Identification Of Greenhouse Gases Emissions From Shipyard Activity In Lamongan, Indonesia

Following International Maritime Organization (IMO) policy directives, the maritime industry has been seeking efficient solutions to alter the energy consumption patterns of ports and ships to ensure the sustainable operation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to support sustainable transport. However, there is little focus on identifying the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions related ship manufacture. The shipyard industry can generate greenhouse gas effects from burning fossil fuels and energy use. This study aims to identify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the shipyard industry. The first step to calculating the number of greenhouse gas emissions is to start by identifying the sources of CO2 emissions, then calculate the emissions by the calculations referred to IPCC 2006. Based on the research results, total primary and secondary CO2 emissions in the shipyard is 358,693,723 tons CO2/year.


Introduction
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as any change in climate over time, regardless of whether it is due to natural variability or human action.The most significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions are fossil fuels, and CO2, NOx, and CH4 have contributed to a 2 to 3 °C increase in global temperatures since the pre-industrial era [1].From 2017 to 2018, greenhouse gas emissions increased more rapidly than in the preceding three decades, increasing by 2.7% on average and reaching 37.1 gigatonnes of CO2-equivalents per year (GtCO2eq/yr) in 2018 [2].
The repercussions of climate change are unprecedented worldwide, ranging from shifting weather patterns that threaten human health to rising sea levels, which increase the possibility of catastrophic flooding [3]- [5].Then, climate change causes and other anthropogenic factors co-occur, resulting in dynamic, interacting consequences on water ecosystems and human health.Examining the multiplier effect of climate change on ocean life and human health due to contact with non-climatic factors is a 5 denny.dermawan@ppns.ac.idAhmad Erlan Afiuddin 1 , Fitri Hardiyanti 2 , Islahiya Yuli Ayona 3 , Sryang Tera Sarena 4 , Denny Dermawan 5  matter of grave concern [6].A global consensus has been reached on the importance of addressing rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.In 2014, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) reported that the shipping industry is responsible for 950 million tons of GHG emissions, or approximately 2.6% of the total world carbon dioxide CO2 output [7].However, little attention is paid to assessing the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with ship construction.A shipyard is an industrial production facility where particular inputs are used to design, develop, construct, repair, and dismantle ships [8].
The research contributed to filling the lack of data on GHG emissions in the shipyard industry in Indonesia.For this reason, this work undertakes life cycle studies of the shipyard industry.The emission inventory database was used to determine the CO2 emissions of shipyard manufacturers based on the parameters gleaned from IPCC 2006.

Methodology
The sources of GHG emissions were categorized as primary and secondary carbon footprint.This primary carbon footprint was identified from energy use, which will later be multiplied by the emission factor and heat.The secondary carbon footprint comes from indirect emissions from equipment with a power source, such as computers, lights, air conditioners, CPUs, and fans.The primary carbon footprint comes from the long use of fuels such as LPG and fuel for heavy equipment.
GHG inventory was carried out by calculating primary and secondary CO2 emissions referred to IPCC 2006 [9].The primary CO2 emissions (E) were calculated by Eq. ( 1): Where E is total CO2 emissions (g), a (kg) is the fuel consumption, EF is the emission factor (kg MJ - 1 ), and NCV is the net calorific volume per unit (TJ t -1 ).The secondary CO2 emissions (E) were calculated by Eq. ( 2): Where E is total CO2 emissions (g), ∑FC (Kwh) is the amount of electricity consumed, and CEF is the carbon emission factor (kg CO2 Kwh -1 ).

Identification of GHG emissions sources
These primary sources of GHG emissions were identified from diesel and LPG use.The secondary sources of GHG emissions are described in Table 1 below.

GHG emissions
Primary CO2 calculation was carried out by taking an inventory of energy use, such as diesel and LPG, multiplied by the emission factor and heat.Figure 1 depicts that the largest primary CO2 emission load was produced by diesel fuel, with a value of 4801.68 tonnes CO2/year, while LPG gas had a fairly small load value of 214.89 tonnes CO2/year.Total GHG emission from a primary source is 5016.57tonnes of CO2/year.Secondary GHG emission calculation was done by multiplying the power of each electronic device by the CO2 emission factor.The secondary emissions are listed in Table 2 below.Based on the calculation in Table 2, it can be seen that the place that generates the largest emission load is the assembly room, where the ship block-building activity begins.The result differs from previous research, where the production (steel-producing process) was the biggest CO2 emission in ship manufacture [10].Meanwhile, the lowest emission load is in the HSE office, where only low-power electronic devices are used.The distribution of secondary CO2 emission per room in the shipyard industry can be seen in Figure 2. Based on the LCA calculation, the total CO2 emissions generated from Lamongan, Indonesia shipyard is higher than ship manufacture in Athens, Greece [10].The difference can be caused by the difference in the type of ship produced [10], the material and material efficiency [11], the shipbuilding supply chain [8], and energy used [7].

Conclusion
This paper covers a part of research related to the framework for performing life cycle assessments of shipbuilding environmental impacts.The total GHG emissions from the shipyard industry in Lamongan, Indonesia, showed higher emissions than in Athens, Greece.This result indicated that the shipyard industry in Indonesia needs to be more concerned about the CO2 emission issue.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.GHG emission from primary source

FuelFigure 2 .
Figure 2. The distribution of GHG emission from the secondary source

Table 1 .
Secondary source identification

Table 2 .
GHG emission from the secondary source