Resource-process approach to the aquaculture industry development

Aquaculture is one of the most promising industries in the world. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that in order to effectively use the potential of this industry, the organizational and economic mechanisms for ensuring business processes in fish farming developed by world practice were studied. Business processes are considered in general for aquaculture. During the research, a resource-process matrix was developed for the aquaculture sector. The result of the study is the identified mechanisms for ensuring business processes in aquaculture, which can help improve the situation of this industry in Ukraine. As a conclusion, the relevance of applying an integrated approach based on business processes along the value chain in combination with resource provision is determined. Also, the research proposes organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of each link of the matrix "resources-processes" of the chain of value creation in the aquaculture sector.


Introduction
The reason for the rapid development of aquaculture in the world is a low dependence on seasonality, orientation to the target needs of the consumer, and the introduction of long-term and more advanced approaches to fish farming.Ukraine has a theoretically significant natural potential for the development of fisheries and aquaculture: the total area of water bodies is 10.4 million hectares.Experts estimate the potential production volume of Ukrainian aquaculture products at 98,000 tons [1].
In order to effectively use the existing potential of aquaculture development in Ukraine, the article examines the organizational and economic mechanisms for ensuring business processes in the sector developed by world practice.A matrix model of the value chain was built to depict business processes in the fishery sector.Business processes are considered in general for aquaculture.Depending on the type of fish and the peculiarities of the technological process of its breeding, the considered business processes may have their own peculiarities.Agricultural financing of the added value chain was proposed as a financing tool.This method is one of the most effective, which stimulates involvement in the chain of producers who are lower on the chain of added value.The systematic management of business processes through organizational and economic mechanisms in the industry is achieved thanks to the concept of the value chain, which consists of the following stages: preparation, production, processing and implementation.For a better understanding of business processes in the sector, it is worth turning to the matrix model of the value chain proposed by M. Porter, which reveals not only the stages of value creation, but also the necessary input components (factors of production) necessary for its operation (Figure 2).

Primary activity
Preparation Production (growing, breeding fish) Processing Realization

Value added process Outputs
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1269/1/012025 The complete resource-process matrix for the aquaculture sector is presented in the Table 1.Primary activities relate to the physical creation of the product, its marketing and delivery to consumers, as well as to after-sales service.Secondary, or supporting, activities provide factors of production and infrastructure that make primary activities possible.Each activity requires factors of production, human resources, and a combination of technologies.
The firm's infrastructure, which includes functions such as general management, legal and financial activities, supports the entire chain.All activities are interconnected.Quality management of relationships is often a powerful source of competitive advantage due to the difficulty for rivals to copy these relationships and resolve compromises in organizational relationships [2, p. 109-110].Competitive advantages exist not only in individual activities, but also in their unique combinations.

