1,5,6].

Research goals
The importance of this research comes from its main purpose, as it is an applied research based on a realistic real experience that is taking place now, as this system, which is the title of the research (MOSTADAM system), has been created specifically to assess the sustainability of the groupings Existing and new housing has been established with initial experience on Ministry of Housing projects .The research aims to reach a standard comparison of the sustainable building system with desert urban societies with the six systems that have been established globally and locally, to be maintained on one of the approved housing projects, and this goal can be achieved by achieving Sub-goals: • Determine the differences in the criteria for a sustainable system from the global standards and their suitability with the state of the desert environment.• Evaluating the criteria for a sustainable system in one of the cases related to the desert environment.• Develop recommendations for the suitability of a sustainable system with the selected desert environment [1].

The problem of research
Despite the Kingdom's orientation towards sustainable development and Quality of Life the general goals to which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia despite the development of an integrated document, There are no strategic plan has been developed that takes into consideration the environmental aspect or environmental sustainability, which recently called on the Kingdom to try to remedy the matter with several regular documents and strategic projects such as The Quality of Life Program Document and the Sustainability Standards Document (MOSTADAM) [1], which will focus in general on the ecosystem of urban communities and the extent of their sustainability and the impact on the urban and environmental community and on the human being who lives within this society In particular.As a pilot idea, a sustainable guide has been drafted to assess the sustainability of existing housing project plans, whether implemented or in the execution phase, and hence the research problematic axes have arisen in the inability to generalize the system used, Figure No.1 shown The categories of plans valued to be evaluated by MOSTADAM [1,7].
The system has established a standard for the observance of the ecosystem without identifying the different types of environments.This would be the second problem, namely, the failure to consider the characteristics and elements of the various environmental systems [Author based on

Methodology
The research methodology will follow the descriptive analysis and normative evaluation by following the following steps: • Review of literature: A comprehensive review of literature on sustainable building assessment systems will be undertaken to identify the most universally and locally used systems.• Standard analysis: comparison between global systems and a sustainable system targeted by research.• Case study: Analysis of a housing project through evaluation points, compatibility with GIS programs, and evaluation equivalents for a sustainable system.• Recommendation: Based on the results of the comparative analysis and case study, the results of the evaluation will be developed, and recommendations made for a sustainable program to make it more effective and appropriate for the desert regions.

Theoretical segment
The concept of the desert environment defines the desert environment as a vast, very dry area, which includes some of the few scattered plants of a very harsh type, some deserts that do not contain any kind of plant, and any land that does not contain a vegetation cover such as the very cold and glaciers [3,4].

5.1
The desert environments is classified by the environmental habitat, biota, ecclesiastical, or biological unit (Biome:) of desert environments based on many characteristics into four main types: hot and dry, semi-arid, coastal, and cold areas, and some detail of each environment [4].

Dry-hot desert environment
It is located near the equator, specifically in North America, Central America, South America, Africa, South Asia, and Australia.One of the characteristics of desert climate in these environments is the

Executions phase Design phase
No. of plans high temperature throughout the year, reaching the highest temperatures during the summer months, and a small amount of rainfall may rain on the land of dry-hot environments [4].

Semi-arid desert environments
It is defined as largely desert-like environments with long summers and dry summers, with small amounts of winter rains, but day and night temperatures do not reach the temperature reached by dry hot environments or for rainfall rates in these areas ranging from 8-13 cm per year, with the maximum annual rainfall obtained by these areas reaching 37 cm, while the lowest value was 5 cm [4].

3 The desert coastal environment
It is defined as an environment with pore soil species that have soft grains with moderate amounts of salt, making it a good discharge of water, and a hot atmosphere characterized by a high humidity presence at some times of the year and temperatures that may be lower than in other desert environments [3,4].

Sustainable development
It is the development that reconciles environmental, economic, and social development and, more recently, the technological dimension.It is one of the means of improving human life.It is about the idea of using environmental resources without harming social and economic life and preserving the share of the rights of future generations to environmental resources [4,5].

