Study of contemporary climate changes in the Ukrainian humid zone (on the example of the Volyn Region)

Modern agricultural production is under the direct influence of climatic changes, which is also reflected in the water regime formation of the soil during the cultivation of crops. Calculations were made and graphical materials were created for average daily, average decadal, and average monthly values of temperatures and the amount of precipitation per day, month, and year. The influence of modern climatic factors on the water regime formation of the soil (according to the data of the weather station of the city of Kovel, Volyn region) over the last 11-year period has been established. It was determined that the distribution of precipitation is as follows: the share of light precipitation (< 3 mm) is on average 13.9%, moderate (4–14 mm) is 43.3%, significant (15–49 mm) is 36.4%, strong (50–79 mm) is 5.4%, and extraordinary (80–100 mm) is 1% of the total amount. It was determined that the active layer of the soil is formed due to the influence of moderate and significant precipitation. Informational materials on the distribution of atmospheric precipitation by year in quantitative and percentage indicators and their repeatability are presented in an interactive visual report with graphic materials (dashboard), which allows the processing of large arrays of data. It was determined that modern climatic changes (increased air temperature, uneven distribution, change in the nature, intensity, and structure of precipitation, and the increase in the number of cases of heavy downpours that are local in the warm period of the year) don’t allow for the effective accumulation of moisture in the active soil layer. The obtained information materials are the basis for developing a methodology for substantiating the parameters of the management of the soil-water regime on reclaimed lands, taking into account the peculiarities of its formation in modern economic conditions and climate changes.


Introduction
Modern agricultural production is under the direct influence of climatic changes, which have an impact on the water regime formation of the soil.Therefore, effective management of agricultural production is possible only by creating appropriate adaptation conditions for agricultural producers to climate changes and ensuring the minimization of their impact [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
Analysis of the climate change impact on agricultural production is relevant today, especially in the area of drainage reclamation, where most changes in the production structure of agricultural enterprises have recently taken place [3,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].Taking into account the results of analytical studies, the study of climatic changes at both the regional and local levels is relevant today, so it is important to achieve our goal to trace the deviation trends of the main climatic parameters on the territory of individual regions and even settlements [3,4,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].

Materials and Methods
To obtain informational materials on the influence of modern climate changes on the water regime formation of the soil on the drained lands, monitoring of climatic factors was carried out on the territory of the Volyn region (Fig. 1).The analysis was carried out using the information database of the Kovel weather station in the period 2011-2022.It contains the following meteorological parameters: air temperature, precipitation, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, wind direction, visibility, phenomena, etc.To analyze the influence of climatic factors on the water regime formation of the soil, such basic meteorological factors as air temperature and precipitation were taken.Calculations and construction of graphic materials were carried out for average daily, average decadal, and average monthly values of temperatures and the amount of precipitation per day, month, and year.

Figure 1. Location of the research object
To analyze the impact of modern climatic factors on the formation of the soil-water regime, information from available sources on the Internet was used [19][20][21][22].

Results and Discussion
From the materials presented in Figure 2, it can be seen that the average air temperature during the growing season over the past 11 years varied from 15.4 to 17.6 0С.There is no general trend of increasing or decreasing the average air temperature during a growing season.The highest air monthly temperatures occur in July and August, and the lowest in April (Fig. 3).
3 However, we take into account that the growth of the average annual and monthly air temperature in Ukraine in general is determined by the increase in the maximum and minimum air temperature throughout the year.At the same time, there is the significant increase in the minimal temperature in the cold period and the maximal temperature in the warm period [6].Therefore, such trends can be detected in the considered period and in the dynamics of temperature indicators recorded in 2018 (Fig. 2).Given that atmospheric precipitation is one of main factors which determine the regional climate features, therefore, their amount and distribution are determining indicators of the formation of the territory's moistening regime.