Results
Distribution of costs depending on the stage of the value chain (Figure 3): -The preparatory stage accounts for ~78% of all production costs, including feed, vitamin costs, fish planting material and rent payments; -The production stage accounts for ~13% of all costs, including energy and staff salaries; -The stage of processing and implementation is ~2% of all costs.The main costs at this stage include transportation and processing costs; -Other costs, which make up ~7% of the cost of production, are distributed among three stages and depend on the company [3].This scheme is not versatile, it is typical for intensive production.
The following are the main guidelines for the organization of business processes in the aquaculture sector: -state stimulation of fish production; -ensuring food safety; -rational use of the national resource; -protection of ecosystems; -development of market mechanisms in the sector.
In order to ensure business processes in the aquaculture sector, world practice has developed various organizational and economic mechanisms.In this study, it is proposed to understand the organizational and economic mechanism as a set of management actions aimed at organizing the interaction between the elements of the value chain in the aquaculture sector in order to achieve their economic interests, taking into account the characteristics of the external and internal environment.The main economic interest of the business entity is to meet the needs of the market, thanks to which the company is able to make a profit.
External elements of influence on the economic interests of the enterprise, in addition to the features of market demand, are the competitive environment, features of resource markets, macroeconomic components (tax, monetary and financial, political and legislative and others).Internal elements of influence on economic interests are a set of factors-resources of entrepreneurial activity formed in a certain way [4].
The task of the preparatory stage is to provide the necessary resources and create conditions for aquaculture production.The preparatory stage may include the following processes: -obtaining the necessary documents for aquaculture; -preparation for incubation of hydrobionts; -preparation of ponds, gardens, pools for keeping, breeding and growing hydrobionts; -breeding activity; -purchase of fish planting material; -preparation of machines, equipment, tools and materials for technological operations; -implementation of preventive measures.A characteristic feature of aquaculture is the use of water resources, which include: internal water bodies, sea water area.
The subject of aquaculture in order to carry out fish farming activities must obtain the right to use water resources in order to create the conditions necessary for the life of hydrobionts.
The tasks that the organizational and economic mechanisms of the preparatory stage are aimed at solving are, in particular, the following: -creation of an institutional environment favorable for starting an aquaculture business; -provision of aquaculture business with all necessary input components; -reduction of the cost of aquaculture products: the preparatory stage accounts for about 78% of the formation of the cost of production of aquaculture products in Ukraine (Figure 3).Therefore, reducing the cost of aquaculture products is a prerequisite for ensuring its competitiveness.
The production (cultivation, breeding) of fish includes the following directions: cultivation of commercial products, fish planting material, provision of recreational services.Depending on the direction and the available water fund, organizational and technological varieties of aquaculture are distinguished: intensive, semi-intensive, extensive.The following types of aquaculture are distinguished according to the method of obtaining marketable products: pond, grazing, industrial.Industrial aquaculture, in turn, is divided into varieties: intensive lake farms, nursery farms (farms on 1269 (2023) 012025 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1269/1/0120257 inland water bodies, marine farms), intensive trout farms, basin farms (systems with circulating water supply, installations with a closed cycle of water supply).
The production stage is the main stage in obtaining marketable fish and includes the following processes: -stocking of ponds, planting of pools and gardens; -fish feeding; -maintenance of environmental conditions for keeping, breeding and growing hydrobionts; -control over the technological processes of keeping, breeding and growing hydrobionts; -fish treatment, disease prevention; -catch of commercial fish; -maintenance of commercial fish until the moment of its sale.
The entrepreneur receives marketable fish after about 3 years.The tasks that the organizational and economic mechanisms of the production stage are aimed at solving are, in particular, the following: -ensuring the commercial profitability of aquaculture production; -increasing the productivity of the production process, including through the introduction of innovations; -ensuring the quality of commercial fish; -minimization of the negative impact of aquaculture production on the ecosystem.Aquaculture objects can be grown for different purposes.Most often these are food needs, but there are also other purposes.Thus, cultivated feed organisms are able to provide the needs of other, basic, objects of aquaculture.Aquaculture facilities can be a source of raw materials for further production: paper is made from some algae, natural dyes from clams, pearls, corals and mother-of-pearl are used as decorations.Aquaculture objects are often used for recreational purposes as objects of amateur fishing or for decorating premises with aquariums and terrariums [5].
A separate direction of processing in the field of aquaculture is the processing of secondary raw materials (waste) of aquaculture: production of fish meal, fish oil (oil), feed, omega-3 fatty acids and production of protein compounds used in pharmacology, production of food additives, cosmetology, etc.
The stage of processing of caught fish includes the following processes: -cooling and freezing of fish; -fish processing: salting of fish; production of semi-finished products: fish fillet, minced meat and products made from it; production of fish preserves; canning of fish; curing, drying and smoking; -pre-sale preparation; -packaging of finished products; -processing of secondary raw materials (waste) of aquaculture; -storage of processing products.The tasks that the organizational and economic mechanisms of the processing stage are aimed at solving are, in particular, the following: -creation of added value in the aquaculture sector.Today, Ukraine is working on the state program "Great Agricultural Processing", and the processing of fish products is an urgent task for the domestic economy; -increase of domestic fish processing capacity, including imported fish species that are not caught in Ukraine; -formation of the added value chain.Achieving this task is possible through financial mechanisms, in particular through agricultural financing of the added value chain.
Agricultural financing of the value-added chain is one of the most effective ways to involve producers further down the value-added chain.One of the models of agrarian financing of the added value chain is built on the full interaction of the bank with the processor / wholesaler as an anchor company (Figure 4) [6].
Such financing supports the association of individual producers and their production capacity through producer associations, cooperatives and other forms of collective enterprises, thereby significantly improving their access to markets for diversification and risk transfer.The main focus here is on lending to participants in the value chain, loans issued for working capital, development of fixed assets, including modernization and acquisition of production equipment (including leasing).A "wholesale" loan for an anchor company that provides loans to manufacturers / suppliers in their supply chain.Producers sell raw materials to the anchor company and receive proceeds to their bank accounts, minus interest on the loan.Harvest (live fish) and relationships with suppliers are used as collateral ('moveable asset').
Thus, the above-mentioned model of agricultural financing contributes to the formation of chains of added in aquaculture.The implementation stage involves the following processes: -maintenance of commercial fish / products; -marketing; -implementation: domestic market, export.The following aquaculture products are available for sale on the market: -live fish; -chilled, frozen fish; -products of deep fish processing; -delicate seafood; -products of processing of secondary raw materials (waste) of fish processing.As a rule, three main marketing strategies for fish products are used: 1. Supply of unique products that are in great demand.2. Improving the quality of fish products that already exist on the market.3. Lower price for fish products with proper quality.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Business processes in the aquaculture sector.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Distribution of the production cost of aquaculture products by main stages [3].

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Scheme of agricultural financing of the added value chain [6].

Table 1 .
Resource-process matrix for the aquaculture sector.