Requirements for Sustainable Development
• A social system offering harmonious solutions.
• An economic system that supports development and depends on its building.• A production system that relies on, develops, and develops human resources [5]

The concept of sustainability in the desert environment
Sustainability in the desert environment is a concept quoted in the English term Sustainability (Desert), where the term deals with sustainable development in its three dimensions, with an emphasis on the environmental dimension and its measurement at levels of sustainability, as expressed at two main levels: Levels of sustainability in the desert environment: The levels of sustainability in age and architecture are as varied as in other areas: • Urban level: which deals with its standard through the physical and natural environment as well as infrastructure services.• Building level: dealing with the interior environment of the building so that the construction process and the achievement of sustainability formulas are directly relevant to the designer [5,12].

Application
Classification systems have become a global trend, so many countries around the world are applying classification systems to buildings, as well as to age levels, where more than 600 classification systems have recently spread around the world.
The classification systems have been defined by the Energy and Environment Foundation (LEED) "Classification systems are a set of project requirements that wish to obtain certification of the system and are geared towards the unique requirements of each project, a list of green measures that can be integrated into a building to make it green.

Definitions of sustainability systems
Classification systems vary from country to country, but they have common categories that are covered to varying degrees and most sustainable classification systems consider: location, water efficiency, energy efficiency, material types, resource use, internal air quality, design, and design.
The method of selecting classification systems is based on ease of use in measuring basic categories, determining their size, and acceptable costs.Although compliance with sustainable classification systems is not mandatory, there are attempts by different governments to make it a core objective of the project, with limitations in joining classification systems and making them compatible with sustainability requirements, and project objectives.

The global sustainability systems
The Geographical distribution of classification systems for green buildings worldwide More than 611 classification systems have emerged around the world and the figure shows the most famous places for global classifications around the world.[2] Figure2.Rating systems for green buildings worldwide [2].

LEED System
LEED is about leadership in energy and environmental design, an internationally recognized system that is a measure of the design, establishment, and operation of high-performance buildings, and an indicator of high-efficiency green architecture [2].LEED uses assessment points it contains 100 points, ranging from silver to gold to platinum, Each classification system for green construction contains a particular process identified on its website; the certificate contains five basic steps: • Identification of the classification system used in the project • Project registration • Applying for certification • Pending review of the application • The receipt of the certificate's decision.

LEED measurement methodology
Most LEED subsystems are based on a scale of 100 points plus an additional 10 points, and the points are divided according to the type of certificate across multiple fields, for example in the design and construction system of buildings and the existing building system.

LEED Evaluation Levels and Degrees [2]
The LEED building certificates are divided into four levels: • Certified: The points are between 40 and 49 points.

Estidamah Sustainability System (UAE)
One of the main tools of the sustainability program is the Pearl Rating System, which has been designed to be particularly relevant to the hot atmosphere and desert climate of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.The program comprises three systems: • Pearl grades system for buildings PBRS • PCRS Pearl Degree System for Communities • Pearl grades system for villas PVRS

Pearl Level Assessment System for Buildings and Use Guidance
This system applies to all types of buildings, locations, and related services, hospitals, industrial buildings, laboratories, and hotels.In general, an air-conditioned building designed for permanent use is required to meet the requirements of the pearl rating system for the buildings{16}.
In each evaluation unit, it can be determined whether the requirements of that unit will be applied and/or specify specific requirements for the following types of building: • Administrative offices

Record of assessment points:
Tables that include all evaluation units of the pearl rating system for buildings and this tool is used to track the extent to which the project has achieved the required evaluation units [16].

Sustainable environmental assessment (MOSTADAM)
The "MOSTADAM" system has been developed by the Sustainable Building Programme to be a system for assessing overall sustainability to address the long-term sustainability problems facing KSA residential buildings [1,7].
The special concept of "sustainable" deals with the design, construction, and operation stages of new urban communities, as well as with the assessment of existing communities, details of their components, structure, applicability, methodology, and standard requirements, where the minimum development area that can be assessed according to a sustainable community system is 0.2 km2 and the maximum size is 1 km2, and if the development area is greater than 1 km2, then, in this case, it must be hypothetically divided into smaller pieces to assess a sustainable system.Residential communities: housing uses account for more than 50% of the total floor area [1,7].
• Multi-use communities: non-residential areas such as offices, retail, recreational, and other places.• These uses account for about 50% of the total floor area and at least 25% of the total floor area are residential communities [1,7].
A sustainable system of societies consists of two components: Figure3.A sustainable system 8 categories [1,7].• Design + creation can be applied to the design and establishment of new societies.
• The operating + existing building can be applied to new communities that have obtained certification (design + construction) and existing/old communities.
A sustainable system of (design + and creation of communities) is organized into 8 categories of standards [1].