4
The distribution of monthly precipitation during the growing season, the amount of precipitation during the growing season, and the annual amount in the period 2011-2021 are presented in Figures 4-6.According to the results of the analysis, it was established that during 2011-2021, the share of light precipitation (< 3 mm) is on average 13.9%, moderate (4-14 mm) -43.3%, significant (15-49 mm) -36.4%, strong (50-79 mm) -5.4% and extraordinary (≥ 80 mm) -1% of their total number (Fig. 7).It was determined that the active soil layer water regime is formed due to the influence of moderate and significant precipitation.To establish the influence of a certain type of precipitation on the soil-water regime during the growing season, according to their amount, an analysis of their distribution and recurrence throughout the year was conducted.
It was established that the highest frequency of light precipitation (< 3 mm) is observed in winter (December, January, February) and autumn (November).Accordingly, in these months, the recurrence rate is from 109 to 120, which forms moisture reserves in the soil.The dashboard or interactive visual report consists of graphic materials that display all the necessary metrics of atmospheric precipitation distribution in quantitative and percentage indicators, as well as their repeatability, at once on one screen.The dashboard was created based on the formation of slices of "smart" tables, which added an auto-filter to each column of their header, which, in turn, determined what should be displayed or, conversely, not displayed at this specific moment in time.This possibility proved its effectiveness when working with a large array of data, and the use of dashboards made it possible to display relevant information, form the necessary input data for making the right decision, and monitor the process of changing weather data.
The creation and application of dashboards allowed for monitoring changes in climate conditions and their impact on soil moisture distribution, providing valuable insights for understanding future water trends and addressing climate change challenges.

Conclusions
It was determined that modern climatic changes (increased air temperature; uneven distribution, change in the nature, intensity, and structure of precipitation; the increase in the number of cases of heavy downpours that are local in a warm period of the year) do not allow for the moisture effective accumulation in the active soil layer.The influence of modern climatic factors on the water regime formation of the soil (according to the data of the weather station of the city of Kovel, Volyn region) over the last 11-year period has been established.It was determined that the distribution of precipitation is as follows: the share of light precipitation (< 3 mm) is on average 14%, moderate (4-14 mm) -43%, significant (15-49 mm) -37%, heavy (50-79 mm) ) -5% and extraordinary (80-100 mm) -1% of the total amount.It was determined that the active soil layer water regime is formed due to the influence of moderate and significant precipitation.
Informational materials on the distribution of atmospheric precipitation by year in quantitative and percentage indicators and their repeatability are presented in the form of an interactive visual report with graphic materials (dashboard), the use of which allows the processing of large arrays of data.The obtained information materials are the basis for the development of a methodology for substantiating the parameters of soil water regime management on reclaimed lands, taking into account the peculiarities of its formation in modern economic conditions and climate changes.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Dynamics of the average temperature of the air during growing season in the period 2011-2021, 0 С; Kovel weather station, Volyn region.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Dynamics of an monthly average temperature of the air during a growing season, 0 С; Kovel weather station, Volyn region.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Distribution of monthly precipitation during the growing season, mm; Kovel weather station, Volyn region.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Dynamics of the amount of precipitation during the growing season, 2011-2021, mm; weather station Kovel, Volyn region

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Average values of precipitation for the period 2011-2021, mm.
It was established that significant precipitation (40-99 mm) was recorded only in the period from May to September; strong (50-59 mm)in May, June and August; strong (60-69 mm)in August; strong (70-79 mm)in June and September; extraordinary (80-100 mm) -in June.Information materials on the distribution of atmospheric precipitation by year in quantitative and percentage indicators, and their recurrence in the period 2011-2021 (Kovel weather station, Volyn region) are presented in the form of an interactive visual report with graphic materials (dashboard).Fragments of the dashboard for the period 2011-2021 are shown in Fig.8.Additional informational materials of meteorological data are presented in the form of graphs and summary tables.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Fragment of the dashboard for the period 2011-2021.