Levels of Evaluation
The outcome of the project is the sum of all the benchmarks achieved, with five different assessment levels: green, bronze, silver, gold, and diamonds.The number of benchmarks required for each evaluation level is shown in the following table.
Table 1.sets out the assessment levels and the points system in a sustainable system [1,7].We can also conclude how focused each system is on the assessment component.The LEED system was more concerned with energy efficiency, with 2% of the total assessment points being evaluated, while a sustainability system (Pearl grades) was concerned with both energy efficiency and water efficiency, calculations and Table 2 show the evaluation and evaluation points for each component at the level of the different components of each evaluation type [1,2,3,7].whilea sustainable system attempted to find parity in the distribution of points between water and energy efficiency and site selection without any particular rise in one element but the energy resource and material selection • Regarding part (1) related to the characteristics of the location, innovation and creativity, and the quality of community life, the Author finds that the sustainable system outperforms the international and local systems in terms of points evaluation.This may be attributed to the mood of developing the idea of community participation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the state of societal openness, but this is not enough to give it.That feature sets it apart from the rest of the global systems [1,6,7,8,9].• Regarding part (2), on the management and Maintenance of society and attention to its Region& culture, and community Connectivity, a sustainable system has outpaced its global and local counterparts in terms of assessment points.This is attributable to KSA's interest in this perpetrator.Two entire sectors of Vision 2030 have been assigned to it.The rates of assessment points in this area are approximately 33% of all evaluation ratios, while the LEED system has not been addressed, and only about 7% in the ESTIDAMAH system.This is highly questionable in this system, which will cause considerable disagreement and controversy [1,6,7,8,9].• Regarding part (3), which deals with energy efficiency, water resources, waste management, and operations, a fully MOSTADAM system has been set aside at its assessment points, either completely overlooking them or being far below global and local standards, with an assessment rate of only about 14% compared to 58% for LEED systems and 47.5% for ESTIDAMAH [1,6,7,8,9].

Case Study
Evaluation of the project by the evaluation criteria for a sustainable North Narjes project (one of the projects of MOH) Depending on the Rating system of MOSTADAM, the possibility of applying it to the residential community could be: • The floor area for residential uses is more than 50% of the total floor area.This is available according to the ratio of land use and BUA, where the housing ratio represents about 53% of the project area.• The rest of the area represents roads, facilities, services, and recreational areas, which account for more than 25% of the floor area.• The project area is 720,000 m2 and falls within the permitted framework of between 200 m2 and 1 million m2, as listed in Table 4), which sets out the mandatory criteria for a sustainable system [9].This is done through some mandatory points and optional points within a basic group of sectors, which are 7 basic sectors.Table No. 3 shows the basic and sub-sectors of the points for evaluating sustainable communities according to a sustainable system.
Table 3. sets out the mandatory criteria for a sustainable system [1].
What will be done and clarified here is to apply a sustainable system to design and construction according to the assessment point criteria, which will be as follows [1]:

Location characteristic
The site is located in north Riyadh near King Khaled Airport and is connected to a current road network and a proposed public transport network [6].

The Majority standard Standard category
Current and future infrastructure

Amenities in external places
The quality of community life Active societies

Public gathering places
The region and culture

Measurement of water consumption Water
Figure5.Location characteristics' of Narjes site [6] It is approximately 37 km from the center of the city and 24 km from Riyadh Airport.It is also located at the nearest Metro 5.5 km station.However, a proposed internal collective transport station is located at the perimeter of the site from abroad on the Osman bin Afan road.The format illustrates the site, characteristics in terms of location [6].
The site is also linked to all infrastructure networks according to the criteria for assessing the site characteristics item and shows the location connectivity to all types of infrastructure networks [1,6].

Figure6. Water treatment strategy in the project[Author depend on 6]
The site also contains an independent drainage system for rainwater, which is linked to an integrated network for the management of rainwater linked to the Al-Sali Valley, which the State stores in large water tanks for special treatment, which is used water for homes, some of which contribute to the irrigation of gardens and trees, especially given the trend towards Green Riyadh, where 20 million trees will be planted by the objectives stated in KSA vision of 2030 and accordance with the Green Riyadh project. 12 The capacity of the site to maintain rainfall has been calculated as follows: 95 % of rainfall events are measured at the 24-hour rainfall depth, which is 95% based on a set of all daily events during the registration period.The projected runoff of 95% of the volume of rainwater collected from surfaces and industrial landscapes can be calculated using the following formula [1,8].
Regarding the protection, improvement, and development of the ecosystem and the achievement of emission reduction and waste management, a series of actions have been taken within the project, which is assessed by the environmental specialist as follows: • The solid waste management plan, which has been established but is incomplete, includes a plan linked to buildings and the management of wastewater as per Figure No. 6 .• Choosing environmentally friendly and place-bound trees that reduce maintenance and coexist with the hot climate and lack of water [1,8].

Local facilities
Most of the project buildings are located within a 300-meter radius effect, which is slightly larger than a sustainable requirement that each building in the project is located within a 200-meter radius and a 280-meter walk from a mosque and a grocery store.
Walking spaces must be available within 1.7 m per building and the intersection density is less than 65 m per square kilometre.
Bicycle road network: The project's bike network is not available, while the system provides that 90% of the buildings are located 180 meters from the bicycle road network and are directly linked to five breaks 5 kilometers away [1,6,8,9].This means the metro is within 5.2 km of the site and service is frequent during the day at the bus stops and stations for about 30 minutes since it must not be limited to a safe passage distance of 280 meters to the bus stop or 560 meters from the safe passage to the subway/rail station [1,6,8,9].

Quality of Community Life
Rest at outdoors: Provision of parachutes at least 25% of pedestrian corridors and bicycle tracks on at least one side of the street, as well as shadow drums every 100 meters.Provision of at least 60% parachutes for playgrounds and parking areas [1,6,8,9].

Active communities:
Provision of open spaces:

Region and Culture
General assembly places: The mandatory condition for achieving this element is that all housing units fall within 280 meters on foot of at least one community gathering area, which is not the case in the project [1,8,9].
A flourishing economy: At least 36% of the construction materials (at cost) used in the development of public places of society were obtained from within Saudi Arabia [1,6,8,9].

External lighting
The mandatory requirement is that stand-alone renewable energy systems be used on at least 90% of all external public space lights, which is not achieved in the project [1,8].

Renewable energy:
The mandatory requirement is that renewable energy is available in at least 25% of the total annual energy consumption in society and is not achieved in the project [1,8,14].
Water efficiency: The general area irrigation system reduces drinking water consumption by at least 80% compared to the baseline in mid-summer [1,9,11].

Management and operation
At least 36% of the waste in operation is transported in public places (by weight or volume of the dump).
The following table shows the application of a sustainable system to the Narciss project and shows the overall points of the criteria, Table 4 shows the application of a sustainable system to the Narciss project and shows the aggregate standard points [1,6,8,9].Public places designated for walking 3 The walking network provides a rate of 1.7 km per intersection between the pedestrian corridors.

0 Bicycle road network 3
There is no network dedicated to bicycles within the project.
There is a metro station 5.2 km from the 2 0 The quality of community life Thermal convenience in external places 6 Feeling areas achieve thermal comfort by more than 60% of the scheme -all the streets of the plan are covered with shadow trees, which achieves shadow rates that exceed 80% in the streets.

Sector Standard title Standard points Evaluation recommendations Evaluation Majority points
The quality of community life Active societies 2 The design achieves ease of movement and security access to pedestrians by not making up 350 m in 350 m in more than 75% of the project areas.

The application analysis
The result of the assessment of the North Narjes community by Mostadam rating points is 18 mandatory points, which means that the project has successfully met the mandatory assessment points and 45 optional points, which means that there are 63 standard points, which is equivalent to the silver assessment, which is an average of less than gold [author depend on 1,6].
Based on all the above in the application part of the standard comparison between a sustainable system and global and local systems, the following have been discovered: When a sustainable system is applied to a housing scheme that is not subject to the most basic criteria of global sustainability in terms of energy efficiency, water, and domestic resources, which is one of the most important criteria for the desert dry environment and for the operation of waste management, which, if it is subject to a global system such as the Led system, will not exceed 20% of the points that the scheme will receive from those points.Not to mention that the scheme will not go through certain mandatory points, which means that it is not qualified to apply global or local sustainability criteria.

Results
• Although MOSTADAM did not value energy efficiency as one of the global sustainable development goals, but makes sense for Saudi Arabia's specificity in containing two major energy resources (petrol and solar energy).• MOSTADAM needs to re-examine the water efficiency and resource assessment points where the system has completely violated the logic of reducing their ratios while other systems have increased their value so that they can adapt to the loss of resources in desert environments.• The mandatory points of the system can be developed, as most current and implemented schemes that failed to observe the simplest principles of sustainability by global regulations have been successful through those system-specific standards, although they have failed to go beyond that in comparable or global-local standards.• Despite the diversity of desert environments in the Kingdom, however, the system did not fit, although the system had tried to adapt to the specific state of the Queen's general situation without addressing the specificity of the state of each different environment.• MOSTADAM is above the value of certain principles of sustainable development, such as good health, well-being, sustainable cities, and communities, but Saudi Arabia's environmental diversity was the first sustainable system to diversify the criteria for those criteria and to increase their value within the assessment points.• MOSTADAM has agreed with global regulations in four elements, although different in five others.The evaluation rates are different from the global systems.The criterion of community contusion and site characteristics are the most important in a sustainable system.The other global systems are the opposite of the research field.They are always important in the management of energy efficiency, water, sources, and waste.This is particularly surprising with the Kingdom's clear direction in the conservation and management of energy efficiency files.• MOSTADAM has provided a design example that considers the principles of sustainability and human measure in design, the integration of diverse uses, sustainable infrastructure networks, accessibility for all uses of the project as well as the promotion of pedestrian movement.• MOSTADAM has succeeded in significantly reducing the urban footprint by using Planting areas, public spaces, and pedestrians, in line with international standards in residential communities.• Reconsidering the principles of community cohesion and efficiency of living, putting their principles in the quality of life efficiency document, and being satisfied with what is consistent with the principles of sustainability within the evaluation points of a sustainable system.• The system also considered the use of sustainable energy resources, waste management as well as water management, and the good handling of natural hazards, particularly soil, heat, and rainwater management problems.He outlined criteria and assessment points for responding to these risks.• Comprehensive concepts must be developed to deal with housing projects, including the economic, environmental, and social aspects of urban areas.• The use of flexible designs that allow for the horizontal and vertical expansion of the housing unit, depending on the numerical development of the target family, is a major supporter of an economic and sustainable housing unit.• Expansion of applications of modern building systems in the housing unit and integration with different engineering systems in support of value engineering methodological ideas and sustainability principles.

Figure4.
Figure4.Evaluation ratios and points for each component at the level of each evaluation type [Author based on.1,6,7,8,9] .From (Figure No. 4) the diagram of the standard comparison between the global LEED system and the local MOSTADAM system with a sustainable system (case study), the following is clear:

Table 2 .
[1,6,7,8,9]g the different global systems of sustainability in terms of the set of areas or principles on which they are based through the following table.Evaluation ratios and points for each component at the level of each evaluation type[1,6,7,8,9].

Table 4 .
The application of a sustainable system to the Narciss project shows the aggregate standard points [Author depends on1].

•
Regarding the part related to the characteristics of the location, innovation and creativity, and the quality of community life, approximately

37% of all evaluation ratios, are balanced with the global (42%) and almost near from local rating systems(21%)[author depend
on 1,6].•Regarding part (2), on the management and Maintenance of society and attention to its Region& culture, and community Connectivity, approximately 33% of all evaluation ratios,(more

than the global (0%) and local rating systems(7%)[author depend
on 1,6].•Regarding part (3), which deals with energy efficiency, water resources, waste management, and operations, approximately 30% of all evaluation ratios
However, the scheme has been able to bring down those points, whether mandatory or optional, and to harvest 63 points, This would call for the first question contained in the research objectives and methodology.Did the criteria established fully correspond to the nature of the desert dry environment in a city such as Riyadh, one of Saudi Arabia's environments[author depend on 1,6]?